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{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" class="wikitable sortable"
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" class="wikitable sortable"
!Country!!Official name and [[Style (manner of address)|style]]!![[Administrative division]]s!![[Form of government]]!![[Head of state]]
!Country!!Official name and [[Style (manner of address)|style]]!![[Administrative division]]s!![[Form of government]]!![[Head of state]]!![[Head of government]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|{{flag|Argentina}}
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|[[Provinces of Argentina|Provinces]] (23) and autonomous city (1)
|[[Provinces of Argentina|Provinces]] (23) and autonomous city (1)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Alberto Fernández]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Alberto Fernández]]</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Austria}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/austria/ Austria], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Austria}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/austria/ Austria], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Alexander Van der Bellen]]
|[[Alexander Van der Bellen]]
|[[Karl Nehammer]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/ Bosnia and Herzegovina], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/ Bosnia and Herzegovina], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Christian Schmidt (politician)|Christian Schmidt]]<br>[[Milorad Dodik]]<br>[[Šefik Džaferović]]<br>[[Željko Komšić]]
|[[Christian Schmidt (politician)|Christian Schmidt]]<br>[[Milorad Dodik]]<br>[[Šefik Džaferović]]<br>[[Željko Komšić]]
|[[Borjana Krišto]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ Brazil], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Brazil}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ Brazil], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[States of Brazil|States]] (26) and [[Federal District (Brazil)|federal district]] (1)
|[[States of Brazil|States]] (26) and [[Federal District (Brazil)|federal district]] (1)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Comoros}}
|{{flag|Comoros}}
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|[[Subdivisions of the Comoros|Autonomous islands]] (3)
|[[Subdivisions of the Comoros|Autonomous islands]] (3)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Azali Assoumani]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Azali Assoumani]]</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ Ethiopia], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ Ethiopia], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Sahle-Work Zewde]]
|[[Sahle-Work Zewde]]
|[[Abiy Ahmed]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/ Germany], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Germany}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/ Germany], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]]
|[[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]]
|[[Olaf Scholz]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|India}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ India], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|India}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ India], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|[[Narendra Modi]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}
|{{flag|Iraq}}
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|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Barham Salih]]
|[[Barham Salih]]
|[[Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/ Mexico], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Mexico}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/ Mexico], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[Political divisions of Mexico|States]] (31) and autonomous entity (1)
|[[Political divisions of Mexico|States]] (31) and autonomous entity (1)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Micronesia}}
|{{flag|Micronesia}}
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|[[Administrative divisions of Micronesia|States]] (4)
|[[Administrative divisions of Micronesia|States]] (4)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[David W. Panuelo]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[David W. Panuelo]]</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nepal/ Nepal], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Nepal}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nepal/ Nepal], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Bidhya Devi Bhandari]]
|[[Bidhya Devi Bhandari]]
|[[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ Nigeria], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Nigeria}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ Nigeria], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[States of Nigeria|States]] (36) and federal territory (1)
|[[States of Nigeria|States]] (36) and federal territory (1)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Muhammadu Buhari]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Muhammadu Buhari]]</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ Pakistan], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Pakistan}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ Pakistan], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Arif Alvi]]
|[[Arif Alvi]]
|[[Shehbaz Sharif]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Russia_2014|title=Text of the Russian constitution in English|publisher=Constituteproject.org}}</ref>
|{{flag|Russia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Russia_2014|title=Text of the Russian constitution in English|publisher=Constituteproject.org}}</ref>
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|[[Semi-presidential system]]
|[[Semi-presidential system]]
|[[Vladimir Putin]]
|[[Vladimir Putin]]
|[[Mikhail Mishustin]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Somalia}}
|{{flag|Somalia}}
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|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed]] (acting)
|[[Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed]] (acting)
|[[Hamza Abdi Barre]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|South Sudan}}
|{{flag|South Sudan}}
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|[[States of South Sudan|States]] (10), administrative areas (2) and area with special administrative status (1)
|[[States of South Sudan|States]] (10), administrative areas (2) and area with special administrative status (1)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Salva Kiir Mayardit]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Salva Kiir Mayardit]]</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Sudan}}
|{{flag|Sudan}}
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|''[[Provisional government]]''
|''[[Provisional government]]''
|[[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]]
|[[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]]
|[[Osman Hussein (politician)|Osman Hussein]]
|-
|-
|{{flag|Switzerland}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/switzerland/ Switzerland], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Switzerland}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/switzerland/ Switzerland], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[Cantons of Switzerland|Cantons]] (26)
|[[Cantons of Switzerland|Cantons]] (26)
|[[Directorial System|Directorial]] [[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Directorial System|Directorial]] [[Parliamentary republic]]
|[[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Federal Council]]:<br>-[[Guy Parmelin]]<br>-[[Ignazio Cassis]]<br>-[[Ueli Maurer]]<br>-[[Simonetta Sommaruga]]<br>-[[Alain Berset]]<br>-[[Karin Keller-Sutter]]<br>-[[Viola Amherd]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Federal Council]]:<br>-[[Guy Parmelin]]<br>-[[Ignazio Cassis]]<br>-[[Ueli Maurer]]<br>-[[Simonetta Sommaruga]]<br>-[[Alain Berset]]<br>-[[Karin Keller-Sutter]]<br>-[[Viola Amherd]]</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|United States}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ United States], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|United States}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ United States], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[U.S. state|States]] (50), [[District of Columbia|federal district]] (1) and [[Territories of the United States|territories]] (14), [[Territories_of_the_United_States#Minor_Outlying_Islands|nine]] of which are uninhabited.
|[[U.S. state|States]] (50), [[District of Columbia|federal district]] (1) and [[Territories of the United States|territories]] (14), [[Territories_of_the_United_States#Minor_Outlying_Islands|nine]] of which are uninhabited.
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Joe Biden]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Joe Biden]]</div>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/ Venezuela], 14 May 2009</ref>
|{{flag|Venezuela}}<ref>[[CIA World Factbook]]: [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/ Venezuela], 14 May 2009</ref>
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|[[States of Venezuela|States]] (23) and [[Capital District (Venezuela)|capital district]] (1)
|[[States of Venezuela|States]] (23) and [[Capital District (Venezuela)|capital district]] (1)
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[Nicolás Maduro]]
|colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center;">[[Nicolás Maduro]]</div>
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 01:54, 30 March 2023

Not to be confused with federated state.
Part of the Politics series
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A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government.[1] At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means: "a country that is governed by elected representatives and by an elected leader (such as a president) rather than by a monarch".

In a federal republic, a division of powers exists between the federal government and the government of the individual subdivisions. While each federal republic manages this division of powers differently, common matters relating to security and defense, and monetary policy are usually handled at the federal level, while matters such as infrastructure maintenance and education policy are usually handled at the regional or local level. However, views differ on what issues should be a federal competence, and subdivisions usually have sovereignty in some matters where the federal government does not have jurisdiction. A federal republic is thus best defined in contrast to a unitary republic, whereby the central government has complete sovereignty over all aspects of political life. This more decentralized structure helps to explain the tendency for more populous countries to operate as federal republics.[2] Most federal republics codify the division of powers between orders of government in a written constitutional document.

The political differences between a federal republic and other federal states, especially federal monarchies under a parliamentary system of government, are largely a matter of legal form rather than political substance, as most federal states are democratic in structure if not practice with checks and balances. However, some federal monarchies, such as the United Arab Emirates are based upon principles other than democracy.

Otherwise, federal states primarily contrast with unitary states, where the central government retains many of the powers that are delegated to the subdivisions in federal republics. While there are exceptions, the overall tendency is for federal republics to be larger, more populous, and more internally heterogeneous than unitary states, with such larger size and internal heterogeneity being more manageable in a federal system than in a unitary one.

Contemporary

Country Official name and style Administrative divisions Form of government Head of state Head of government
 Argentina Argentine Republic Provinces (23) and autonomous city (1) Presidential system
 Austria[3] Republic of Austria States (9) Parliamentary republic Alexander Van der Bellen Karl Nehammer
 Bosnia and Herzegovina[4] Bosnia and Herzegovina Entities (2) and self-governing district (1) Parliamentary republic Christian Schmidt
Milorad Dodik
Šefik Džaferović
Željko Komšić 		Borjana Krišto
 Brazil[5] Federative Republic of Brazil States (26) and federal district (1) Presidential system
 Comoros Union of the Comoros Autonomous islands (3) Presidential system
 Ethiopia[6] Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Regions (10) and chartered cities (2) Parliamentary republic Sahle-Work Zewde Abiy Ahmed
 Germany[7] Federal Republic of Germany States (16) Parliamentary republic Frank-Walter Steinmeier Olaf Scholz
 India[8] Republic of India States (28) and union territories (8) Parliamentary republic Droupadi Murmu Narendra Modi
 Iraq Republic of Iraq Governorates (19) Parliamentary republic Barham Salih Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani
 Mexico[9] United Mexican States States (31) and autonomous entity (1) Presidential system
 Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia States (4) Presidential system
   Nepal[10] Nepal[11] Provinces (7) Parliamentary republic Bidhya Devi Bhandari Pushpa Kamal Dahal
 Nigeria[12] Federal Republic of Nigeria States (36) and federal territory (1) Presidential system
 Pakistan[13] Islamic Republic of Pakistan Provinces (4), autonomous territories (2) and federal territory (1) Parliamentary republic Arif Alvi Shehbaz Sharif
 Russia[14] Russian Federation Federal subjects (85) Semi-presidential system Vladimir Putin Mikhail Mishustin
 Somalia Federal Republic of Somalia Federal member states (6) Parliamentary republic Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed (acting) Hamza Abdi Barre
 South Sudan Republic of South Sudan States (10), administrative areas (2) and area with special administrative status (1) Presidential system
 Sudan Republic of the Sudan States (18) Provisional government Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Osman Hussein
  Switzerland[15] Swiss Confederation Cantons (26) Directorial Parliamentary republic
 United States[16] United States of America States (50), federal district (1) and territories (14), nine of which are uninhabited. Presidential system
 Venezuela[17] Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela States (23) and capital district (1) Presidential system

Historical

Country Official name and style Period of federal form of government Administrative divisions
 Dutch Republic Republic of the Seven United Netherlands 1581–1795 Provinces
Valais Republic of the Seven Tithings 1613–1798
 Gran Colombia Republic of Colombia 1819–1831
Federal Republic of Central America Federal Republic of Central America 1823–1838
Granadine Confederation Granadine Confederation 1858–1863
United States of Colombia United States of Colombia 1863–1886 States
First Spanish Republic Spanish Republic 1873-1874 Cantons
Republic of China Republic of China 1912–1928 Provinces
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus 1917–1922 Republics
 Weimar Republic German Reich 1919–1933 States
 East Germany German Democratic Republic 1949–1952 States
 Soviet Union[a] Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922–1991 Republics
 Yugoslavia[18] Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992)		 1945–1992 Republics
 Serbia and Montenegro Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-2003)

State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006)

1992–2006 Constituent republics
 Burma Union of Burma 1948–1962 States
 Indonesia Republic of the United States of Indonesia 1949–1950[b] States
 Cameroon Federal Republic of Cameroon 1961–1972
 Czechoslovak Socialist Republic[18] Czechoslovak Republic (1948–1960)
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)		 1969–1990 Republics
Czech and Slovak Federative Republic Czech and Slovak Federative Republic 1990–1992 Republics

1990) || 1969–1990||Republics

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Serenissima Res Publica Poloniae 1569–1795 Provinces and Voivodeships

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Nominally a federal union of multiple national republics; in practice its government and economy were highly centralized until its final years.
  2. ^ The states lived on until a final treaty in 1956 in which Republic of South Maluku and the State of Eastern Sumatra agreed to devolve into the Republic of Indonesia.
  1. ^ "republic".
  2. ^ Forum of Federations: [1], Schram, Sanford. Handbook of Federal Countries: United States, pg 373–391, 2005.
  3. ^ CIA World Factbook: Austria, 14 May 2009
  4. ^ CIA World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina, 14 May 2009
  5. ^ CIA World Factbook: Brazil, 14 May 2009
  6. ^ CIA World Factbook: Ethiopia, 14 May 2009
  7. ^ CIA World Factbook: Germany, 14 May 2009
  8. ^ CIA World Factbook: India, 14 May 2009
  9. ^ CIA World Factbook: Mexico, 14 May 2009
  10. ^ CIA World Factbook: Nepal, 14 May 2009
  11. ^ "UNTERM". unterm.un.org. Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  12. ^ CIA World Factbook: Nigeria, 14 May 2009
  13. ^ CIA World Factbook: Pakistan, 14 May 2009
  14. ^ "Text of the Russian constitution in English". Constituteproject.org.
  15. ^ CIA World Factbook: Switzerland, 14 May 2009
  16. ^ CIA World Factbook: United States, 14 May 2009
  17. ^ CIA World Factbook: Venezuela, 14 May 2009
  18. ^ a b "The CIA World Factbook officially dated October 15, 1991". Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
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