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Windhoek is the social, economic, political, and cultural centre of the country. Nearly every Namibian national enterprise, governmental body, educational and cultural institution is headquartered there.
Windhoek is the social, economic, political, and cultural centre of the country. Nearly every Namibian national enterprise, governmental body, educational and cultural institution is headquartered there.


The city developed at the site of a permanent hot spring known to the local[[pastoral]] tribes. It developed rapidly after [[Jonker Afrikaner]], [[Tribal chief|Captain]] of the [[Orlam]], settled there in 1840 and built a stone church for his community. In the decades following, multiple wars and armed hostilities resulted in the neglect and destruction of the new settlement. Windhoek was founded a second time in 1890 by [[Imperial German Army]] Major [[Curt von François]], when the territory was colonised by the [[German Empire]].
The city developed at the site of a permanent hot spring known to the local [[pastoral]] tribes. It developed rapidly after [[Jonker Afrikaner]], [[Tribal chief|Captain]] of the [[Orlam]], settled there in 1840 and built a stone church for his community. In the decades following, multiple wars and armed hostilities resulted in the neglect and destruction of the new settlement. Windhoek was founded a second time in 1890 by [[Imperial German Army]] Major [[Curt von François]], when the territory was colonised by the [[German Empire]].


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 19:23, 31 March 2023

Windhoek
ǀAi-ǁGams (Khoekhoegowab)
Otjomuise (Otjiherero)
Windhuk (German)
City of Windhoek
Downtown, Independence Avenue, Lutheran church
Flag of Windhoek
Flag
Coat of arms of Windhoek
Coat of arms
Motto: 
Suum Cuique (Latin for "To each his own")
Windhoek is located in Namibia
Windhoek
Windhoek
Location of Windhoek in Namibia
Windhoek is located in Africa
Windhoek
Windhoek
Windhoek (Africa)
Coordinates: 22°34′12″S 17°5′1″E / 22.57000°S 17.08361°E / -22.57000; 17.08361
Country Namibia
RegionKhomas Region
First settled1840
Second founding18 October 1890
Government
 • TypeMayor-council government
 • MayorJoseph Uapingene (NUDO)
 • Deputy MayorMagdalena Pienaar-Lombardt (SWAPO)
Area
 • Total
5,133 km2 (1,982 sq mi)
Elevation
1,655 m (5,430 ft)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Total
431,000
 • Density62.8/km2 (163/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (SAST)
Postal code
10005
Area code061
ClimateBSh
Websitewww.windhoekcc.org.na

Windhoek (/ˈwɪndhʊk/, Afrikaans: [ˈvəntɦuk], German: [ˈvɪnthʊk]) is the capital and largest city of Namibia. It is located in central Namibia in the Khomas Highland plateau area, at around 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) above sea level, almost exactly at the country's geographical centre. The population of Windhoek in 2020 was 431,000[1] which is growing continually due to a continued migration from other regions in Namibia.

Windhoek is the social, economic, political, and cultural centre of the country. Nearly every Namibian national enterprise, governmental body, educational and cultural institution is headquartered there.

The city developed at the site of a permanent hot spring known to the local pastoral tribes. It developed rapidly after Jonker Afrikaner, Captain of the Orlam, settled there in 1840 and built a stone church for his community. In the decades following, multiple wars and armed hostilities resulted in the neglect and destruction of the new settlement. Windhoek was founded a second time in 1890 by Imperial German Army Major Curt von François, when the territory was colonised by the German Empire.

History

See also: Timeline of Windhoek

Etymology

Theories vary on how the place got its modern name of Windhoek. Most believe it is derived from the Afrikaans word wind-hoek (wind corner). Another theory suggests that Captain Jonker Afrikaner named Windhoek after the Winterhoek Mountains at Tulbagh in South Africa, where his ancestors had lived. The first known mention of the name Windhoek was in a letter from Jonker Afrikaner to Joseph Tindall, dated 12 August 1844.[2]

Early settlement

In 1840 Jonker Afrikaner established an Orlam settlement at Windhoek.[3] He and his followers stayed near one of the main hot springs, located in the present-day Klein Windhoek suburb.[4] He built a stone church that held 500 people; it was also used as a school. Two Rhenish missionaries, Carl Hugo Hahn and Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt, started working there in late 1842. Two years later they were driven out by two Methodist Wesleyans, Richard Haddy and Joseph Tindall.[5][6] Gardens were laid out and for a while Windhoek prospered. A series of wars between the Nama and Herero tribes eventually destroyed the settlement. After a long absence, Hahn visited Windhoek again in 1873 and was dismayed to see that nothing remained of the town's former prosperity. In June 1885, a Swiss botanist found only jackals and starving guinea fowl amongst neglected fruit trees.[7]

Colonial era

Windhoek before 1908
German South West Africa stamp postmarked Windhuk
Sanderburg, one of the three castles of Windhoek

A request by merchants from Lüderitzbucht resulted in the declaration in 1884 of a German protectorate over what was called German South West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika), now Namibia. The borders of the German colony were determined in 1890 and Germany sent a protective corps, the Schutztruppe under Major Curt von François, to maintain order.[8] Von François stationed his garrison at Windhoek, which was strategically situated as a buffer between the warring Nama and Herero peoples.[9] The twelve strong springs provided water for the cultivation of produce and grains.

Colonial Windhoek was founded on 18 October 1890, when von François fixed the foundation stone of the fort, which is now known as the Alte Feste (Old Fortress).[10][11] After 1907, development accelerated as indigenous people migrated from the countryside to the growing town to seek work. More European settlers arrived from Germany and South Africa. Businesses were erected on Kaiser Street (presently Independence Avenue), and along the dominant mountain ridge over the city. At this time, Windhoek's three castles, Heinitzburg, Sanderburg, and Schwerinsburg, were built.

South African administration after World War I

The German colonial era came to an end after the end of World War I but South West Africa, and with it Windhoek, already fell in 1915.[12] Until the end of the war the city was administered by a South African military government, and no further development occurred.[13] In 1920, after the Treaty of Versailles, the territory was placed under a League of Nations Class C mandate and again administered by South Africa.[14]

After World War II more capital became available to improve the area's economy. After 1955, large public projects were undertaken, such as the building of new schools and hospitals, tarring of the city's roads (a project begun in 1928 with Kaiser Street), and the building of dams and pipelines to stabilise the water supply.[7] The city introduced the world's first potable re-use plant in 1958, treating recycled sewage and sending it directly into the town's water supply.[15] On 1 October 1966 the then Administrator of South West Africa granted Windhoek the coat of arms, which was registered on 2 October 1970 with the South African Bureau of Heraldry. Initially a stylized aloe was the principal emblem, but this was amended to a natural aloe (Aloe littoralis) on 15 September 1972. The Coat of Arms is described as "A Windhoek aloe with a raceme of three flowers on an island. Crest: A mural crown Or. Motto: SUUM CUIQUE (To each their own)".[16]

Windhoek formally received its town privileges on 18 October 1965 on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the second foundation of the town by von François.[17]

Since Namibian independence

Since independence in 1990, Windhoek has remained the national capital, as well as the provincial capital of the central Khomas Region. Since independence and the end of warfare, the city has had accelerated growth and development.

Economy

The city is the administrative, commercial, and industrial center of Namibia. A 1992/93 study estimated that Windhoek provides over half of Namibia's non-agricultural employment, with its national share of employment in utilities being 96%, in transport and communication 94%, finance and business services 82%.[18] Due to its relative size[19] Windhoek is, even more than many other national capital cities, the social, economic, and cultural centre of the country. Nearly every national enterprise is headquartered here. The University of Namibia is, too, as are the country's only theatre, all ministry head offices, and all major media and financial entities.[20] The governmental budget of the city of Windhoek nearly equals those of all other Namibian local authorities combined.[21] Of the 3,300 US$-millionaires in Namibia, 1,400 live in Windhoek.[22]

Transport

Road

Downtown Windhoek
Independence Avenue

Windhoek's three main access roads from Rehoboth, Gobabis, and Okahandja are paved, and are designed to be able to withstand the largest possible flood to be expected in fifty years. Sealed roads can carry traffic moving at 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph) and should last for 20 years.

In 1928, Kaiserstraße, now Independence Avenue, was the first paved road in Windhoek. Ten years later the next one, Gobabis road, now Sam Nujoma Drive, was also paved. Today out of ca. 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi) of Namibia's total road network, about 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) is sealed.

In 2014, The Roads Authority has planned to upgrade the Windhoek-Okahandja road to a dual carriageway. It costs about N$1 billion and is expected to be completed in 2021. Later on, they also plan to upgrade the Windhoek and Hosea Kutako International Airport to a dual carriageway. This is expected to be completed in 2022.

As everywhere in Namibia, public transport is scarce and transportation across town is largely done by taxi; there were 6,492 registered taxis in 2013.[23]

Air

Windhoek is served by two airports, with the closest one being Eros Airport, located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) south of the city center for smaller craft, and the other being Hosea Kutako International Airport, 42 kilometres (26 mi) east of the city. A number of foreign airlines operate to and from Windhoek. Air charters and helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft rentals are also available.

Airport with air traffic control tower (2017)

Hosea Kutako International Airport handles over 800,000 passengers a year. It has one runway without capacity limitations. The other international airport is located in Walvis Bay, with domestic airports at Lüderitz, Oranjemund and Ondangwa.

Eros Airport is the busiest airport in Namibia in terms of take offs and landings.[24] This city airport handles approximately 150 to 200 movements per day (around 50,000 per year). In 2004, the airport served 141,605 passengers, the majority of which are light aircraft. Primarily, limitations such as runway length, noise, and air space congestion have kept Eros from developing into a larger airport. Most of Namibia's charter operators have Eros as their base.

Rail

Windhoek Railway Station

Windhoek is connected by rail to:

Geography

Aerial view of Windhoek. In the background are the Auas Mountains (2016).
Rainy season clouds outskirt of Windhoek

Expanding the town area has – apart from financial restrictions – proven to be challenging due to its geographical location. In southern, eastern and western directions, Windhoek is surrounded by rocky, mountainous areas, which make land development costly. The southern side is not suitable for industrial development because of the presence of underground aquifers. This leaves the vast Brakwater area north of town the only feasible place for Windhoek's expansion.[25]

Windhoek's City Council has plans to dramatically expand the city's boundaries such that the town area will cover 5,133.4 square kilometres (1,982.0 sq mi). Windhoek would become the third-largest city in the world by area,[citation needed] after Tianjin and Istanbul, although its population density is only 63 inhabitants per square kilometre.[26]

Suburbs

Windhoek is subdivided into the following suburbs and townships:[27]

In many of Windhoek's townships residents live in shacks. In 2020 the city had a total of 41,900 of these informal housing structures, accommodating close to 100,000 inhabitants.[29]

Climate

Windhoek has over 300 sunny days per year.[30] It experiences a hot semi-arid climate (BSh) according to Köppen climate classification as the annual average temperature is above 18 °C (64 °F). The temperature throughout the year would be called mild, due to altitude influence. The annual average high and low temperature range is 13.4 °C (56.1 °F). The coldest month is July, with an average temperature of 13.1 °C (55.6 °F), while the hottest month is December, with average temperature 23.5 °C (74.3 °F). Due to its location near the Kalahari Desert, the city receives 3,605 hours of sunshine. Precipitation is abundant during the summer season, and minimal during the winter season. The average annual precipitation is 367.4 millimetres (14.46 in), with lows of 106.7 millimetres (4.20 in) in the 2018/19 rainy season, and 97 millimetres (3.8 in) in 1929/30.[31]

Climate data for Windhoek (1728 m), Namibia
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.0
(96.8) 		35.8
(96.4) 		34.9
(94.8) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.8
(89.2) 		26.1
(79.0) 		25.7
(78.3) 		30.0
(86.0) 		33.2
(91.8) 		35.1
(95.2) 		36.5
(97.7) 		36.6
(97.9) 		36.6
(97.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.0
(86.0) 		28.6
(83.5) 		27.2
(81.0) 		25.6
(78.1) 		22.7
(72.9) 		20.2
(68.4) 		20.5
(68.9) 		23.4
(74.1) 		26.5
(79.7) 		29.1
(84.4) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.7
(87.3) 		26.1
(79.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 23.3
(73.9) 		22.1
(71.8) 		21.0
(69.8) 		18.9
(66.0) 		15.8
(60.4) 		13.2
(55.8) 		13.1
(55.6) 		15.8
(60.4) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.7
(71.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		23.5
(74.3) 		19.1
(66.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.2
(63.0) 		16.5
(61.7) 		15.4
(59.7) 		12.8
(55.0) 		9.2
(48.6) 		6.7
(44.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		8.6
(47.5) 		11.9
(53.4) 		14.6
(58.3) 		15.6
(60.1) 		16.9
(62.4) 		12.7
(54.9)
Record low °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5) 		6.8
(44.2) 		3.7
(38.7) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		1.6
(34.9) 		0.4
(32.7) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−3.9
(25.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 78.1
(3.07) 		80.3
(3.16) 		78.7
(3.10) 		37.7
(1.48) 		6.6
(0.26) 		1.2
(0.05) 		0.7
(0.03) 		0.9
(0.04) 		2.8
(0.11) 		11.8
(0.46) 		26.9
(1.06) 		41.7
(1.64) 		367.4
(14.46)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 11.1 10.7 10.5 5.5 1.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.9 2.8 5.3 7.5 57.7
Average relative humidity (%) 42 56 51 44 37 32 27 19 17 22 30 34 34
Mean monthly sunshine hours 288 254 282 273 310 309 326 341 321 319 297 285 3,605
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[32]
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun only)[33]

Demographics

In 1971, there were roughly 26,000 whites living in Windhoek, outnumbering the black population of 24,000. About one third of white residents at the time, at least 9,000 individuals, were German speakers.[34] Windhoek's population currently stands at over 325,858 (65% black; 18% other; 17% white), and is growing 4% annually in part due to informal settlements that have even higher growth rates of nearly 10% a year.[25] In public life, Afrikaans, and to a lesser extent German, are still used as lingua francas even though the government only uses English. Currently Windhoek has an population of 431,000 as of 2020.[35]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
198196,057—    
1991147,056+4.35%
2001233,529+4.73%
2011325,858+3.39%
2016395,000+3.92%
2020431,000+2.20%
source:[36]

Politics

Local authority elections

Windhoek is the only self-governed settlement in Khomas Region. It is governed by a multi-party municipal council that has fifteen seats.[37] The council meets monthly; its decisions are taken collectively.

SWAPO won the 2015 local authority election and gained twelve seats, by having 37,533 votes. Three opposition parties gained one seat each: The Popular Democratic Movement (PDM), formerly DTA, with 4,171 votes, the National Unity Democratic Organisation (NUDO) with 1,453 votes, and the Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP) with 1,422 votes.[38] SWAPO also won the 2020 local authority election but lost the majority control over the town council. It obtained 20,250 votes and gained five seats. The Independent Patriots for Change (IPC), an opposition party formed in August 2020, obtained 14,028 votes and gained four seats. Two seats each went to the local branch of the Affirmative Repositioning movement (8,501 votes) and the Landless People's Movement (LPM, a new party registered in 2018, 7,365 votes). PDM (5,411 votes) and NUDO (1,455 votes) obtained one seat each.[39]

Twin towns and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Namibia

Windhoek is twinned with:[40][41][42]

Culture

Independence Memorial Museum, aerial view (2017)

Windhoek is known as the art capital of Namibia. The National Art Gallery, National Theatre and the National Museum are all located here. Two locations are part of the National Museum,[43] the Alte Feste (historical) showcases a range of colonial items such as wagons and domestic items, while the Owela Museum (scientific; named after Owela, a traditional game played with pebbles) contains displays of minerals, fossils and meteorites and gives an insight into traditional village life. There are also the Independence Memorial Museum, the National Library of Namibia and the Windhoek Public Library, built in 1925, next to the Alte Feste.[44]

Places of worship

Christ Church, Windhoek, German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia

The places of worship are predominantly Christian churches and temples: those of Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia, Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Republic of Namibia, German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (all three members of the Lutheran World Federation), Baptist Convention of Namibia (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Windhoek (Catholic Church).[45] There are also a few Islamic mosques in the city, including the Windhoek Islamic Center.

Architecture

Parliament Gardens
Tintenpalast in Windhoek
  • Alte Feste – (Old Fortress) Built in 1890, today houses the National Museum.
  • Curt von François monument in front of the municipality building. Inaugurated on 18 October 1965 on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the second foundation of the town by von François. The statue was removed of its location, in front of the municipal grounds, on the 23 November 2022 and will be stored in the local Windhoek City Museum.[17]
  • Heroes' Acre - A national war and heroes memorial, about 10 km outside of the city.
  • Independence Memorial Museum (Namibia) - A historical museum focusing on the anti-colonial resistance and the national liberation movement of the Republic of Namibia.
  • National Council (Namibia) - The upper chamber of Namibia's bicameral Parliament.
  • Reiterdenkmal (Equestrian Monument), a statue celebrating the victory of the German Empire over the Herero and Nama in the Herero and Namaqua War of 1904–1907[46] The statue has been removed from its historical place next to Christuskirche in December 2013 and is now on display in the yard of the Alte Feste.[47]
  • State House, Windhoek - The official residence of the President of Namibia.
  • Supreme Court of Namibia – situated in Michael Scott Street on Eliakim Namundjebo Plaza. Built between 1994 and 1996[48] it is Windhoek's only building erected post-independence in an African style of architecture.[49]
  • The three castles of Windhoek built by architect Wilhelm Sander: Heinitzburg, Sanderburg, and Schwerinsburg[50]
  • Tintenpalast – (Ink Palace) within Parliament Gardens, the seat of both chambers of the Parliament of Namibia. Built between 1912 and 1913 and situated just north of Robert Mugabe Avenue.
  • Turnhalle – neo-classicist building of Wilhelmine architecture, inaugurated in 1909.[51]
  • Windhoek Railway Station - A historical railway station serving the city of Windhoek .
  • Zoo Park – a public park on Independence Avenue in downtown Windhoek. The current park is landscaped and features a pond, playground and open-air theatre.[52]

Sport

Rugby is a popular sport in Namibia, and the national team is called the Welwitchias. Namibia has made the Rugby World Cup on six occasions, in 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015 and 2019, but has never won a game.

The city has several football clubs which include African Stars F.C., Black Africa F.C., F.C. Civics Windhoek, Orlando Pirates F.C., Ramblers F.C. and SK Windhoek, Tigers F.C., Tura Magic F.C., Citizens F.C.

Many boxers such as Paulus Moses, Paulus Ambunda and Abmerk Shindjuu are from the city.

The Namibia national cricket team, the Eagles, plays the majority of its home games at the Wanderers Cricket Ground.[53] It has also played at other grounds in the city, including the United Ground and the Trans Namib Ground.[54][55] The team took part in the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa, though they lost all their games. They have played in each edition of the ICC Intercontinental Cup.

Men's baseball was introduced to Namibia in 1950 at the Ramblers sports club in town.

The 'Tony Rust Raceway' is located west of Windhoek on the Daan Viljoen road, and reopened in 2007.[56] Farm Windhoek, located adjacent to the townlands and owned by the municipality, is a sports venue for hiking, running, and mountain biking.

Education

The main campus of the University of Namibia

Tertiary institutions

The general institutions of higher education in Windhoek are:

Other institutions

Other recognisable institutions of higher learning:

Secondary schools

Windhoek has 29 secondary schools and 58 primary schools.[57] Some of the notable schools are:

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Windhoek, Namibia Population 1950-2020". www.macrotrends.net. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  2. ^ Dierks, Klaus. "The History of ǁKhauxaǃnas. Introduction". Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  3. ^ "The Orlams Afrikaners – the Creole Africans of the Garieb". Cape Slavery Heritage. Retrieved 8 July 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  4. ^ Tonchi, Victor L; Lindeke, William A; Grotpeter, John J (2012). Historical Dictionary of Namibia. Historical Dictionaries of Africa, African historical dictionaries (2 ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810879904. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  5. ^ Vedder, Heinrich (1997). Das alte Südwestafrika. Südwestafrikas Geschichte bis zum Tode Mahareros 1890 [The Old South West Africa. South West Africa's History until Maharero's death 1890] (in German) (7th ed.). Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society. ISBN 0-949995-33-9.
  6. ^ Dierks, Klaus. "Biographies of Namibian Personalities, A (entry for Jonker Afrikaner)". klausdiers.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  7. ^ a b "Windhoek City Council: The History of Windhoek". Archived from the original on 21 February 2010.
  8. ^ Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 338
  9. ^ Mbathera, Ester; Pinehas, Tutaleni (17 November 2021). "Verona, the last grandchild of Von François". The Namibian. p. 6.
  10. ^ Dierks, Klaus. "Biographies of Namibian Personalities, V (entry for Curt von François)". klausdiers.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  11. ^ Chothia, Farouk (23 November 2022). "Namibia pulls down German colonial officer's statue in Windhoek". BBC News. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  12. ^ Britannica, Windhoek Archived 21 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine, britannica.com, USA, accessed on July 7, 2019
  13. ^ "The History of Windhoek". City of Windhoek. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  14. ^ Ieuan Griffiths,Walvis Bay: exclave no more Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Geography, Vol. 79, No. 4 (October 1994), page 354
  15. ^ "Surviving in an arid land: Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek's Goreangab Reclamation Plant" Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Petrus Du Pisani
  16. ^ Berry, Bruce (12 February 2014). "Windhoek (Namibia)". www.crwflags.com. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
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  19. ^ The second biggest city in Namibia, Walvis Bay, has 43,700 inhabitants: "ELECTIONS 2010: Erongo regional profile". New Era. 16 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
  20. ^ Kapitako, Alvine (12 November 2010). "ELECTIONS 2010: Khomas Region profile". New Era. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012.
  21. ^ Heita, Desie (11 February 2010). "Owning a house ... a dream deferred". New Era. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
  22. ^ Nakashole, Ndama (24 April 2017). "Namibians 3rd wealthiest people in Africa". The Namibian. p. 13. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
  23. ^ Shipanga, Selma (3 April 2013). "A glimpse into the taxi industry". The Namibian. pp. 6–7.
  24. ^ "Namibia Airports Company". Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  25. ^ a b "Windhoek's battle for land" Archived 9 December 2012 at archive.today, by Desie Heita; New Era, 10 Feb 2010
  26. ^ Retief, Christo (2 July 2013). "Windhoek slaan Afrika-rekord" [Windhoek beats Africa record]. Die Republikein. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  27. ^ "The Windhoek Structure Plan" (PDF). City of Windhoek. 1996. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 2 July 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  28. ^ Ngatjiheue, Charmaine (11 September 2017). "Groot Aub incorporated into Windhoek". The Namibian. p. 5. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  29. ^ Nghinomenwa, Erastus (12 August 2020). "Namibia's ghetto life: Half million live in shacks countrywide". The Namibian. p. 1. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
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  31. ^ Menges, Werner; Oliveira, Yokany (23 May 2019). "Khomas faces worst drought in 90 years". The Namibian. p. 1. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  32. ^ "Klimatafel von Windhuk (Windhoek) / Namibia" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  33. ^ "Stationsnummer 68110" (PDF). Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Windhoek
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