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|''[[Helix godetiana]]'' <br/>Kobelt, 1878
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|''[[Helix gussoneana]]'' <br/>L. Pfeiffer, 1848
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Revision as of 14:02, 1 April 2023

Helix
Temporal range: Miocene–recent
Helix pomatia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Order: Stylommatophora
Family: Helicidae
Subfamily: Helicinae
Tribe: Helicini
Genus: Helix
Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Helix pomatia

Helix is a genus of large, air-breathing land snails native to the western Palaearctic.[1] It is the type genus of the family Helicidae, and one of the animal genera described by Carl Linnaeus.[2] Members of the genus first appeared during the Miocene.[3] Like most land snails, Helix species are hermaphroditic, and like other helicids, a courting pair will impale each other with hormone-rich love darts prior to exchanging sperm. Well-known species include Helix pomatia (Roman snail, Burgundy snail, or edible snail) and Helix lucorum (Turkish snail). Cornu aspersum (garden snail), though externally similar and long classified as a member of Helix (as "Helix aspersa"), is not closely related to Helix and belong to a different tribe of Helicinae.[4]

Helix snails have been harvested for human consumption since prehistoric times.[5] In the common era, members of the genus (particularly H. pomatia) are farmed throughout the world for the dish escargot, an hors d'oeuvre. The establishment of snail farms outside of Europe has introduced several species to North America, South America, and Africa, where some escapees have established themselves as invasive species.[6][7][8][9]

Taxonomy

At the beginning in the mid-1700s, the generic name Helix had been used for almost all terrestrial gastropods; later this was restricted to species with helicoid habitus, including zonitids and other groups. In the course of the 1800s, more groups were removed, but prior to 1900, several thousand helicid and hygromiid species of Europe and abroad had still been classified in the genus Helix.[10][11] By the early 1900s, the genus was split into many separate genera, leaving only some 30 species closely related to its type species Helix pomatia in the genus.

In the 2000s, Helix has been subject to extensive molecular phylogenetic studies and taxonomic revisions.[1][12][13][14][15] These led to the exclusion of several species, most notably the garden snail, and inclusion of others (e.g. H. ceratina). Maltzanella, for long considered a subgenus of Helix, is the sister group of Helix.

Two subgenera are currently recognized:[13]

The following genus-level taxa are cosidered synonyms of Helix:

  • Callunea Scudder, 1882
  • Cochlea Da Costa, 1778
  • Coenatoria Held, 1838
  • Cunula Pallary, 1936
  • Glischrus S. Studer, 1820
  • Helicites W. Martin, 1809 (Established for fossils of Helix to distinguish them from extant members of that taxon. Invalid, available only for the purposes of the Principle of Homonymy (Art. 20))
  • Helicogena A. Férussac, 1821
  • Megastoma Scudder, 1882
  • Naegelea P. Hesse, 1918
  • Pachyphallus P. Hesse, 1918
  • Pentataenia A. Schmidt, 1855 (junior objective synonym)
  • Physospira C.R. Boettger, 1914
  • Pomatia Beck, 1837
  • Pomatiana Fagot, 1903
  • Pomatiella Pallary, 1909
  • Pseudofigulina P. Hesse, 1917
  • Rhododerma P. Hesse, 1918
  • Tacheopsis Boettger, 1909
  • Tammouzia Pallary, 1939

Many species of Helix have been brought into synonymy:

Description

An unidentified Helix species from Southern Europe

Helix comprises large land snails species, with shell diameter of 2-6 cm. The shell is globular to conical, with five darker bands that may be reduced or fuse together. The globular shell distinguishes Helix from most of the related genera (tribe Helicini), except for Maltzanella and Lindholmia. The surface has a structure of fine transversal ribs, developed to a varying degree, and there may be very fine spiral grooves as well. The shell is never malleated. Colour of the foot varies. It may be grey, brown, black or pink; the back of the foot is dark in several species.

Characters on the genital system have been used to define the genus and its subgenera. Unlike Cornu, the penis of Helix conatins two papillae with a central opening. There appears to be a tendency for a shortening of the diverticulum of bursa copulatrix and of the eppiphallus, but there is an overlap with related genera in these characters. Mucous glands adjoining the dart sac are ususally richly branched. Dart apparatus is missing in Helix salomonica.

In addition to the hard, calcareous shell that covers and protects the internal organs, the head and foot regions can be observed when the snails are fully extended. When they are active, the organs such as the lung, heart, kidney, and intestines remain inside the shell; only the head and foot emerge.

The head of the snail has two pairs of tentacles; the upper and larger pair contains the eyes, and the lower pair is used to feel the ground in front. The mouth is located just underneath the head. The tentacles can be withdrawn or extended depending on the situation. The mouth has a tongue called a "radula" that is composed of many fine, chitinous teeth. This serves for rasping and cutting food.

Behaviour

From April through the northern summer, the number of snails copulating increases due to the higher temperature and humidity, which enhance the possibility of oviposition. The pulmonate snails are hermaphroditic, meaning that both female and male sexual organs are present in the same individual. The snails produce both eggs and sperm in the ovotestis (also called the hermaphrodite gland), but it is later separated into two divisions, a sperm duct and oviduct, respectively.

Mating takes several hours, sometimes a day. H. aspersa snails stab a calcite spine, known as a "love dart", at their partner. The love dart is coated with a mucus that contains a chemical that enables more than twice as many sperm to survive inside the recipient. A few days after mating, the eggs are laid in the soil. The eggs are usually 4–6 mm in diameter.

After snails hatch from the egg, they mature in one or more years, depending on where the organism lives. Maturity takes two years in Southern California, while it takes only 10 months in South Africa.

The size of the adult snails slightly varies with species. H. aspersa grows up to 35 mm in height and width, whereas H. pomatia grows up to 45 mm. The lifespan of snails in the wild is typically 2–3 years.

Some snails may live longer, perhaps even 30 years or older in the case of the Roman snail[16] but most live less than 8 years. Many deaths are due to predators and parasites.

Since its publication in March 1974 issue of Natural History[17] an estimate for the highest speed of garden snail equal to 0.03 mph (1.3 cm/s) became popular.[18] However, the accuracy of this estimate has been questioned by Robert Cameron, who pointed out that in competitions between snails, only 2.4 mm/s speed had been achieved.[19] There is a need for clarification and behavioural observation here though: competitions are usually held on the flat, whereas a snail's natural preference is vertical ascent, possibly an instinct derived from hatching in an earth "pod" and having to climb upwards to the surface.

Respiration

Burgundy snail (H. pomatia)

Since snails in the genus Helix are terrestrial rather than freshwater or marine, they have developed a simple lung for respiration. (Most other snails and gastropods have gills, instead.)

Oxygen is carried by the blood pigment hemocyanin. Both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of blood through the capillaries. A muscular valve regulates the process of opening and closing the entrance of the lung. When the valve opens, the air can either enter or leave the lung. The valve plays an important role in reducing water loss and preventing drowning.

Ecology

Helix snails prefer cool, damp environments, as they easily suffer moisture loss. Snails are most active at night and after rainfall. During unfavourable conditions, a snail remains inside its shell, usually under rocks or other hiding places, to avoid being discovered by predators. In dry climates, snails naturally congregate near water sources, including artificial sources such as wastewater outlets of air conditioners.

The common garden snail (H.aspersa) is herbivorous. These snails are able to digest most vegetation, including carrots and lettuce. They also have a specialized crop of symbiotic bacteria that aid in their digestion, especially with the breakdown of the polysaccharide cellulose into simple sugars.

Many predators, both specialist and generalist, feed on snails. Some animals, such as the song thrush, break the shell of the snail by hammering it against a hard object, such as stone, to expose its edible insides. Other predators, such as some species of frogs, circumvent the need to break snail shells by simply swallowing the snail whole, shell and all.

Some carnivorous species of snails, such as the decollate snail and the rosy wolf snail, also prey on Helix snails. Such carnivorous snails are commercially grown and sold to combat pest snail species. Many of these also escape into the wild, where they prey on indigenous snails, such as the Cuban land snails of the genus Polymita, and the indigenous snails of Hawaii.

Edible snails

See also: Snail § As food

H. pomatia and H. aspersa are the two edible species that are most used in European cuisine. Spanish cuisine also uses Otala punctata, Theba pisana, and Iberus gualterianus alonensis, amongst others. The process of snail farming is called heliciculture.

Escargots are often traditionally served as appetizers. They may also be used as ingredients in other recipes.

Snails contain many nutrients. They are rich in calcium and also contain vitamin B1 and E. They contain various essential amino acids, and are low in calories and fat.[citation needed]

List of extant Helix species

Scientific name[a] IUCN Red List Status Distribution Picture
Helix albescens
Rossmässler, 1839 		LC IUCN
Helix anctostoma
Martens, 1874
Helix antiochiensis
Kobelt, 1896
Helix aporina
Castro, 1887
Helix asemnis
Bourguignat, 1860 		LC IUCN
Helix borealis
Mousson, 1859 		DD IUCN
Helix buchii
(Dubois de Montpéreux, 1840)
Helix calabrica
Westerlund, 1876
Helix ceratina
Shuttleworth, 1843
Helix cincta
O. F. Müller, 1774 		LC IUCN
Helix dormitoris
Kobelt, 1898
Helix engaddensis
Bourguignat, 1852
Helix escherichi
O. Boettger, 1898
Helix fathallae
Nägele, 1901
Helix figulina
Rossmässler, 1839 		LC IUCN
Helix godetiana
Kobelt, 1878
Helix gussoneana
L. Pfeiffer, 1848
Helix hedenborgi
L. Pfeiffer, 1846
Helix kazouiniana
Pallary, 1939
Helix ligata
O. F. Müller, 1774 		DD IUCN
Helix lucorum
Linnaeus, 1758
Helix lutescens
Rossmässler, 1837 		LC IUCN
Helix melanostoma
Draparnaud, 1801
Helix mileti
Kobelt, 1906
Helix nicaeensis
A. Férussac, 1821
Helix nucula
Mousson, 1854 		LC IUCN
Helix pachya
Bourguignat, 1860
Helix pathetica
Mousson, 1854
Helix pelagonesica
(Rolle, 1898)
Helix philibinensis
Rossmässler, 1839 		LC IUCN
Helix pomacella
Mousson, 1854 		LC IUCN
Helix pomatella
Kobelt, 1876
Helix pomatia
Linnaeus, 1758
Helix pronuba
Westerlund & Blanc, 1879
Helix salomonica
Nägele, 1899
Helix schlaeflii
Mousson, 1859
Helix secernenda
Rossmässler, 1847 		LC IUCN
Helix straminea
Briganti, 1825 		LC IUCN
Helix thessalica
O. Boettger, 1886 		LC IUCN
Helix tourannensis
Souleyet, 1852
Helix valentini
Kobelt, 1891 		EN IUCN
Helix vladika
(Kobelt, 1898) 		LC IUCN

Several extinct species of Helix have been described (the list is not complete):

Taxon inquirendum

A long list
  • Helix (Cochlichondra) Jan, 1830
  • Helix (Cochlogibba) Jan, 1830
  • Helix (Patera) Albers, 1850 (Invalid: junior homonym of Patera Lesson, 1839 [Cnidaria])
  • Helix achilli Bourguignat, 1883
  • Helix acompsia (Bourguignat, 1863)
  • Helix adelaidae L. Pfeiffer, 1857
  • Helix adusta Hinds, 1845
  • Helix ahmedi Pallary, 1899
  • Helix aidae Pallary, 1899
  • Helix alata L. Pfeiffer, 1856
  • Helix albersi L. Pfeiffer, 1849
  • Helix albidens Benson, 1853
  • Helix alinae Pallary, 1899
  • Helix alsiella Pallary, 1899
  • Helix alveolus Heude, 1890
  • Helix annamitica Crosse & Fischer, 1863
  • Helix anomia Heude, 1890
  • Helix ansorinus Theobald, 1866
  • Helix appressa Say, 1821
  • Helix arabophila Pallary, 1898
  • Helix araneaetela Heude, 1885
  • Helix artificiosa Benson, 1856
  • Helix arundinetorum Heude, 1882
  • Helix avidorum Cox, 1868
  • Helix bahamensis L. Pfeiffer, 1845
  • Helix barclayana L. Pfeiffer, 1847
  • Helix barrakporensis Benson, 1859
  • Helix batchianensis L. Pfeiffer, 1861
  • Helix batesii L. Pfeiffer, 1860
  • Helix beccarii Jickeli, 1874 (taxon inquirendum, replacement name for Helix ciliata non Venetz)
  • Helix belcheri L. Pfeiffer, 1846
  • Helix bicallosula Heude, 1886
  • Helix biconvexa Martens, 1864
  • Helix binneyana L. Pfeiffer, 1847
  • Helix bizona Gredler, 1884
  • Helix boissieri S. Moricand, 1846
  • Helix bombax Benson, 1859
  • Helix bonplandii Lamarck, 1822
  • Helix bourguignati L. Pfeiffer, 1857
  • Helix boxalli G. B. Sowerby III, 1888 (use in recent literature currently undocumented)
  • Helix brocchii Jickeli, 1874 (invalid; not F. Sandberger, 1872)
  • Helix brucei Jickeli, 1874 (use in recent literature currently undocumented)
  • Helix bullina Férussac, 1832 (has also been mistakenly identified as Amphibulima rubescens Deshayes, 1830) [20]
  • Helix buxina Heude, 1886
  • Helix caelatura Férussac, 1821
  • Helix calpis Benson, 1859
  • Helix calymma Schmacker & O. Boettger, 1894
  • Helix campelica Mabille, 1886 (taxon inquirendum, no documented use in recent literature)
  • Helix capessens Benson, 1856
  • Helix carinata Link, 1807
  • Helix carmeliensis L. Pfeiffer, 1861
  • Helix carpalima J. Mabille, 1889
  • Helix cassidula Benson, 1859
  • Helix caucasica L. Pfeiffer, 1846
  • Helix ceryx Benson, 1859
  • Helix chadiana Pallary, 1899
  • Helix cherifiana Pallary, 1899
  • Helix chionodiscus L. Pfeiffer, 1857
  • Helix cimex Reeve, 1854
  • Helix coagulata L. Pfeiffer, 1856
  • Helix conrauxiana Heude, 1885
  • Helix conulus Martens, 1864
  • Helix corneola Clessin, 1874
  • Helix cumulus Reeve, 1854
  • Helix cyclostomopsis I. Lea, 1834
  • Helix cyclotrema Benson, 1863
  • Helix cypsele L. Pfeiffer, 1849
  • Helix cyrenaica E. von Martens, 1883
  • Helix debauxii Noulet, 1854 †
  • Helix decidua L. Pfeiffer, 1857
  • Helix delavayana Heude, 1885
  • Helix demolita Heude, 1885
  • Helix depsta Cox, 1870
  • Helix dhericourtiana Bourguignat, 1885
  • Helix diaphana I. Lea, 1834
  • Helix diniensis Rambur, 1868
  • Helix doufourii Grateloup, 1840
  • Helix dubia Clessin, 1874
  • Helix ductilis Pfeiffer, 1857
  • Helix egregia Deshayes, 1850
  • Helix emmae Pallary, 1899
  • Helix exacta L. Pfeiffer, 1863
  • Helix exilis O. F. Müller, 1774
  • Helix expansa Clessin, 1874
  • Helix exserta L. Pfeiffer, 1856
  • Helix faradensis L. Pfeiffer, 1861
  • Helix fauna Philippi, 1851
  • Helix faunus Broderip, 1841
  • Helix ferretiana Bourguignat, 1883
  • Helix filaris L. Pfeiffer, 1845
  • Helix flammata Férussac, 1821
  • Helix flaveola Martens, 1864
  • Helix fornicata Gould, 1846
  • Helix forrestiana Angas, 1875
  • Helix fortunei Heude, 1882
  • Helix fossaria Montagu, 1803
  • Helix fritillata Benson, 1863
  • Helix galinieriana Bourguignat, 1883
  • Helix gaudiella Mabille, 1886 (taxon inquirendum, no documented use in recent literature)
  • Helix gerlachi Möllendorff
  • Helix gigas L. Pfeiffer, 1850
  • Helix giraudeliana Heude, 1882
  • Helix globula I. Lea, 1834
  • Helix glomerosa Godwin-Austen, 1883
  • Helix gordoniae Benson, 1863
  • Helix graminum Heude, 1882
  • Helix griffithi L. Pfeiffer, 1846
  • Helix grossularia L. Pfeiffer, 1861
  • Helix guadalcanarensis Cox, 1872
  • Helix guinaria L. Pfeiffer, 1861
  • Helix haesitans Heude, 1888
  • Helix hamacenica Bourguignat, 1883
  • Helix hamudae Kobelt, 1886 (taxon inquirendum, use in recent literature currently undocumented)
  • Helix helmii G. B. Sowerby I, 1838 (taxon inquirendum, use in recent literature currently undocumented)
  • Helix herbini Bourguignat, 1883
  • Helix herpestes Heude, 1885
  • Helix herza J. Mabille, 1889
  • Helix hians L. Pfeiffer, 1846
  • Helix hongkongensis Deshayes, 1874
  • Helix horripilosella Heude, 1885
  • Helix huberiana Heude, 1882
  • Helix iae Pallary, 1899
  • Helix improvisa Heude, 1885
  • Helix ingloria Heude, 1890
  • Helix involuta L. Pfeiffer, 1845
  • Helix jacob Gredler, 1887
  • Helix keratina Heude, 1889
  • Helix kuangtunensis Gredler, 1881
  • Helix labiata L. Pfeiffer, 1845
  • Helix lamellata M. Bielz, 1851
  • Helix languescens Heude, 1890
  • Helix lariollei Pallary, 1899
  • Helix latrunculorum Heude, 1885
  • Helix lenticularis Morelet, 1853
  • Helix linnaeana L. Pfeiffer, 1845
  • Helix listeri Broderip, 1841
  • Helix loxodon L. Pfeiffer, 1850
  • Helix luctativa J. Mabille, 1889
  • Helix lutuosa Deshayes, 1874
  • Helix lyrata Gould, 1846
  • Helix madritensis Rambur, 1868
  • Helix mamilla
  • Helix marcida Benson, 1853
  • Helix margaritacea A. Schmidt, 1852
  • Helix melillensis Pallary, 1899
  • Helix mellita Heude, 1886
  • Helix mellitula Heude, 1886
  • Helix mendanae Cox, 1873
  • Helix mendicaria L. Pfeiffer, 1860
  • Helix mensalis Heude, 1888
  • Helix meretrix G. B. Sowerby I, 1841 (taxon inquirendum, use in recent literature currently undocumented)
  • Helix meridionalis Mousson, 1854 (taxon inquirendum, non Wood, 1828)
  • Helix mersispira Martens, 1864
  • Helix mesquiniana Pallary, 1898
  • Helix micacea Heude, 1882
  • Helix microzaffarina Pallary, 1898
  • Helix mighelsiana L. Pfeiffer, 1847
  • Helix miliaria Gredler, 1881
  • Helix mimicula Heude, 1888
  • Helix minutella J. Mabille, 1889
  • Helix monodonta I. Lea, 1834
  • Helix moquiniana Raymond, 1853
  • Helix moretonensis Reeve, 1854
  • Helix muscarum I. Lea, 1834
  • Helix mystagoga J. Mabille, 1888
  • Helix nautarum Heude, 1882
  • Helix nicolai Klećak, 1880 (taxon inquirendum, use in more recent taxonomic literature currently undocumented)
  • Helix novare L. Pfeiffer, 1861
  • Helix nystiana L. Pfeiffer, 1846
  • Helix oberndoerferi Kobelt, 1882 (taxon inquirendum, use in more recent taxonomic literature currently undocumented)
  • Helix obscura Deshayes, 1874
  • Helix oleosa L. Pfeiffer, 1850
  • Helix omissa L. Pfeiffer, 1856
  • Helix onisterella J. Mabille, 1889
  • Helix opaca Gmelin, 1791
  • Helix ophelia Reeve, 1854
  • Helix ovumreguli I. Lea, 1834
  • Helix pansa Benson, 1856
  • Helix pantheia J. Mabille, 1888
  • Helix papillata L. Pfeiffer, 1846
  • Helix papillionacea Valenciennes, 1827
  • Helix papyracea Broderip, 1841
  • Helix paraeruginosa Heude, 1888
  • Helix parasitarum Heude, 1885
  • Helix parasitica Heude, 1885
  • Helix paropta Mabille, 1886 (taxon inquirendum, no documented use in recent literature)
  • Helix paulinae Pallary, 1899
  • Helix peguensis Benson, 1860
  • Helix pemphigodes L. Pfeiffer, 1847
  • Helix pena Cox, 1868
  • Helix penicillata Gould, 1842
  • Helix pennantiana L. Pfeiffer, 1845
  • Helix perforata Deshayes, 1874
  • Helix permellita Heude, 1890
  • Helix phragmitum Heude, 1882
  • Helix phyllophaga Heude, 1882
  • Helix pilidion Benson, 1860
  • Helix pilifera E. von Martens, 1869
  • Helix piligera Gredler, 1885
  • Helix plicatilis Deshayes, 1870
  • Helix pliculosa L. Pfeiffer, 1857
  • Helix portoricensis L. Pfeiffer, 1847
  • Helix praelongata Pallary, 1898
  • Helix praeruginosa Heude, 1888
  • Helix probata Mabille, 1898
  • Helix prshewalskii Martens, 1881
  • Helix prunum Férussac, 1821
  • Helix puberosula Heude, 1885
  • Helix purpuragula I. Lea, 1834
  • Helix puteolus Benson, 1853
  • Helix pyantha J. Mabille, 1889
  • Helix pyramidalis G. B. Sowerby I, 1841 (taxon inquirendum, use in recent literature currently undocumented)
  • Helix pyxis Hinds, 1845
  • Helix quedenfeldti E. von Martens, 1890
  • Helix quirosi Cox, 1873
  • Helix radicicola Benson, 1859
  • Helix radulella Heude, 1885
  • Helix radulina Heude, 1888
  • Helix rebellis Heude, 1885
  • Helix reginae W. J. Broderip, 1841
  • Helix renaltiana Heude, 1889
  • Helix rerayana Pallary, 1899
  • Helix rissoana L. Pfeiffer, 1847
  • Helix rosacea G. B. Sowerby I, 1839 (taxon inquirendum, Invalid: junior homonym of Helix rosacea O. F. Müller, 1774)
  • Helix rostrata L. Pfeiffer, 1847
  • Helix rupelli Deshayes, 1870
  • Helix samara Heude, 1886
  • Helix samarella Heude, 1888
  • Helix sanata Heude, 1889
  • Helix sansitus Cox, 1870
  • Helix saturnia Gould, 1846
  • Helix savignyana Ehrenberg, 1831
  • Helix saxatilis Gould, 1846 (taxon inquirendum, not Hartmann, 1821)
  • Helix scenoma Benson, 1863
  • Helix schweinfurthi E. von Martens, 1877
  • Helix secundaria Heude, 1890
  • Helix sedentaria Heude, 1885
  • Helix seguiniana Heude, 1885
  • Helix semicarinata Ancey, 1881
  • Helix semifusca Deshayes, 1832
  • Helix semigranosa G. B. Sowerby I, 1841 (taxon inquirendum, use in recent literature currently undocumented)
  • Helix semirugosa Pallary, 1899
  • Helix sempriniana Heude, 1882
  • Helix sireti Pallary, 1898
  • Helix sororia Cox, 1870
  • Helix specialis Bourguignat, 1881
  • Helix spengleriana L. Pfeiffer, 1847
  • Helix spirillus Gould, 1852
  • Helix squalus Hinds, 1845
  • Helix squamosella Heude, 1882
  • Helix squamulosa Mousson, 1856
  • Helix stauropolitana A. Schmidt, 1855
  • Helix strucki Maltzan, 1886 (taxon inquirendum, use in recent literature currently undocumented)
  • Helix subcinctula Heude, 1890
  • Helix subechinata Deshayes, 1870
  • Helix subgranosa Le Guillou, 1842
  • Helix subgriseola Heude, 1888
  • Helix sublallementiana Pallary, 1899
  • Helix subnivellina Bourguignat, 1883
  • Helix subnuda J. Mabille, 1889
  • Helix subparasitica Heude, 1888
  • Helix suffulta Benson, 1853
  • Helix sumatrana Martens, 1864
  • Helix supracostata Kobelt, 1882 (taxon inquirendum, use in recent literature currently undocumented)
  • Helix taliensis Heude, 1890
  • Helix talifouensis Heude, 1888
  • Helix tarifensis Bourguignat in Servain, 1881
  • Helix tarnieri Pallary, 1899
  • Helix tenuis L. Pfeiffer, 1845
  • Helix terrestris Forskål, 1775
  • Helix tescorum Benson, 1853
  • Helix theobryta J. Mabille, 1889
  • Helix thibetica Deshayes, 1870
  • Helix tickelli Theobald, 1859
  • Helix tristrami L. Pfeiffer, 1860
  • Helix tumida L. Pfeiffer, 1846
  • Helix turbinella Heude, 1890
  • Helix tutuillae Cox, 1870
  • Helix vannaelaeve Cox, 1870
  • Helix variolosa L. Pfeiffer, 1846
  • Helix vatheleti J. Mabille, 1888
  • Helix vesica I. Lea, 1834
  • Helix vesica L. Pfeiffer, 1842 (taxon inquirendum, not Helix vesica I. Lea, 1834)
  • Helix vicinella Heude, 1890
  • Helix vitiensis L. Pfeiffer, 1855
  • Helix vitreola Heude, 1890
  • Helix vivacula J. Mabille, 1889
  • Helix vorticellina Heude, 1889
  • Helix wanganensis Cox, 1870
  • Helix welschi Pallary, 1899
  • Helix woodiana I. Lea, 1834
  • Helix yentaiensis Crosse & Debeaux
  • Helix yorkensis Reeve, 1854
  • Helix zelina Cox, 1873
  • Helix zeus L. Pfeiffer, 1843
  • Helix zollingeri L. Pfeiffer, 1854
  • Helix zonites L. Pfeiffer, 1846
  • Helix zorica J. Mabille, 1889
  • Helix zoroaster Theobald, 1859

Nomen dubium

  • Helix calomorpha Jonas, 1839
  • Helix cornea Draparnaud, 1801
  • Helix laevigata Linnaeus, 1767 accepted as Velutina laevigata (Linnaeus, 1767) (nomen dubium, original combination)
  • Helix minutialis Deshayes, 1851
  • Helix multispirata Hombron & Jacquinot, 1852
  • Helix oceanica Le Guillou, 1842
  • Helix rotula Hombron & Jacquinot, 1852 (nomen dubium, invalid: junior homonym of Helix rotula Lowe, 1831; no replacement name available)
  • Helix rugosa L. Pfeiffer, 1843
  • Helix undulata Gmelin, 1791
  • Helix unispiralis Montagu, 1803

Nomen nudum

Subgenus Helix (Pitys) H. Beck, 1837

  • Helix (Pitys) oparana H. Beck, 1837
  • Helix angulata Férussac, 1821
  • Helix congellana Krauss in E. von Martens, 1860
  • Helix exoptata Tate, 1882
  • Helix globula Krynicki, 1838
  • Helix ingrami Blanford, 1876
  • Helix roseri F. Krauss in E. von Martens, 1860
  • Helix roseri Krauss in E. von Martens, 1860
  • Helix somersetii Prime, 1853
  • Helix tingitana Beck, 1837
  1. ^ A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Helix .

References

  1. ^ a b Korábek, Ondřej; Juřičková, Lucie; Petrusek, Adam (January 2022). "Diversity of Land Snail Tribe Helicini (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Helicidae): Where Do We Stand after 20 Years of Sequencing Mitochondrial Markers?". Diversity. 14 (1): 24. doi:10.3390/d14010024. ISSN 1424-2818.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum caracteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Stockholm. p. 768.
  3. ^ Harzhauser, Mathias; Neubauer, Thomas A. (1 June 2021). "A review of the land snail faunas of the European Cenozoic – composition, diversity and turnovers". Earth-Science Reviews. 217: 103610. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103610. ISSN 0012-8252.
  4. ^ Neiber, Marco T; Korábek, Ondřej; Glaubrecht, Matthias; Hausdorf, Bernhard (11 April 2022). "A misinterpreted disjunction: the phylogenetic relationships of the North African land snail Gyrostomella (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Helicidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 194 (4): 1236–1251. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab059. ISSN 0024-4082.
  5. ^ A. Eastham, Alastair Small, Michael Ross MadceqrefvrevrecKinnon, Stephen G. Monckton, David S. Reese, Robert J. Buck (2002) The Excavations of San Giovanni Di Ruoti: The Faunal and Plant Remains, University of Toronto Press, 232 pages ISBN 0-8020-4865-X
  6. ^ Helix pomatia Linnaeus, 1758 in GBIF Secretariat (2017). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-12-08.
  7. ^ Rumi, A., Sánchez, J., & Ferrando, N. S. (2010). Theba pisana (Müller, 1774) (Gastropoda, Helicidae) and other alien land molluscs species in Argentina. Biological Invasions, 12(9), 2985–2990. doi:10.1007/s10530-010-9715-x
  8. ^ USDA (Robinson D.G., Redmond L. and Hennessey R.) (1998). Importation and interstate movement of live, edible land snails: Cantareus apertus (Born), Cryptomphalus aspersus (Müller), Eobania vermiculata (Müller), Helix pomatia Linné, and Otala lactea (Müller) (Pulmonata: Helicidae): qualitative pest risk assessment.
  9. ^ Herbert D.G. 2010. The introduced terrestrial mollusca of South Africa. Published by South African National Biodiversity Institute Libraries. Vol. 15. pp. 120.
  10. ^ Westerlund, C. A. 1889. Fauna der in der paläarctischen Region (Europa, Kaukasien, Sibirien, Turan, Persien, Kurdistan, Armenien, Mesopotamien, Kleinasien, Syrien, Arabien, Egypten, Tripolis, Tunesien, Algerien und Marocco) lebenden Binnenconchylien. II. Gen. Helix. - pp. 1-473, 1-31, 1-8. Berlin. (Friedländer).
  11. ^ Pfeiffer, L. & Clessin, S. 1881. Nomenclator heliceorum viventium quo continetur nomina omnium hujus familiae generum et specierum hodie cognitarum, disposita ex affinitate naturali. - pp. 1-617. Cassellis. (Fischer).
  12. ^ Fiorentino, V.; Manganelli, G.; Giusti, F.; Ketmaier, V. (1 May 2016). "Recent expansion and relic survival: Phylogeography of the land snail genus Helix (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from south to north Europe". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 98: 358–372. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.02.017. ISSN 1055-7903.
  13. ^ a b Neubert, Eike (2014). "Revision of Helix Linnaeus, 1758 in its eastern Mediterranean distribution area, and reassignment of Helix godetiana Kobelt, 1878 to Maltzanella Hesse, 1917 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicidae)". Contributions to Natural History. 26: 1–200.
  14. ^ Korábek, Ondřej; Petrusek, Adam; Neubert, Eike; Juřičková, Lucie (2015). "Molecular phylogeny of the genus Helix (Pulmonata: Helicidae)". Zoologica Scripta. 44 (3): 263–280. doi:10.1111/zsc.12101.
  15. ^ Manganelli, Giuseppe; Salomone, Nicola; Giusti, Folco (2005). "A molecular approach to the phylogenetic relationships of the western palaearctic Helicoidea (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 85 (4): 501–512. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00514.x.
  16. ^ The Roman Snail, Helix pomatia Archived 24 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Willoughby, David P. (1974). "Running and Jumping". Natural History. 83 (3): 71.
  18. ^ Yee, Angie (1999). "Speed of a Snail". The Physics Factbook. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012.
  19. ^ Cameron, Robert (2016). Slugs and Snails. Collins New Naturalist Library, Book 133. HarperCollins.
  20. ^ Nathaniel F. Shoobs | Bram Breure, Revision-of-the-Lesser-Antillean-genera-Amphibulima-and-Pellicula
    • Helix buvignieri Deshayes, 1874]
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