User:Jwheatley01/Calorie restriction/Draft: Difference between revisions
Jwheatley01 (talk | contribs) The first draft of the changes that will be made to the Calorie restriction page |
Jwheatley01 (talk | contribs) Added information and citation to the history section. |
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==== World War I & World War II ==== |
==== World War I & World War II ==== |
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During World War I, the men and women of Denmark were forced to cut back on food consumption for two years.<ref name=":1" /> Throughout the two-year food shortage, many families created well-planned and satisfactory meals consisting of whole-grain cereals, vegetables, and milk.<ref name=":1" /> The unintended caloric restriction experiment resulted in a 34% reduction in death rates<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/223580 |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=jamanetwork.com}}</ref>. In a similar manner, during World War II, the citizens of Oslo were subjected to a forced 20% calorie restriction without malnutrition (— for example, appropriate consumption of fresh vegetables, potatoes, fish, and whole cereals) for approximately 4 years.<ref name=":2" /> |
[[Denmark during World War I|Denmark]] was a neutral nation during World War I, but the conflict continued to have an impact there, particularly in terms of food shortages. During World War I, the men and women of Denmark were forced to cut back on food consumption for two years.<ref name=":1" /> Given that Denmark was reliant on imported food throughout the war, many of the nations that produced the food had to put the needs of their citizens first. A significant amount of food supplies were also taken by German forces, who also occupied parts of [[Denmark in World War II|Denmark]], for their own use. Throughout the two-year food shortage, many families created well-planned and satisfactory meals consisting of whole-grain cereals, vegetables, and milk.<ref name=":1" /> The unintended caloric restriction experiment resulted in a 34% reduction in death rates<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/223580 |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=jamanetwork.com}}</ref>. In a similar manner, during World War II, the citizens of [[Oslo]] were subjected to a forced 20% calorie restriction without malnutrition (— for example, appropriate consumption of fresh vegetables, potatoes, fish, and whole cereals) for approximately 4 years.<ref name=":2" /> |
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==== '''Minnesota Starvation Experiment''' ==== |
==== '''Minnesota Starvation Experiment''' ==== |
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The groundbreaking [[Minnesota Starvation Experiment|"Minnesota Starvation Experiment"]] by Ancel Keys, describes the physical and psychological effects of extreme calorie restriction in a clinical experiment. 32 young and lean 24-year-old pacifists were carefully observed under a 40% reduction in energy intake for 6 months. The study was designed to mimic dietary conditions during World War II. Participants could only eat 1800 kcal per day, but were required to walk 5 km per day and burn off 3000 kcal.<ref name=":1" /> The men lost about 25% of their body weight by the end of the study, of which 67% was fat mass and 17% fat-free mass.<ref name=":1" /> The quality of the diet was insufficient to accurately represent the diet during war due to the inadequate consumption of protein, and a lack of fruits and vegetables. Despite the fact that this study was of extreme calorie restriction, it was not representative of true calorie-restrictive diets, which adhere to intake guidelines for macro and micro-nutrients.<ref name=":1" /> Chronic weakness, decreased aerobic capacity, and excruciatingly painful lower limb edema was caused by the malnourished calorie restrictive diet<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Keys, A., Brožek, J., Henschel, A., Mickelsen, O., & Taylor, H. L. |title=The biology of human starvation (2 vols). |publisher=Univ. of Minnesota Press |year=1950}}</ref> Severe emotional distress, confusion, [[apathy]], depression, [[hysteria]], [[hypochondriasis]], suicidal thoughts, and loss of sex drive were among the abnormal psychological behaviors that became apparent by six weeks.<ref name=":1" /> |
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==== The Okinawan population ==== |
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== Calorie Restriction: Research (In-Progress) == |
== Calorie Restriction: Research (In-Progress) == |
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Revision as of 20:12, 5 April 2023
Calorie Restriction
Calorie restriction (caloric restriction or energy restriction) is a dietary regimen that reduces the energy intake from caloric foods & beverages without incurring malnutrition[1]. Over the last half-century, there has been a surge in research interest in aging and the progression of age-related diseases. The effect of diet on longevity and age-related disease has been a particularly active area of research[2]. Calorie restriction, also known as dietary restriction, is a frequently demonstrated topic within the field of aging; to significantly increase lifespan and reduce age-related disease[2]. Even though many model organisms have consistently displayed favorable responses to calorie restriction, it remains unclear if calorie restriction will extend human lifespan[2].
The History of Calorie Restriction
In human history, involuntary instances of calorie restriction aren't unusual. Only a handful of these events did not result in malnutrition. This was a result of many government's enforced food restriction with sufficient consumption of essential nutritionally dense foods[3].
World War I & World War II
Denmark was a neutral nation during World War I, but the conflict continued to have an impact there, particularly in terms of food shortages. During World War I, the men and women of Denmark were forced to cut back on food consumption for two years.[3] Given that Denmark was reliant on imported food throughout the war, many of the nations that produced the food had to put the needs of their citizens first. A significant amount of food supplies were also taken by German forces, who also occupied parts of Denmark, for their own use. Throughout the two-year food shortage, many families created well-planned and satisfactory meals consisting of whole-grain cereals, vegetables, and milk.[3] The unintended caloric restriction experiment resulted in a 34% reduction in death rates[4]. In a similar manner, during World War II, the citizens of Oslo were subjected to a forced 20% calorie restriction without malnutrition (— for example, appropriate consumption of fresh vegetables, potatoes, fish, and whole cereals) for approximately 4 years.[4]
Minnesota Starvation Experiment
The groundbreaking "Minnesota Starvation Experiment" by Ancel Keys, describes the physical and psychological effects of extreme calorie restriction in a clinical experiment. 32 young and lean 24-year-old pacifists were carefully observed under a 40% reduction in energy intake for 6 months. The study was designed to mimic dietary conditions during World War II. Participants could only eat 1800 kcal per day, but were required to walk 5 km per day and burn off 3000 kcal.[3] The men lost about 25% of their body weight by the end of the study, of which 67% was fat mass and 17% fat-free mass.[3] The quality of the diet was insufficient to accurately represent the diet during war due to the inadequate consumption of protein, and a lack of fruits and vegetables. Despite the fact that this study was of extreme calorie restriction, it was not representative of true calorie-restrictive diets, which adhere to intake guidelines for macro and micro-nutrients.[3] Chronic weakness, decreased aerobic capacity, and excruciatingly painful lower limb edema was caused by the malnourished calorie restrictive diet[3][5] Severe emotional distress, confusion, apathy, depression, hysteria, hypochondriasis, suicidal thoughts, and loss of sex drive were among the abnormal psychological behaviors that became apparent by six weeks.[3]
Calorie Restriction: Research (In-Progress)
- Reorganize the page. Instead of Health effects first, lets put research then the effects calorie restriction after.
- The flow of each section under research is off. Feels like the results are being thrown at you.
- Check the grammar add more evidence with citations.
Calories Restriction: Health Effects (In-Progress)
- Now that the research has been discussed, go more into detail of the effects it has on humans and other species.
- There is not enough information within the side effect category.
- I am not liking the recommendations section.The title "recommendations" seems like it the previous author is trying to give medical advice. Try to change it.
- Needs more information and grammar check
See also ("might change the name of the heading")
References
- ^ Flanagan, Emily W.; Most, Jasper; Mey, Jacob T.; Redman, Leanne M. (2020-09-23). "Calorie Restriction and Aging in Humans". Annual Review of Nutrition. 40: 105–133. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-122319-034601. ISSN 1545-4312. PMC 9042193. PMID 32559388.
- ^ a b c Smith, Daniel L.; Nagy, Tim R.; Allison, David B. (2010-05). "Calorie restriction: what recent results suggest for the future of ageing research". European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 40 (5): 440–450. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02276.x. PMC 3073505. PMID 20534066.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h Most, Jasper; Tosti, Valeria; Redman, Leanne M.; Fontana, Luigi (2017-10-01). "Calorie restriction in humans: An update". Ageing Research Reviews. Nutritional interventions modulating aging and age-associated diseases. 39: 36–45. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.08.005. ISSN 1568-1637.
- ^ a b jamanetwork.com https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/223580. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Keys, A., Brožek, J., Henschel, A., Mickelsen, O., & Taylor, H. L. (1950). The biology of human starvation (2 vols). Univ. of Minnesota Press.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)