User:Emleejee/Article draft: Difference between revisions
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* '''The FFS encourages extreme reactions in response to threats.'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Ashton |first=Michael |title=Individual Differences and Personality |publisher=Elsevier |year=2018 |isbn=9780128098455 |edition=3rd |pages=115 |language=English |chapter=Biological Bases of Personality}}</ref> '''These include''' reactions of rage and panic, flight versus fight, and is sensitive to unconditioned aversive stimuli. FFS is often referred to as the threat system. '''Individuals with more sensitive FFS are quicker to fight or flee in dangerous situations.'''<ref name=":3" /> |
* '''The FFS encourages extreme reactions in response to threats.'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Ashton |first=Michael |title=Individual Differences and Personality |publisher=Elsevier |year=2018 |isbn=9780128098455 |edition=3rd |pages=115 |language=English |chapter=Biological Bases of Personality}}</ref> '''These include''' reactions of rage and panic, flight versus fight, and is sensitive to unconditioned aversive stimuli. FFS is often referred to as the threat system. '''Individuals with more sensitive FFS are quicker to fight or flee in dangerous situations.'''<ref name=":3" /> |
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'''Clinical Applications''' |
'''Clinical Applications''' |
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'''Research is showing that BIS and BAS levels may be useful in predicting onset of substance use disorders. Individuals with a stronger, more-sensitive BAS system correlated with early onset of substance use disorders.'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=Suhas |last2=Kandasamy |first2=Arun |last3=Sahayaraj |first3=UbaharaS |last4=Benegal |first4=Vivek |date=2018 |title=Behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition sensitivities in patients with substance use disorders: A study from India |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_323_18 |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=346 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_323_18 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=PMC6201657 |pmid=30405263}}</ref> |
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'''Levels of BIS and BAS can be used to predict levels of substance use.'''<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Simons |first=Jeffrey S. |last2=Dvorak |first2=Robert D. |last3=Lau-Barraco |first3=Cathy |date=2009 |title=Behavioral inhibition and activation systems: Differences in substance use expectancy organization and activation in memory. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0015834 |journal=Psychology of Addictive Behaviors |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=315–328 |doi=10.1037/a0015834 |issn=1939-1501 |pmc=PMC2800948 |pmid=19586148}}</ref> '''Individuals with low BIS levels combined with high BAS levels showed activation patterns similar to activation patterns of heavy substance users in past studies.'''<ref name=":4" /> '''Individuals with high BIS levels and low BAS levels showed patterns of expectancy activation similar to those of light or non-users.'''<ref name=":4" /> |
'''Levels of BIS and BAS can be used to predict levels of substance use.'''<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Simons |first=Jeffrey S. |last2=Dvorak |first2=Robert D. |last3=Lau-Barraco |first3=Cathy |date=2009 |title=Behavioral inhibition and activation systems: Differences in substance use expectancy organization and activation in memory. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0015834 |journal=Psychology of Addictive Behaviors |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=315–328 |doi=10.1037/a0015834 |issn=1939-1501 |pmc=PMC2800948 |pmid=19586148}}</ref> '''Individuals with low BIS levels combined with high BAS levels showed activation patterns similar to activation patterns of heavy substance users in past studies.'''<ref name=":4" /> '''Individuals with high BIS levels and low BAS levels showed patterns of expectancy activation similar to those of light or non-users.'''<ref name=":4" /> |
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Revision as of 15:38, 26 April 2023
Wiki Project
Draft (Changes/Additions) - Reinforcement sensitivity theory
Origins and evolution of the theory
Gray's Biopsychological theory: behavioral activation and inhibition system
According to Gray, personality traits are associated with individual differences in the strengths of BAS (approach motivation) and BIS (avoidance motivation) systems. In his original theory, Gray proposed two new dimensions - anxiety and impulsivity - that somewhat align with Esynck’s brain systems of extraversion-introversion and neuroticism-stability, respectively. However, anxiety actually aligns more closely with the neuroticism-stability brain system, and impulsivity most closely aligns with the extraversion-introversion brain system. In his newer model, Gray suggests that anxiety correlates positively with introversion and low psychopathology. He also suggests that impulsivity correlates positively with neuroticism and psychopathology. [1]When Gray and his colleagues tested the model, they realized that it was low in criterion validity - unable to predict expected outcomes. (https://personality-project.org/revelle/publications/wr.gray.chapter.pdf, p. 4) Even though Gray's original theory was modified later by Gray himself, the original theory still made some contributions to the study of biological systems and their role in personality. (https://personality-project.org/revelle/publications/wr.gray.chapter.pdf, p.4) The largest of these contributions was the link that the biological central nervous system can be linked to a psychological reward system, composed of approach and inhibition systems. (https://personality-project.org/revelle/publications/wr.gray.chapter.pdf, p. 6) As it is defined for the remainder of the article, higher BAS/BIS refers to greater activation of that system.
Behavioral activation system (BAS)
- The BAS includes brain regions involved in regulating arousal: cerebral cortex, thalamus, and striatum.[2] The system is responsive to conditioned and unconditioned reward cues. BAS regulates approach behaviors and is referred to as the reward system.[3] It has also been called the "go" system because it motivates actions that lead to rewards.[4] Individuals with active BAS may be more outgoing, explorative, and curious than those with low activity in this system.[5] However, individuals with unregulated high BAS activity tend to be more impulsive and may have difficulty inhibiting their behavior when approaching a goal.[6]
Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
- The BIS also includes brain regions involved in regulating arousal: the brain stem, and neocortical projections to the frontal lobe. Other major contributors to the BIS include the hippocampus, which is associated with memory and learning, and the amygdala, which is associated with emotion and when stimulated can trigger reactions of fear and aggression.[5][7] BIS is responsive to punishment, novelty, uncertainty, and non-rewarding stimuli. BIS regulates avoidance behaviors and is often referred to as the punishment system. It has also been called the "stop" because it encourages inhibition of behaviors.[4] Individuals with more active BIS may be vulnerable to negative emotions, including frustration, anxiety, fear, and sadness.[8][9]
Fight/flight system (FFS)
- The FFS encourages extreme reactions in response to threats.[10] These include reactions of rage and panic, flight versus fight, and is sensitive to unconditioned aversive stimuli. FFS is often referred to as the threat system. Individuals with more sensitive FFS are quicker to fight or flee in dangerous situations.[10]
Clinical Applications
Research is showing that BIS and BAS levels may be useful in predicting onset of substance use disorders. Individuals with a stronger, more-sensitive BAS system correlated with early onset of substance use disorders.[11]
Levels of BIS and BAS can be used to predict levels of substance use.[12] Individuals with low BIS levels combined with high BAS levels showed activation patterns similar to activation patterns of heavy substance users in past studies.[12] Individuals with high BIS levels and low BAS levels showed patterns of expectancy activation similar to those of light or non-users.[12]
- More considerations to add:
- in Applications section, add information on applications in the educational field and learning --- sensation-seeking and curiosity as motivations to learn.[13] Then, also include note in second-to-last sentence of first paragraph; this sentence refers to the Applications section of the article.
- add measures of FFFS in Measures section[5]
- weaknesses/limitations of RST in measuring temperament[13]; comparisons (pros/cons) to other modern personality models which have a biological basis, being careful not to show persuasion toward using one model over any other - simply state comparisons
- Double check citations if waiting for access to full article.
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Week 8: Begin to Draft Article
- fix references to Gray's theory/"theories" in History section of article (it is not similar to his other theory but a version of his sensitivity reinforcement theory)
- start discussion in Talk page of article to initiate conversation about confusing the versions of his theory, after finding sources to support this idea
- more sources found by contributor Lil' Runner 2.0:
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886998001585?via%3Dihub
- https://personality-project.org/revelle/publications/wr.gray.chapter.pdf
- https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/24494952/A_closer_look_at_carver_and_White_s_BISBAS_scales.pdf
- mention Gray's sensitivity reinforcement theory as an updated version of the original biopsychological theory that includes Fight-Flight response in addition to BIS and BAS (find reference to explicitly point this out so that it is not opinion or interpretation)
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Week 7: Article - Gray's biopsychological theory of personality
- Individual Differences and Personality (course textbook), section 5.3.1 Gray's Theory (pages 113-115)
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886904000546 - Comparison of the construct validity of the Gray-Wilson Personality Questionnaire and the BIS/BAS scales
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460305001243 - Gray's model of personality and addiction
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723784/ - BIS, BAS, and response conflict: Testing predictions of the revised reinforcement theory
- will request access to articles through school library system and check if they are primary or secondary sources (if some are papers written about studies/experiments or are the paper directly written by the experimenters about the study they conducted first-hand - in that case, would not be an appropriate source)
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- ^ Matthews, Gerald; Gilliland, Kirby (1999-03-12). "The personality theories of H.J. Eysenck and J.A. Gray: a comparative review". Personality and Individual Differences. 26 (4): 583–626. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00158-5. ISSN 0191-8869.
- ^ De Pascalis, V., Fiore, A., Sparita, A. (1996). Personality, event-related potential (ERP) and heart rate (HR): An investigation of Gray's theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 733-746.
- ^ Larsen, R. J., & Buss, D. M. (2009). Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
- ^ a b Ashton, Michael (2018). "Biological Bases of Personality". Individual Differences and Personality (3rd ed.). Elsevier. p. 114. ISBN 9780128098455.
- ^ a b c Reuter, Martin; Cooper, Andrew J.; Smillie, Luke D.; Markett, Sebastian; Montag, Christian (2015). "A new measure for the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory: psychometric criteria and genetic validation". Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 9. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00038/full. ISSN 1662-5137.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Gray, J. A. (1991). The neurophysiology of temperament. In J. Strelau & A. Angleitner (Eds.), Explorations in temperament: International perspectives on theory and measurement (pp. 105-128). New York, NY: Plenum.
- ^ Straub, Richard O. (2014). Health Psychology: A Biopsychosocial Approach (4th ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-1-4641-0937-9.
- ^ Larsen, R. J., & Buss, D. M. (2009). Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
- ^ Gray, J. A. (1991). The neurophysiology of temperament. In J. Strelau & A. Angleitner (Eds.), Explorations in temperament: International perspectives on theory and measurement (pp. 105-128). New York, NY: Plenum.
- ^ a b Ashton, Michael (2018). "Biological Bases of Personality". Individual Differences and Personality (3rd ed.). Elsevier. p. 115. ISBN 9780128098455.
- ^ Ganesh, Suhas; Kandasamy, Arun; Sahayaraj, UbaharaS; Benegal, Vivek (2018). "Behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition sensitivities in patients with substance use disorders: A study from India". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 60 (3): 346. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_323_18. ISSN 0019-5545. PMC 6201657. PMID 30405263.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Simons, Jeffrey S.; Dvorak, Robert D.; Lau-Barraco, Cathy (2009). "Behavioral inhibition and activation systems: Differences in substance use expectancy organization and activation in memory". Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 23 (2): 315–328. doi:10.1037/a0015834. ISSN 1939-1501. PMC 2800948. PMID 19586148.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b Walker, Benjamin R.; Jackson, Chris J.; Frost, Ralph (2017-04-15). "A comparison of revised reinforcement sensitivity theory with other contemporary personality models". Personality and Individual Differences. 109: 232–236. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.053. ISSN 0191-8869.