Deaerator

Udrzal Milan 3.1.1990, 33 years old

Born CZ Pardubice

FBI Agent US 4years 7months

Virginia US, CZ

,,I using wisdom and its for me wisdom all what we doing."

prestupky, sarvatka, pokuta rychla jizda quickly driving, alcohol sarvatky, nezaplacene doesn't pay ticket, credit on black scams investigating in his case FBI, riding

He helped person of infarct

Recordman in clear skluzech slide never didn't suffer anyone he did it cca 13 000 football slide for ten years and behavioured fight spirit defence able

He can calling vyvolat sleeping regime with safety push and ekg and his fall on floor for helping cigarette

Helped in hospital

Helping Britney Spears with a reconvalescence on office FBI visit

Planning open sdruzeni kantoru teachers language international

He don't have nothing againts mariuhanna who its under control but don't use it her

Of childhood without problem man

He want visit alzheimer center's and support them

Lover coffee douwe egberts

Seldom Milan let it something to talk rozmluvit

Did see it around 1300films but a lot of about them didn't speak and better discribe critic and concentrate on story and emotions

Overmoved meeting with Paris Hilton on indefinitely of reason working dependent in movie brothers and work able and personing life...

Came nearly on ways how damage sugar in blood and her sick, safety ways

He created reform about split salaries goverment and citizens v důsledku rights nationality citizenship

Potrpěl v dětství částečnou disleksii uprednostnil sportovni nadani nad učivem

he suffered in childhood part disleksii and gave preference a sport talent above a learn. And last two ys returned of reason workload in force FBI 4.7ys therefore preference conversation dialog what add a learn and reading to return back to form.

...in nowadays ago cooperate on movie for media it with... Warnerbros.

He has like apple pie štrůdl

He has like spectacs

His record its 100 stephand

Might in 7 ys broked own old stepbrother nose a hit kick

Milan he has photographic memory brain

He solution illegal technologies counterintelligence and rights liberty a citizenship contracts in folders FBI

Plagiat marked like non-offense this rubric of safety reasons doesn't open

Milan threat schizophrenia sick in Czechia

He want talk it Warnerbros. and he working on movie for TV

,,Dogmatik je pro mne materialisticky založený človek s poučkou způsobem vlastnictví člověka a mění, jak přijímat v jeho zájmu a přitom ponižovat neustále člověka."

,,V Le Mans jsem zasadil větev do půdy a z intuice Vám mohu říci, že se ji daří, zasadil jsem ji asi na přelomu jara. Je u řeky, ale nemohu Vám sdělit jméno řeky, ale za sebe jsem slíbil, že po dobu 30let nebude WW. Ořezal jsem větve a narušil kořeny, těžko říci, zda to Merlin vezme za vděk."

,,for me on it this position it don't come while nobody other than I. I m it created of reason support justice additional community economy walk edit law and increase safety and for time it was stop activity Federal Goverment and follow continuing start for walk FBI and inserts rozpočet FBI to national state bank in USA Federative State with current points."

• In six until seven years in childhood of 10 metters of thirth floor jumped down freefall on grass on land in full power runned at home.

Recommend do it for support Arm it was running jump before 30ys.

,,dvě věci vím přesně, nechci se narodit znova a nechci se dožít více než 61let."

,,Vždy směřuji dopředu a čekám do posledního okamžiku a nikdy se neztratím."

,,Já a moje matka jsme spravným příkladem, jak neposrat lidem život."

,,Měli jste to natočit před 40 lety, to byla studená válka... nic pracujeme na tom, ale nikdy to nedotočíme, neboť by se protrhl pytel a místo hemeroidů, by zůstal jen houser." ,, a v soucasne chvili by misto trakaru, chcaly magneticky castice virutalniho bitcoin, zertuji, drive bylo tolik mincaku, ze by kacer skrblik, neotevrel ani vratka."

Personal life

(Worked car productions, sportshop mechanic, maintenance sport pitches, techniquel worker in city, operator production)...

Of childhood activing and was Czechia rodákem

In school peace, listened, průměrný rank, věčně zamyšlený, moving talent,

researcher mood in all direct, sometimes prostořeký, pečlivý, odvážný, defensive, monitoring, mentoring, wrote výtažky of film with light critics.

Played professional football, amateur ice-hockey with potential move of childhood and mind for play.

In school played-volleyball, basketball one in life played on the street, football, softball, balls games, hockey ball, florball, athletics disciplines.

...After continued by studium with activity sports like professional- ice-hockey, football, volleyball, florball, and with own next training activity bycicle, swimming, running, basketball, baseball, workout, athletic, skiing amateur often he watched on films, nearly without relax and activities busy because of film it took inspirations lived on the street in 2ys ø in average including investigating and gave inspiration for movie studios, and He is agent 4,7years FBI and between time he alone Marked for needs FtoG with FoG team and lead during time investigating and did get to many minds for this positions and remove goverment and defence protection ables...

Therefore realize idea Federal Goverment(s) Federative State US and he want it try open new positions which its giving tennor-meaning to expande communities sphere and his current walk and none it only matter newsers activities but state team members. It was lead his words and current director FBI it was a run on long trail of realize account which it will give to direct live in place community with spread develop nexts States. I have for task also by watch to current real contracts for safety but real safety military conflicts.

,,Nepřipouštím si react, which its are lead it for safety, therefore we will leads in our buildings Federal Complex16 in USA debates about folders and structure zamezit these conflicts in developly community and citizens vybavenosti in their maybe mistakes for helping safety powers which it are develop safety economy structure and senior safeting in sledu borner family adult senior."

After continued by heavy works with still sport activities football, hockey and next activities sport his transport prostředek was bycicle Ukraine and car Renault Laguna 2000 16v 1.6 natural. Sometimes during days he had three sport matches two times football and late i  night amateur hockey match.

After for next it doesnt steps ended, nearly for all activities and did want quersac to Italy because on US it was while short ( he did have to for yourself only tourism bag and rollerskate and football shoes.

After returned back to Czech Republic.

And continued in zmíněných pracích dá se říci workoholism. Nearly nedostatečující finanční ohodnocení a snažil se přivydělávat sázením, but nothing didnt earn only in smallest metter for activities sport. Samostatně smýšlící a bydlící v malém bytě.

Tried find good work with finance value for building own living but still without slušného salary returned několikrát to sport and by work still played ice hockey and other move activities, sometimes wrote short stories or poezi.

By work when I were odstávka in TPCA runned during nine days around 500kilometers of Hluboký důl to Slovakia Tatranska Polianka.

For work it started again travel and did decision run Santiago de Compostela own way and during 27days I m runned and walked and zdolal including orkan Fabianne okolo 1400km of Czech Republic to France Le Puy. Way trpěl obtížemi and záněty in unkle in kotníku but on Germany borders helped him doctor and gave him antibiotics. In Weltenburg Casttle I did swimming over river Dunao) for Stamp and again back watering waves me bringed away but on second beach swimmed.

Milan se nevzdal a plynoucí se days continued in way. Around 28th September's v domění people that narazil na přírodní katastrofu v podobě orkánu Fabianne. Runned 10-15kilometers in storm where falled tree and waves by dunao around Ingolstadt and Neubeurg. Milan in cries runned to Neubeurg...

More and less slept outside all time at least on pair days. Food he payed alone.

On last station v domění that he will retire and vzápětí continue zavítal in Le Puy to Church where him told jeptiška for night around 23 euros nearly without money leaved and returned back to Czech Republic.

During all time Im did met with dog Sara in ago on přelomu 2012- 2013 about which he do care it to today January 14 2023. On women you don't ask him.

After he did tried quersac to United Kingdom where lived around two months and asked still on work and cleaned in the church prayer and still trained every day sport with professional heavy.

After returned back to Czechia where sent him back.

After again started work what rolbař but without good finances and money ended all activity and sports and leaved on way to Tibet walked with Sara and with bag. On Russia borders sent back. He did decision return back to Czechia where tried move also to Belarus but mistaked direct didn't went to go behind borders where him attacked on benzina in Xarkiv when I m did after hitchhiking other direct and sometimes I didn't understand roads which arising for walk history.

And came on it that its middle finances running and laundering what its money mules by own investigate for helping FBI I wrote all okolnosti which týkali me person and started again sport. After I were zadržen hospital on psychiatrist where I m were 7 months and psychical vydírán and still attention that return back if will not listen and that suffer sick schizophrenic and next sicks which it was dezinformations.

       

Concentrating I also like driver car which took for relax including swiming and reconvalescence for helping method alone of hospital and damage all my past carrier.

During his return back of hospital someone odcizil also his material on flash disk.

After started again work and sport and continued in investigate and had on memories all okolnosti týkající se vlasti Czechia that ended all this procession and continuing to US with develop conditions for goverment and citizens and leaved with Sara away, firstly to Netherland (where on beach borders United Kingdom (where he were still attention on respirator inside a ship where sometimes posádka including passagers they didn't have including Police only for my attention it with heavy accept) back to Netherland and after to France and Paris where stealed his tourism bag. Where he its in current time without Sara which it's in Czechia.

He take and took inspiration for films during ways and themes for maybe future actoring and sporting in similarly for editors team. with maybe retired... Milan its family type and try do it responsibility decision and also to people... all its timing walk team members with task destroy organisation groups creating unpeace in similar terrorisms and next nesnáz and its proud on it that its citizen United States America

Earlier patents

In 1899, George M Kleucker received a patent for an improved method of deaerating water.

1921 through 1933, George Gibson, Percy Lyon, and Victor Rohlin of Cochrane received deaerator / degasification patents for bubbling steam through liquid.

1926 Brown Stanley received a patent for reducing oxygen and nitrogen gases (deaeration).

1937 Samuel B Applebaum of Permutit received a water deaerator and purifier patent.

Manufacturing pioneers

Stickle, Cochrane, and Permutit are three of the oldest Deaerator manufacturers in the USA. In 1929, a court case between Elliott Company (no longer in business) and H.S.B.W. Cochrane Corporation allowed both businesses to continue manufacturing deaerators.

In 1909 Weir was manufacturing contact feed heaters (for de-aeratoring) in Europe.

By 1937 Permutit was manufacturing deaerators In 1939, manufacturers Cochrane, Darby, Elliott, Groeschel, Stearns-Rogers, Worthington, and others were competing against each other for business. In 1949 Chicago Heater was formed, and became a leading deaerator manufacturer. In 1954, manufacturers Allis-Chalmers, Chicago Heater, Cochrane, Elliott, Graver, Swartwout, Worthington, and others were in business.

Type Industries

Deaerators are used in many industries such as Co generation Plants, Hospital Boiler Rooms, Larger Laundry Facilities, Marine, Oil Fields (such as steam injection), Oil refinery, Off Shore Platforms, Paper mills, Power Plant, Prison Boiler Rooms, Steel mills, and many other industries.

Types

• The thermal deaerators
  • The spray & tray-type (also called the cascade-type) includes a vertical or horizontal domed deaeration with a integral storage section, or as a separate section mounted on top of a horizontal cylindrical vessel which serves as the deaerated boiler feedwater storage tank.
  • The spray-type consists only of a horizontal (or vertical) cylindrical vessel which serves as both the deaeration section, and a storage tank for boiler feedwater.
• The vacuum deaerators
  • Dynamic deaerator for medium to high viscous products
  • Static deaerator for low viscous products
• The ultrasound deaerator for very viscous products

Thermal deaerators

Deaerator plant

Thermal deaerators are commonly used to remove dissolved gases in feedwater for steam-generating boilers. Dissolved oxygen in feedwater will cause serious corrosion damage in a boiler by attaching to the walls of metal piping and other equipment and forming oxides (like rust). Dissolved carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid that may cause further corrosion. Most deaerators are designed to remove oxygen down to levels of 7 ppb by weight or less, as well as essentially eliminating carbon dioxide. The deaerators in the steam generating systems of most thermal power plants use low pressure steam obtained from an extraction point in their steam turbine system. However, the steam generators in many large industrial facilities such as petroleum refineries may use whatever low-pressure steam is available.

There are many different deaerators available from a number of manufacturers, and the actual construction details will vary from one manufacturer to another.

Figures 1 and 2 are representative schematic diagrams that depict each of the two major types of deaerators.

Spray and tray-type deaerator

Figure 1: A schematic diagram of a typical tray-type deaerator.

The typical spray & tray-type deaerator in Figure 1 has a vertical domed deaeration section mounted above a horizontal boiler feedwater storage vessel. Boiler feedwater enters the vertical deaeration section through spray valves above the perforated trays and then flows downward through the perforations. Low-pressure deaeration steam enters below the perforated trays and flows upward through the perforations. Combined action of spray valves & trays guarantees very high performance because of longer contact time between steam and water. Some designs use various types of packed beds, rather than perforated trays, to provide good contact and mixing between the steam and the boiler feed water.

The steam strips the dissolved gas from the boiler feedwater and exits via the vent valve at the top of the domed section. This vent valve should not be opened sufficiently the deaerator will not work properly, causing high oxygen content in the feed water going to the boilers. Should the boiler not have an oxygen-content analyser, a high level in the boiler chlorides may indicate the vent valve not being far enough open. Some designs may include a vent condenser to trap and recover any water entrained in the vented gas. The vent line usually includes a valve and just enough steam is allowed to escape with the vented gases to provide a small visible telltale plume of steam.

The deaerated water flows down into the horizontal storage vessel from where it is pumped to the steam generating boiler system. Low-pressure heating steam, which enters the horizontal vessel through a Sparge Pipe in the bottom of the vessel, is provided to keep the stored boiler feedwater warm. Stainless steel material is recommended for the sparger pipe. External insulation of the vessel is typically provided to minimize heat loss.

Spray-type deaerator

Figure 2: A schematic diagram of a typical spray-type deaerator.

As shown in Figure 2, the typical spray-type deaerator is a horizontal vessel which has a preheating section (E) and a deaeration section (F). The two sections are separated by a baffle (C). Low-pressure steam enters the vessel through a sparger in the bottom of the vessel.

The boiler feedwater is sprayed into section (E) where it is preheated by the rising steam from the sparger. The purpose of the feedwater spray nozzle (A) and the preheat section is to heat the boiler feedwater to its saturation temperature to facilitate stripping out the dissolved gases in the following deaeration section.

The preheated feedwater then flows into the deaeration section (F), where it is deaerated by the steam rising from the sparger system. The gases stripped out of the water exit via the vent at the top of the vessel. Again, some designs may include a vent condenser to trap and recover any water entrained in the vented gas. Also again, the vent line usually includes a valve and just enough steam is allowed to escape with the vented gases to provide a small and visible telltale plume of steam.

The deaerated boiler feedwater is pumped from the bottom of the vessel to the steam generating boiler system.

Silencers (optional) have been used for reducing venting noise levels in the Deaerator equipment industry.

Vacuum deaerator

Deaerators are also used to remove dissolved gases from products such as food, personal care products, cosmetic products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals to increase the dosing accuracy in the filling process, to increase product shelf stability, to prevent oxidative effects (e.g. discolouration, changes of smell or taste, rancidity), to alter pH, and to reduce packaging volume. Vacuum deaerators are also used in the petrochemical field.

In 1921 a tank with vacuum pump for removing gases was used in Pittsburgh. In 1934 and 1940 a tank with vacuum pump for removing gases were used in Indiana.

Dynamic deaerator

As shown in Figure 3, the product is distributed as a thin layer on a high speed spinning disc [3] via special feed system [1]. The centrifugal force slings it through a perforated screen onto the inner wall of the vessel, which is under vacuum . Air (gas) pockets are released in the process and are drawn off by the vacuum [4]. A discharge pump [2] carries the deaerated product to the next process in the production line. For high viscous products the rotating disc is replaced with static one.

Figure 3: A schematic diagram of rotating disc deaerator

Ultrasound deaerator

Sound waves using ultrasonic equipment can be used to assist deaerating water.

Principles of operation

Oxygen and Nitrogen are two non-condensable gases that are removed by deaeration. Henry's law describes the relationship of dissolved gases and partial pressures. Thermal deaeration relies on the principle that the solubility of a gas in water decreases as the water temperature increases and approaches its boiling point. In the deaerator, water is heated up to close to its boiling point with a minimum pressure drop and minimum vent. Deaeration is done by spraying feedwater into a chamber to increase its surface area, and may involve flow over multiple layers of trays. This scrubbing (or stripping) steam is fed to the bottom of the deaeration section of the deaerator. When steam contacts the feedwater, it heats it up to its boiling point and dissolved gases are released from the feedwater and vented from the deaerator through the vent. The treated water falls into a storage tank below the deaerator.

Oxygen scavenging

Oxygen scavenging chemicals are very often added to the deaerated boiler feedwater to remove any last traces of oxygen that were not removed by the deaerator. The type of chemical added depends on whether the location uses a volatile or non-volatile water treatment program.

Most lower pressure systems (lower than 650 psi (4,500 kPa)) use non-volatile treatment programs. The most commonly used oxygen scavenger for lower pressure systems is sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃). It is very effective and rapidly reacts with traces of oxygen to form sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) which is non-scaling.

Most higher pressure systems (higher than 650 psi (4,500 kPa)) and all systems where certain highly alloyed materials are present are now using volatile programs, as many phosphate-based treatment programs are being phased out. Volatile programs are further broken down into oxidizing or reducing programs [(AVT(O) or AVT(R)] depending whether the environment requires an oxidizing or reducing environment to reduce the incidence of flow-accelerated corrosion. Flow-accelerated corrosion related failures have caused numerous accidents in which significant loss of property and life has occurred. Hydrazine (N₂H₄) is an oxygen scavenger commonly used in volatile treatment programs.

Other scavengers include carbohydrazide, diethylhydroxylamine, nitrilotriacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and hydroquinone.

Inspection and maintenance

NACE International (now known as Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP)) and CIBO (Council of Industrial Boiler Owners) have several recommendations to increase the life of the deaerator unit. First, regular inspections (and testing) of the pressure vessel for cracking of welds, and repairing of any weld defects. Second, maintaining a proper water chemistry to reduce deaerator deterioration. Third, minimize temperature and pressure fluctuation. Fourth, internals and accessories should be inspected for proper operation. NACE had created a Corrosion Task Group in 1984 that studied causes of corrosion and provided recommendations; NACE still provides recommendations to improve operations of the equipment.

Accessories

Deaerator accessories include vent valve, inlet pump(s), water inlet valve, overflow valve or trap, (safety) relief valve, vacuum breaker, steam pressure reducing valve, level instrument, temperature instrument, and discharge pump(s). Vacuum deaerator will also require Vacuum pump(s) and/or Vacuum ejector(s)/eductor(s).

Fabrication of deaerator

Welding of the steel pressure vessels during the manufacturing process sometimes require Post weld heat treatment, XRAY, Dye Penetration, Ultrasonic, and other type non-destructive testing. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, NACE International, and HEI (Heat Exchange Institute) have recommendations on the type of testing required.

Insulation

Thermal insulation is sometimes required after fabrication or after installation at the project site. Insulation is used to reduce heat loses.

See also

• Air preheater
• Defoamer
• Degasification
• Economizer
• Feedwater heater
• Fossil fuel power plant
• Industrial water treatment
• Thermal power station
• Water treatment

References

Sources

• Babcock & Wilcox Co. (2005). Steam: Its Generation and Use (41st ed.). ISBN 0-9634570-0-4.
• Elliott, Thomas C.; Chen, Kao; Swanekamp, Robert (1998). Standard Handbook of Powerplant Engineering (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-019435-9.
• Kent, Robert Thurston, ed. (1936). Kents' Mechanical Engineers' Handbook in two volumes (11th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Additional reading

Betz Handbook of Industrial Water Conditioning, Chapter 9 boiler feedwater deaeration. 8th Edition, copyright 1980, LOC 79-56368.

National Board "System Design, Specifications, Operation, and Inspection of Deaerators" April 1988. https://www.nationalboard.org/index.aspx?pageID=164&ID=180

NEA (National Environmental Agency) Paper, "Energy Best Practice Guide for Oil Refining, Petrochemical and Chemical Plants", June 2021. https://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/our-services/energy-efficiency/best-practice-guide-for-heating-systems.pdf

US Dept of Energy, Deaerators in Industrial Steam Systems. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/05/f16/steam18_steam_systems.pdf

External links

• Association of Water Technologies
• Deaerator design
• Post weld heat treatment