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The '''Black Sea bumping incident''' of 12 February 1988 occurred when American [[cruiser]] {{USS|Yorktown|CG-48|6}} tried to exercise the right of [[innocent passage]] through Soviet [[territorial waters]] in the [[Black Sea]] during the [[Cold War]]. The cruiser was bumped by the Soviet [[frigate]] ''[[Ukrainian frigate Dnipropetrovsk|Bezzavetny]]'' with the intention of pushing ''Yorktown'' into [[international waters]]. This incident also involved the [[destroyer]] {{USS|Caron|DD-970|6}}, sailing in company with USS ''Yorktown'' and claiming the right of innocent passage, which was intentionally shouldered by a Soviet {{sclass2|Mirka|frigate|1}} ''SKR-6''. ''Yorktown'' reported minor damage to its [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]], with no holing or risk of flooding.<ref name="Aceves">{{cite journal |author=William J. Aceves |title= Diplomacy at Sea: U.S. Freedom of Navigation Operations in the Black Sea|journal= International Law Studies|volume=68}}</ref> ''Caron'' was undamaged.<ref name="Aceves"/>
The '''Black Sea bumping incident''' of 12 February 1988 occurred when American [[cruiser]] {{USS|Yorktown|CG-48|6}} tried to exercise the right of [[innocent passage]] through Soviet [[territorial waters]] in the [[Black Sea]] during the [[Cold War]]. The cruiser was bumped by the Soviet [[frigate]] ''[[Ukrainian frigate Dnipropetrovsk|Bezzavetny]]'' with the intention of pushing ''Yorktown'' into [[international waters]]. This incident also involved the [[destroyer]] {{USS|Caron|DD-970|6}}, sailing in company with USS ''Yorktown'' and claiming the right of innocent passage, which was intentionally shouldered by a Soviet {{sclass2|Mirka|frigate|1}} ''SKR-6''. ''Yorktown'' reported minor damage to its [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]], with no holing or risk of flooding.<ref name="Aceves">{{cite journal |author=William J. Aceves |title= Diplomacy at Sea: U.S. Freedom of Navigation Operations in the Black Sea|journal= International Law Studies|volume=68}}</ref> ''Caron'' was undamaged.<ref name="Aceves"/>


At the time, the Soviet Union recognized the right of innocent passage for warships in its territorial waters solely in designated [[sea lane]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Kraska|Pedrozo|2013|pp=255–256}}</ref> The United States believed that there was no legal basis for a coastal nation to limit warship transits to sea lanes only.<ref name="=Kraska Pedrozo">{{harvnb|Kraska|Pedrozo|2013|p=256}}</ref> Subsequently, the [[U.S. Department of State]] found that the Russian-language text of the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]], Article 22, paragraph 1 allowed the coastal state to regulate the right of innocent passage whenever necessary, while the English-language text did not.<ref name="Aceves"/> Following the incident, the Soviet Union expressed a commitment to resolve the issue of innocent passage in Soviet territorial waters.<ref name="Aceves"/>
At the time, the Soviet Union recognized the right of innocent passage for warships in its territorial waters solely in designated [[sea lane]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Kraska|Pedrozo|2013|pp=255–256}}</ref> The United States believed that there was no legal basis for a coastal nation to limit warship transits to sea lanes only.<ref name="=Kraska Pedrozo">{{harvnb|Kraska|Pedrozo|2013|p=256}}</ref> Subsequently, the [[U.S. Department of State]] found that the Russian-language text of the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]], Article 22, paragraph 1 allowed the coastal state to regulate the right of innocent passage whenever necessary, while the English-language text did not.<ref name="Aceves"/> Following the incident, the Soviet Union agreed to resolve the issue of innocent passage in Soviet territorial waters.<ref name="Aceves"/>


== Background ==
== Background ==
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In the 1980s, US warships were passing through the straits from the [[Mediterranean]] into the Black Sea two or three times a year to "show the flag" and to claim the right of innocent passage in the coastal states.<ref name="Aceves"/> Aside from the right of free passage, US naval activity in the Black Sea served the purpose of upholding US rights under the 1936 [[Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits]]. According to a US government official, "the [[Dardanelles]] and the [[Bosporus]] form an international waterway" under that convention and "if you don't periodically reaffirm your rights you find that they're hard to revive".<ref name="Aceves"/>
In the 1980s, US warships were passing through the straits from the [[Mediterranean]] into the Black Sea two or three times a year to "show the flag" and to claim the right of innocent passage in the coastal states.<ref name="Aceves"/> Aside from the right of free passage, US naval activity in the Black Sea served the purpose of upholding US rights under the 1936 [[Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits]]. According to a US government official, "the [[Dardanelles]] and the [[Bosporus]] form an international waterway" under that convention and "if you don't periodically reaffirm your rights you find that they're hard to revive".<ref name="Aceves"/>


Meanwhile, "The Rules of Navigation and Sojourn of Foreign Warships in the Territorial Waters and Internal Waters and Ports of the USSR", enacted by the [[Soviet Council of Ministers]] in 1983, acknowledged the right of innocent passage of foreign warships only in restricted areas of Soviet territorial waters in the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]], [[Sea of Okhotsk]] and the [[Sea of Japan]];<ref name="Aceves"/> no [[sea lanes]] for innocent passage in the Black Sea were designated.<ref name="Aceves"/> Soviet vessels and aircraft were routinely dispatched to observe US warships there.<ref name="Aceves"/> In the 1980s, the Soviet Union viewed the US presence in the Black Sea as an attempt to undermine improving [[Soviet–American relations]].<ref name="Aceves"/>
Meanwhile, "The Rules of Navigation and Sojourn of Foreign Warships in the Territorial Waters and Internal Waters and Ports of the USSR", enacted by the [[Soviet Council of Ministers]] in 1983, acknowledged the right of innocent passage of foreign warships only in restricted areas of Soviet territorial waters in the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]], [[Sea of Okhotsk]] and the [[Sea of Japan]];<ref name="Aceves"/> no [[sea lanes]] for innocent passage in the Black Sea were designated.<ref name="Aceves"/> Soviet vessels and aircraft were routinely dispatched to observe US warships there.<ref name="Aceves"/>


After the [[1986 Black Sea incident|1986 incident]] in the Black Sea, also involving USS ''Yorktown'' and USS ''Caron'', a meeting of the Soviet Defence Council was held later in the same year.<ref name="RG">{{cite news|url =http://www.rg.ru/2014/04/10/korabli.html|script-title =ru:Атака "Беззаветного"|newspaper =[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|author =Сергей Птичкин|language =ru|date =10 April 2014|access-date =8 September 2014|url-status =live|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140908203738/http://www.rg.ru/2014/04/10/korabli.html|archive-date =8 September 2014|df =dmy-all}}</ref> At the meeting, the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy [[Vladimir Chernavin]] suggested to [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], Defense Minister [[Sergey Sokolov (commander)|Sergey Sokolov]], Foreign Minister [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], and other senior officials that intruding foreign warships could be driven from Soviet waters by several means, including bumping.<ref name="RG"/>
After the [[1986 Black Sea incident|1986 incident]] in the Black Sea, also involving USS ''Yorktown'' and USS ''Caron'', a meeting of the Soviet Defence Council was held later in the same year.<ref name="RG">{{cite news|url =http://www.rg.ru/2014/04/10/korabli.html|script-title =ru:Атака "Беззаветного"|newspaper =[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|author =Сергей Птичкин|language =ru|date =10 April 2014|access-date =8 September 2014|url-status =live|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140908203738/http://www.rg.ru/2014/04/10/korabli.html|archive-date =8 September 2014|df =dmy-all}}</ref> At the meeting, the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy [[Vladimir Chernavin]] suggested to [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], Defense Minister [[Sergey Sokolov (commander)|Sergey Sokolov]], Foreign Minister [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], and other senior officials that intruding foreign warships could be driven from Soviet waters by several means, including bumping.<ref name="RG"/>
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|width = 300
|width = 300
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|caption = 1988 Black Sea bumping incident
|caption = Location of the 1988 Black Sea bumping incident
|lat_deg = 44 |lat_min = 15.2
|lat_deg = 44 |lat_min = 15.2
|lon_deg = 33 |lon_min = 35.4
|lon_deg = 33 |lon_min = 35.4
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[[Category:1988 in international relations]]
[[Category:1988 in international relations]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–United States relations]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–United States relations]]
[[Category:1988 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Crimea in the Soviet Union]]

Revision as of 14:41, 6 May 2023

Soviet frigate Bezzavetny (right) bumping USS Yorktown
Soviet frigate SKR-6 bumping USS Caron

The Black Sea bumping incident of 12 February 1988 occurred when American cruiser USS Yorktown tried to exercise the right of innocent passage through Soviet territorial waters in the Black Sea during the Cold War. The cruiser was bumped by the Soviet frigate Bezzavetny with the intention of pushing Yorktown into international waters. This incident also involved the destroyer USS Caron, sailing in company with USS Yorktown and claiming the right of innocent passage, which was intentionally shouldered by a Soviet Mirka-class frigate SKR-6. Yorktown reported minor damage to its hull, with no holing or risk of flooding.[1] Caron was undamaged.[1]

At the time, the Soviet Union recognized the right of innocent passage for warships in its territorial waters solely in designated sea lanes.[2] The United States believed that there was no legal basis for a coastal nation to limit warship transits to sea lanes only.[3] Subsequently, the U.S. Department of State found that the Russian-language text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 22, paragraph 1 allowed the coastal state to regulate the right of innocent passage whenever necessary, while the English-language text did not.[1] Following the incident, the Soviet Union agreed to resolve the issue of innocent passage in Soviet territorial waters.[1]

Background

In 1979, the United States launched an informal program to promote the "rights and freedoms of navigation and overflight guaranteed to all nations under international law".[1] The US government said that it initiated the program because some countries were beginning to assert jurisdictional boundaries beyond traditional claims.[1] The United States wished to stop this and, it said, diplomatic protests had seemed to be ineffective.[1] A new customary international law could emerge if nations avoided operating their ships and aircraft in the disputed areas, and the US saw this as undesirable.[1]

In the 1980s, US warships were passing through the straits from the Mediterranean into the Black Sea two or three times a year to "show the flag" and to claim the right of innocent passage in the coastal states.[1] Aside from the right of free passage, US naval activity in the Black Sea served the purpose of upholding US rights under the 1936 Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits. According to a US government official, "the Dardanelles and the Bosporus form an international waterway" under that convention and "if you don't periodically reaffirm your rights you find that they're hard to revive".[1]

Meanwhile, "The Rules of Navigation and Sojourn of Foreign Warships in the Territorial Waters and Internal Waters and Ports of the USSR", enacted by the Soviet Council of Ministers in 1983, acknowledged the right of innocent passage of foreign warships only in restricted areas of Soviet territorial waters in the Baltic, Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan;[1] no sea lanes for innocent passage in the Black Sea were designated.[1] Soviet vessels and aircraft were routinely dispatched to observe US warships there.[1]

After the 1986 incident in the Black Sea, also involving USS Yorktown and USS Caron, a meeting of the Soviet Defence Council was held later in the same year.[4] At the meeting, the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy Vladimir Chernavin suggested to Mikhail Gorbachev, Defense Minister Sergey Sokolov, Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze, and other senior officials that intruding foreign warships could be driven from Soviet waters by several means, including bumping.[4]

Incident

1988 Black Sea bumping incident is located in Black Sea
1988 Black Sea bumping incident
class=notpageimage|
Location of the 1988 Black Sea bumping incident

On 12 February 1988, the Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Yorktown, and the Spruance-class destroyer USS Caron, conducted an innocent passage exercise in the Black Sea. Caron passed 7.5 mi (12.1 km) off the Soviet shore, and Yorktown drew to 10.3 mi (16.6 km) offshore. The commander of the Black Sea Fleet Mikhail Khronopulo received an order from Chernavin to curb the passage of US warships.[4] Initially the destroyer Krasnyy Kavkaz was tasked with confronting them, but she experienced technical problems so Bezzavetnyy, a Krivak-class frigate, was dispatched instead.[5] However, according to Bezzavetny's commander, Captain Vladimir Bogdashin, his ship had two cruise missiles instead of four, was half the size of Yorktown, and was only a third its size by displacement.[5] The Soviet frigate SKR-6, commanded by Captain Anatoliy Petrov, was approximately one quarter the size of USS Caron.[5]

First, Caron was approached by the frigate SKR-6, and three minutes later, Yorktown was approached by the frigate Bezzavetnyy,[1] while Tupolev Tu-16 bombers monitored the vessels' movements.[6] As the US warships clipped a corner of the Soviet territorial waters, they were bumped. At 10:02 a.m, local time, at 44°15.2′N 33°35.4′E / 44.2533°N 33.5900°E / 44.2533; 33.5900, 10.5 nautical miles (19.4 km; 12.1 mi) from the coast, SKR-6 bumped the port side aft of Caron at frame about 60 feet (18 m) from the bow.[1] Caron received superficial scraping of paint, with no personnel injuries.[1] Bezzavetnyy, having bumped Yorktown, was ordered[by whom?] to move away and not to contact her again.[5][better source needed]

Both US warships stayed on even course after the incident. Caron left Soviet territorial waters at 11:50 a.m. local time without further incident.[1]

Both US warships reported the incident to the commander-in-chief of United States Naval Forces Europe, Admiral James B. Busey. Caron reported that, at 13:20 local time, it was informed on channel 16 VHF by Bezzavetnyy: "Soviet ships have orders to prevent violation of territorial waters, extreme measure is to strike your ship with one of ours."[1] The reply of Caron was "I am engaged in innocent passage consistent with international law."[1] Yorktown, in its report stated that on 9:56, local time, it was contacted by Bezzavetnyy via channel 16 and told to leave Soviet territorial waters or "our ship is going to strike on yours."[1] Then, according to the report, Bezzavetnyy came alongside port side of Yorktown at 10:03 and bumped it by turning into the ship.[1]

The starboard anchor of Bezzavetnyy was torn away.[1] Two Harpoon missile canisters on Yorktown sustained damage when Bezzavetnyy's bullnose passed down port quarter. Bezzavetnyy then cleared to port and took station 300 yd (270 m) off the port beam of Yorktown.[1] Bezzavetnyy required a minor repair.[5]

Response

The Soviet Ministry of Defense issued a statement blaming the U.S. warships for ignoring the "warning signals of Soviet border guard ships" and for "dangerously maneuvering in Soviet waters".[3] The incident also drew a diplomatic protest from the U.S. government.[7]

Soon after the issue of innocent passage was resolved between the two nations when the USA/USSR Joint Statement on Uniform Acceptance of Rules of International Law Governing Innocent Passage was issued acknowledging the rights of each nation to transit territorial waters.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w William J. Aceves. "Diplomacy at Sea: U.S. Freedom of Navigation Operations in the Black Sea". International Law Studies. 68.
  2. ^ Kraska & Pedrozo 2013, pp. 255–256
  3. ^ a b Kraska & Pedrozo 2013, p. 256
  4. ^ a b c Сергей Птичкин (10 April 2014). Атака "Беззаветного". Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e Алексей Овчинников (16 February 2012). Империя наносит последний удар. Komsomolskaya Pravda (in Russian). Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  6. ^ Mark Thompson (13 February 1988). "Soviet, U.S. Ships Bump In Black Sea". Philadelphia Media Network. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  7. ^ Kraska & Pedrozo 2013, p. 257
  8. ^ Anand, R.P. (2013). Studies in International Law and History: An Asian Perspective. Developments in international law. Springer Netherlands. p. 206. ISBN 978-94-017-5600-6. Retrieved 13 July 2022.

Bibliography

  • Kraska, James; Pedrozo, Raul (2013). International Maritime Security Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-9004233577.
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