It's Scotland's oil: Difference between revisions
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The economic background to the claim was the discovery of oil in the [[North Sea]] in the 1960s, and its coming on line in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shepherd|first=Mike|title=Oil Strike North Sea: A first-hand history of North Sea oil.|publisher=Luath Press|year=2015}}</ref> The majority of the largest oil fields in the UK sector of the [[North Sea]] were found in the waters to the north and east of the Scottish mainland, with the more northerly fields found to the east of the [[Orkney]] and [[Shetland]] islands.<ref>''School Science from The Energy Institute'' [http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/petroleum/knowl/images/fields.gif Map of North Sea oil fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214095311/http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/petroleum/knowl/images/fields.gif |date=2007-02-14 }}</ref> [[Aberdeen]] became the centre of Britain's North Sea oil industry, with many oil terminals such as that of [[Sullom Voe]] in Shetland and [[Flotta]] in Orkney and at [[Cruden Bay]] and [[St Fergus]] on the north east coast of Scotland, being built to support the North Sea oil industry. In the early 1970s, there was a great deal of economic turbulence with the [[1973 oil crisis|1973 oil price shock]] caused by the [[Yom Kippur War]], resulting in rising [[inflation]] coupled with high [[unemployment]], [[recession]] (also known as [[stagflation]]) in Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom.<ref>''Scotland on Sunday'', January 1, 2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060228021446/http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/business.cfm?id=392006 How North Sea oil calmed the UK's crisis ridden waters]</ref> Thus the economic argument that formed the basis of the slogan was that while Scotland was part of the United Kingdom, it lacked control over [[royalties]] and revenue from the majority of the oil which lay in the [[Scottish waters|Scottish sector of the North Sea]]. |
The economic background to the claim was the discovery of oil in the [[North Sea]] in the 1960s, and its coming on line in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shepherd|first=Mike|title=Oil Strike North Sea: A first-hand history of North Sea oil.|publisher=Luath Press|year=2015}}</ref> The majority of the largest oil fields in the UK sector of the [[North Sea]] were found in the waters to the north and east of the Scottish mainland, with the more northerly fields found to the east of the [[Orkney]] and [[Shetland]] islands.<ref>''School Science from The Energy Institute'' [http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/petroleum/knowl/images/fields.gif Map of North Sea oil fields] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214095311/http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/petroleum/knowl/images/fields.gif |date=2007-02-14 }}</ref> [[Aberdeen]] became the centre of Britain's North Sea oil industry, with many oil terminals such as that of [[Sullom Voe]] in Shetland and [[Flotta]] in Orkney and at [[Cruden Bay]] and [[St Fergus]] on the north east coast of Scotland, being built to support the North Sea oil industry. In the early 1970s, there was a great deal of economic turbulence with the [[1973 oil crisis|1973 oil price shock]] caused by the [[Yom Kippur War]], resulting in rising [[inflation]] coupled with high [[unemployment]], [[recession]] (also known as [[stagflation]]) in Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom.<ref>''Scotland on Sunday'', January 1, 2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060228021446/http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/business.cfm?id=392006 How North Sea oil calmed the UK's crisis ridden waters]</ref> Thus the economic argument that formed the basis of the slogan was that while Scotland was part of the United Kingdom, it lacked control over [[royalties]] and revenue from the majority of the oil which lay in the [[Scottish waters|Scottish sector of the North Sea]]. |
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==Reality of |
==Reality of claim== |
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Since Scotland is not a [[sovereign state]], it has no effective [[maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]], and any claims that Scotland may assert are subsumed as part of claims made by the United Kingdom. However, the existence of two separate legal systems in [[Great Britain]] (that of [[Scots law]] pertaining to Scotland and [[English law]] pertaining to [[England and Wales]]) has caused constitutional law in the United Kingdom to provide for the division of the UK sector of the North Sea into specific Scottish and English components.<ref>''Parliament of the United Kingdom - Standing Committee B, Energy Bill (2004) Lords'' [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmstand/b/st040608/pm/40608s01.htm Hansard discussion on the subject]</ref> The Continental Shelf Act 1964 and the Continental Shelf (Jurisdiction) Order 1968 defined the UK North Sea maritime area to the north of latitude [[55th parallel north|55 degrees north]] as being under the jurisdiction of Scots law<ref>''[[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]]'' [https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/GBR_1968_Order892.pdf UK Legislation - The Continental Shelf (Jurisdiction) Order 1968]</ref> and sp that 90% of UK oil resources was considered under Scottish jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ben Russell and Paul Kelbie |work=Independent Online edition |date=9 December 2005 |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article331945.ece |title=How black gold was hijacked: North sea oil and the betrayal of Scotland |quote="By the mid 1970s, international convention had already agreed that the North Sea north of the 55th parallel was under Scottish jurisdiction. That meant around 90 per cent of the UK's oil and gas reserves fell within Scottish waters" |access-date=15 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212171256/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article331945.ece |archive-date=12 December 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>''Murkens, Jones & Keating (2002) p183</ref> In addition, Section 126 of the [[Scotland Act 1998]] defined Scottish waters as ''the internal waters and territorial sea of the United Kingdom as are adjacent to Scotland''.<ref>''Scotland Act 1998'' [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1998/80046--l.htm#126 Section 126 - Interpretation]</ref> That was subsequently amended by the Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundary Order 1999, which redefined the extent of Scottish waters and Scottish fishery limits.<ref>''Statutory Instrument 1126 of 1999'' [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1999/19991126.htm Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundary Order 1999]</ref><ref>''Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundary Order 1999'' [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1999/99112601.gif Map of the extent of Scottish Waters]</ref> |
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Recent evidence by Kemp and Stephen (1999) has tried to estimate hypothetical Scottish shares of North Sea Oil revenue by dividing the UK sector of the North Sea into separate Scottish and English sectors using the international [[equidistance principle|principle of equidistance]] as |
Recent evidence by Kemp and Stephen (1999) has tried to estimate hypothetical Scottish shares of North Sea Oil revenue by dividing the UK sector of the North Sea into separate Scottish and English sectors by using the international [[equidistance principle|principle of equidistance]], as is used under the [[UNCLOS|United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] (UNCLOS). That convention is used in defining the maritime assets of newly-formed states and in resolving international maritime disputes. The study by Kemp & Stephen showed that hypothesised Scottish shares of North Sea oil revenue over the period 1970 to 1999 varied depending upon the price of oil and was offset against taxable profits and the costs of exploration and development.<ref>''Murkens, Jones & Keating (2002) p189''</ref> |
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Nevertheless, a Scottish share of North Sea oil is never formally alluded to as part of Scotland's net fiscal position and is treated by [[HM Treasury]] as ''extra-regio'' resources.<ref>''Government Expenditure and Revenue (Scotland) 2002-03'' [http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/12/20411/48778 In the Regional Accounts, the UK Continental Shelf is included in a separate region of the UK (the |
Nevertheless, a Scottish share of North Sea oil is never formally alluded to as part of Scotland's net fiscal position and is treated by [[HM Treasury]] as ''extra-regio'' resources.<ref>''Government Expenditure and Revenue (Scotland) 2002-03'' [http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/12/20411/48778 In the Regional Accounts, the UK Continental Shelf is included in a separate region of the UK (the extra-regio territory) and is not allocated to specific geographic regions]</ref> The [[BBC]] economist [[Evan Davis (journalist)|Evan Davis]], however, reported prior to the [[2007 Scottish Parliament election]] that the [[Barnett formula]] already allows Scotland to sustain higher levels of [[per capita]] [[public finance|public spending]] than the rest of the UK, which is approximately equivalent to its disproportionatelynhigh annual contribution of tax revenues to the central UK Treasury from oil production.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/evandavis/2007/04/the_scottish_gamble_1.html |title= The Scottish gamble |publisher=BBC News|date= 2007-04-30|accessdate=2007-06-20}}</ref> However Scotland's per capita spending growth, relative to the rest of the UK, has in recent years been nominally reduced by the operation of the Barnett formula to bring public spending levels into line with the UK average in a phenomenon that had been dubbed the "Barnett Squeeze".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.economics.stir.ac.uk/staff/dnfb1/Barnett%20Formula.pdf |title=The Barnett Formula |author=Professor David Bell |publisher=University of Stirling |date=January 2001 |accessdate=2007-12-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726184528/http://www.economics.stir.ac.uk/staff/dnfb1/Barnett%20Formula.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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==Claims by Shetland and Orkney== |
==Claims by Shetland and Orkney== |
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Revision as of 00:15, 17 May 2023
"It's Scotland's oil" was a widely publicised political slogan used by the Scottish National Party (SNP) during the 1970s in making their economic case for Scottish independence. It was argued that the discovery of North Sea oil off the coast of Scotland, and the revenue that it created, would not benefit Scotland to any significant degree while Scotland remained part of the United Kingdom. The SNP campaigned widely in both the February 1974 UK General Election and subsequent October 1974 UK General Election using this slogan. At the February election the SNP gained seven seats in the House of Commons and 22% of the Scottish vote, rising to eleven seats and 30% of the vote in the October election. The idea behind the slogan has proven to be controversial in discussions surrounding the financial viability of an independent Scottish state and still resonates to this day.[1]
Background
The outcome of the February 1974 General Election saw the Labour Party, led by Harold Wilson, win the most seats. Prime Minister Edward Heath, leader of the Conservative Party, lost support from the Ulster Unionist Party and, although he entered coalition negotiations with Liberal leader Jeremy Thorpe, these broke down. The Labour Party then formed the new government, with a plurality of seats but without a majority. In October 1974, Wilson went back to the country to ask for a renewed mandate.
During this time, in Scotland support for the Scottish National Party had been increasing after the victory of the SNP candidate Winnie Ewing at the 1967 Hamilton by-election. The political instability surrounding the general elections of 1974 represented a time of intense political campaigning in the UK, which further brought the SNP to prominence. It was during this time that the slogan "It's Scotland's Oil" came to the fore with the February election seeing 7 SNP candidates returned, rising to 11 in October. Some well known MPs such as Tam Dalyell believe this was in no small part due to the "It's Scotland's oil" slogan employed by the Scottish National Party.[2]
The economic background to the claim was the discovery of oil in the North Sea in the 1960s, and its coming on line in the 1970s.[3] The majority of the largest oil fields in the UK sector of the North Sea were found in the waters to the north and east of the Scottish mainland, with the more northerly fields found to the east of the Orkney and Shetland islands.[4] Aberdeen became the centre of Britain's North Sea oil industry, with many oil terminals such as that of Sullom Voe in Shetland and Flotta in Orkney and at Cruden Bay and St Fergus on the north east coast of Scotland, being built to support the North Sea oil industry. In the early 1970s, there was a great deal of economic turbulence with the 1973 oil price shock caused by the Yom Kippur War, resulting in rising inflation coupled with high unemployment, recession (also known as stagflation) in Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom.[5] Thus the economic argument that formed the basis of the slogan was that while Scotland was part of the United Kingdom, it lacked control over royalties and revenue from the majority of the oil which lay in the Scottish sector of the North Sea.
Reality of claim
Since Scotland is not a sovereign state, it has no effective maritime boundaries, and any claims that Scotland may assert are subsumed as part of claims made by the United Kingdom. However, the existence of two separate legal systems in Great Britain (that of Scots law pertaining to Scotland and English law pertaining to England and Wales) has caused constitutional law in the United Kingdom to provide for the division of the UK sector of the North Sea into specific Scottish and English components.[6] The Continental Shelf Act 1964 and the Continental Shelf (Jurisdiction) Order 1968 defined the UK North Sea maritime area to the north of latitude 55 degrees north as being under the jurisdiction of Scots law[7] and sp that 90% of UK oil resources was considered under Scottish jurisdiction.[8][9] In addition, Section 126 of the Scotland Act 1998 defined Scottish waters as the internal waters and territorial sea of the United Kingdom as are adjacent to Scotland.[10] That was subsequently amended by the Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundary Order 1999, which redefined the extent of Scottish waters and Scottish fishery limits.[11][12]
Recent evidence by Kemp and Stephen (1999) has tried to estimate hypothetical Scottish shares of North Sea Oil revenue by dividing the UK sector of the North Sea into separate Scottish and English sectors by using the international principle of equidistance, as is used under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). That convention is used in defining the maritime assets of newly-formed states and in resolving international maritime disputes. The study by Kemp & Stephen showed that hypothesised Scottish shares of North Sea oil revenue over the period 1970 to 1999 varied depending upon the price of oil and was offset against taxable profits and the costs of exploration and development.[13]
Nevertheless, a Scottish share of North Sea oil is never formally alluded to as part of Scotland's net fiscal position and is treated by HM Treasury as extra-regio resources.[14] The BBC economist Evan Davis, however, reported prior to the 2007 Scottish Parliament election that the Barnett formula already allows Scotland to sustain higher levels of per capita public spending than the rest of the UK, which is approximately equivalent to its disproportionatelynhigh annual contribution of tax revenues to the central UK Treasury from oil production.[15] However Scotland's per capita spending growth, relative to the rest of the UK, has in recent years been nominally reduced by the operation of the Barnett formula to bring public spending levels into line with the UK average in a phenomenon that had been dubbed the "Barnett Squeeze".[16]
Claims by Shetland and Orkney
There have been moves to recast the constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles partly to get a greater share of the oil revenues to these islands in whose maritime territory it is argued that most of the oil is found.
However, that view may not be accurate; the islands would likely obtain a modest EEZ within a wider Scottish EEZ like the Canada–France Maritime Boundary Case.
Scottish independence referendum
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Jim Sillars, former Deputy Leader of the Scottish National Party, said during the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, BP, in an independent Scotland, will need to learn the meaning of nationalisation, in part or in whole, as it has in other countries who have not been as soft as we have forced to be. We will be the masters of the oil fields, not BP or any other of the majors".[17][18]
See also
References
- ^ Scotland's oil: Does oil in Scotland have a future? Professor Thomas W Walde - Thomas Walde Professor of International Economic Energy and Natural Resources Law at the University of Dundee
- ^ Independent Online edition December 2005 Tam Dalyell, who served as Labour MP in West Lothian for 43 years, agrees.... "It could have tipped the balance it a number of seats including mine. Oil was very much a totemic issue" Archived 2005-12-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Shepherd, Mike (2015). Oil Strike North Sea: A first-hand history of North Sea oil. Luath Press.
- ^ School Science from The Energy Institute Map of North Sea oil fields Archived 2007-02-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Scotland on Sunday, January 1, 2006 How North Sea oil calmed the UK's crisis ridden waters
- ^ Parliament of the United Kingdom - Standing Committee B, Energy Bill (2004) Lords Hansard discussion on the subject
- ^ United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UK Legislation - The Continental Shelf (Jurisdiction) Order 1968
- ^ Ben Russell and Paul Kelbie (9 December 2005). "How black gold was hijacked: North sea oil and the betrayal of Scotland". Independent Online edition. Archived from the original on 12 December 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2006.
By the mid 1970s, international convention had already agreed that the North Sea north of the 55th parallel was under Scottish jurisdiction. That meant around 90 per cent of the UK's oil and gas reserves fell within Scottish waters
- ^ Murkens, Jones & Keating (2002) p183
- ^ Scotland Act 1998 Section 126 - Interpretation
- ^ Statutory Instrument 1126 of 1999 Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundary Order 1999
- ^ Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundary Order 1999 Map of the extent of Scottish Waters
- ^ Murkens, Jones & Keating (2002) p189
- ^ Government Expenditure and Revenue (Scotland) 2002-03 In the Regional Accounts, the UK Continental Shelf is included in a separate region of the UK (the extra-regio territory) and is not allocated to specific geographic regions
- ^ "The Scottish gamble". BBC News. 30 April 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2007.
- ^ Professor David Bell (January 2001). "The Barnett Formula" (PDF). University of Stirling. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- ^ "'Day of reckoning' post-Yes vote, says Jim Sillars".
- ^ "Ex-SNP Deputy Vows to Nationalise Firms Worried About Independence". 12 September 2014.
Bibliography
- Murkens, J, Jones, P & Keating, M (2002) Scottish independence - A Practical Guide. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh.
- Kemp, A.G & Stephen, L (1999) Expenditures and Revenues from the UKCS - Estimating the hypothetical Scottish Shares 1970-2003 North Sea Study Occasional Paper No. 70. Department of Economics. University of Aberdeen.
- Shepherd, M. Oil Strike North Sea: A first-hand history of North Sea oil. Luath Press. 2015.
- Wälde, T. Thomas W. Wälde Scotland's Oil Does it have a future?, published oinline at https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134513/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/journal/html/Vol14/Vol14_5.pdf, accessed 20 September 2007.