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Raul Batista Romero is a myth, it turns out. Pity, it was a really cool story... T-shirts to come, thanks Mattis!
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| {{Ill|Mattis Cederberg|sv}}
| {{Ill|Mattis Cederberg|sv}}
| [[Tommy Johnson (tubist)|Tommy Johnson]]
| [[Tommy Johnson (tubist)|Tommy Johnson]]
| Raul Batista Romero
| [[Jim Self]]
| [[Jim Self]]
| Doug Tornquist
| Doug Tornquist
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The '''cimbasso''' is a [[contrabass|low]] [[brass instrument]] that developed in [[Italy]] from the [[upright serpent]] over the course of the 19th century to provide the lowest part in the [[brass section]] of [[Italian opera]] [[orchestra]]s. The modern instrument first appeared as the {{lang|it|trombone basso Verdi}} in the 1880s and covers the same range as a [[tuba]] or [[contrabass trombone]]. It has four to six [[rotary valve|rotary]] [[brass instrument valve|valves]] (or occasionally [[piston valve]]s), a forward-facing [[bell (wind instrument)|bell]], and a predominantly [[cylindrical bore]]. These features lend its sound to the bass of the [[trombone]] family rather than the tuba, and its valves allow for more agility than a contrabass trombone. Like the modern contrabass trombone, it is most often pitched in F, although models are occasionally made in E♭ and low C or B♭.
The '''cimbasso''' is a [[contrabass|low]] [[brass instrument]] that developed in [[Italy]] from the [[upright serpent]] over the course of the 19th century to provide the lowest part in the [[brass section]] of [[Italian opera]] [[orchestra]]s. The modern instrument first appeared as the {{lang|it|trombone basso Verdi}} in the 1880s and covers the same range as a [[tuba]] or [[contrabass trombone]]. It has four to six [[rotary valve|rotary]] [[brass instrument valve|valves]] (or occasionally [[piston valve]]s), a forward-facing [[bell (wind instrument)|bell]], and a predominantly [[cylindrical bore]]. These features lend its sound to the bass of the [[trombone]] family rather than the tuba, and its valves allow for more agility than a contrabass trombone. Like the modern contrabass trombone, it is most often pitched in F, although models are occasionally made in E♭ and low C or B♭.


In the modern orchestra, cimbasso parts are usually played by tuba players as a doubling instrument. Although most commonly used for performances of late [[Romanticism|Romantic]] Italian opera, it has since found increased and more diverse use. Jazz musicians Raul Batista Romero and {{Ill|Mattis Cederberg|sv}} use cimbasso in their work. Cimbasso is now commonly called for in [[film score|film]] and [[video game music|video game]] [[soundtrack]]s. [[Los Angeles]] tuba players [[Tommy Johnson (tubist)|Tommy Johnson]], Doug Tornquist and Jim Self have featured on many Hollywood [[soundtrack]]s playing cimbasso, particularly since the popularisation of loud, low-brass heavy orchestral music in films and video games such as ''[[Planet of the Apes (2001 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'' (2001), ''[[Call of Duty (video game)|Call of Duty]]'' (2003) and ''[[Inception]]'' (2010).
In the modern orchestra, cimbasso parts are usually played by tuba players as a doubling instrument. Although most commonly used for performances of late [[Romanticism|Romantic]] Italian opera, it has since found increased and more diverse use. Jazz musician {{Ill|Mattis Cederberg|sv}} uses cimbasso in [[big band]]s and as a solo instrument. Cimbasso is now commonly called for in [[film score|film]] and [[video game music|video game]] [[soundtrack]]s. [[Los Angeles]] tuba players [[Tommy Johnson (tubist)|Tommy Johnson]], Doug Tornquist and [[Jim Self]] have featured on many Hollywood recordings playing cimbasso, particularly since the popularisation of loud, low-brass heavy orchestral soundtracks.


==Etymology ==
==Etymology ==
Line 112: Line 111:
== Repertoire and performance ==
== Repertoire and performance ==


Although the cimbasso in its modern form is most commonly used for performances of late [[Romanticism|Romantic]] Italian operas by Verdi and Puccini, since the mid 20th century it has found increased and more diverse use. In the late 1960s Mexican jazz musician Raul Batista Romero began featuring cimbasso in his albums.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raul Batista Romero |work=Jazz Musicians |publisher=[[All About Jazz]] |date=18 June 2014 |url= https://www.allaboutjazz.com/musicians/raul-batista-romero |access-date=4 August 2022 }}</ref> Along with the contrabass trombone, it has increasingly been called for in [[film score|film]] and [[video game music|video game]] [[soundtrack]]s. [[Los Angeles]] tuba players [[Tommy Johnson (tubist)|Tommy Johnson]], Doug Tornquist and Jim Self have appeared on many Hollywood soundtracks playing cimbasso,{{sfn|Kifer|2020|p=85–86}}<ref name="self-instruments"/> especially since the popularization of loud, low-brass heavy orchestral music in films and video games such as the remake of ''[[Planet of the Apes (2001 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'' (2001), ''[[Call of Duty (video game)|Call of Duty]]'' (2003) and ''[[Inception]]'' (2010).{{sfn|Kifer|2020|p=48}} British composer [[Brian Ferneyhough]] calls for cimbasso in his large 2006 orchestral work ''Plötzlichkeit'', and [[nu metal]] rock band [[Korn]] used two cimbassos in the [[live music|live]] backing orchestra for their [[acoustic music|acoustic]] ''[[MTV Unplugged (Korn album)|MTV Unplugged]]'' album.<ref name="korn-unplugged">{{cite web |url={{AllMusic|class=album |id=r952806 |pure_url=yes }} |title=MTV Unplugged |author=[[Korn]] |date=2007 |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=3 August 2022 }}</ref>
Although the cimbasso in its modern form is most commonly used for performances of late [[Romanticism|Romantic]] Italian operas by Verdi and Puccini, since the mid 20th century it has found increased and more diverse use. Along with the contrabass trombone, it has increasingly been called for in [[film score|film]] and [[video game music|video game]] [[soundtrack]]s. [[Los Angeles]] tuba players [[Tommy Johnson (tubist)|Tommy Johnson]], Doug Tornquist and Jim Self have appeared on many Hollywood soundtracks playing cimbasso,{{sfn|Kifer|2020|p=85–86}}<ref name="self-instruments"/> especially since the popularization of loud, low-brass heavy orchestral music in films and video games such as the remake of ''[[Planet of the Apes (2001 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'' (2001), ''[[Call of Duty (video game)|Call of Duty]]'' (2003) and ''[[Inception]]'' (2010).{{sfn|Kifer|2020|p=48}} British composer [[Brian Ferneyhough]] calls for cimbasso in his large 2006 orchestral work ''Plötzlichkeit'', and [[nu metal]] rock band [[Korn]] used two cimbassos in the [[live music|live]] backing orchestra for their [[acoustic music|acoustic]] ''[[MTV Unplugged (Korn album)|MTV Unplugged]]'' album.<ref name="korn-unplugged">{{cite web |url={{AllMusic|class=album |id=r952806 |pure_url=yes }} |title=MTV Unplugged |author=[[Korn]] |date=2007 |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=3 August 2022 }}</ref> Swedish jazz trombonist Mattis Cederberg has been using cimbasso in jazz, both as a solo instrument and for playing the fourth trombone parts in [[big band]]s.


[[Historically informed performance]] of early cimbasso parts presents particular challenges. Unless proficient with period instruments such as [[serpent (instrument)|serpent]] or ophicleide, it is difficult for orchestral low-brass players to perform on instruments that resemble the early ''cimbassi'' in form or [[timbre]]. It is also challenging for instrument builders to find good surviving examples to replicate or adapt.{{sfn|Meucci|1996|p=162}}
[[Historically informed performance]] of early cimbasso parts presents particular challenges. Unless proficient with period instruments such as [[serpent (instrument)|serpent]] or ophicleide, it is difficult for orchestral low-brass players to perform on instruments that resemble the early ''cimbassi'' in form or [[timbre]]. It is also challenging for instrument builders to find good surviving examples to replicate or adapt.{{sfn|Meucci|1996|p=162}}

Revision as of 01:31, 19 May 2023

Cimbasso
A modern cimbasso in F
Brass instrument
Classification
Hornbostel–Sachs classification423.233.2
(Valved aerophone sounded by lip vibration with cylindrical bore longer than 2 metres)
Developedearly 19th century, in Italian opera orchestras; modern design emerged mid 20th century
Playing range
{ \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \clef bass \key c \major \cadenzaOn \arpeggioBracket <b,, g'>1 \arpeggio ^ \markup "early" \once \hide r1 \ottava #-1 \tweak font-size #-2 c,,1 \finger \markup \text "poss." ^ \markup "modern" \ottava #0 \arpeggioBracket <f,, g'>1 \arpeggio }
The range of the early cimbasso (see serpent, ophicleide)[1] and modern cimbasso in F
Related instruments
Musicians
Builders
[2]

The cimbasso is a low brass instrument that developed in Italy from the upright serpent over the course of the 19th century to provide the lowest part in the brass section of Italian opera orchestras. The modern instrument first appeared as the trombone basso Verdi in the 1880s and covers the same range as a tuba or contrabass trombone. It has four to six rotary valves (or occasionally piston valves), a forward-facing bell, and a predominantly cylindrical bore. These features lend its sound to the bass of the trombone family rather than the tuba, and its valves allow for more agility than a contrabass trombone. Like the modern contrabass trombone, it is most often pitched in F, although models are occasionally made in E♭ and low C or B♭.

In the modern orchestra, cimbasso parts are usually played by tuba players as a doubling instrument. Although most commonly used for performances of late Romantic Italian opera, it has since found increased and more diverse use. Jazz musician Mattis Cederberg [sv] uses cimbasso in big bands and as a solo instrument. Cimbasso is now commonly called for in film and video game soundtracks. Los Angeles tuba players Tommy Johnson, Doug Tornquist and Jim Self have featured on many Hollywood recordings playing cimbasso, particularly since the popularisation of loud, low-brass heavy orchestral soundtracks.

Etymology

The Italian word cimbasso, first appearing in the early 19th century, is thought to be a contraction used by musicians of the term corno basso or corno di basso (lit. 'bass horn'), sometimes appearing in scores as c. basso or c. in basso.[3] The term was used loosely to refer to the lowest bass instrument available in the brass family, which changed over the course of the 19th century. In the mid-20th century the word cimbasso began to be used in German-speaking countries to refer to slide contrabass trombones in F.[4] This vagueness long impeded research into the instrument's history.[5]

History

The first uses of a cimbasso in Italian opera scores from the early 19th century referred to a narrow-bore upright serpent similar to the basson russe (lit. 'Russian bassoon'), which were in common use in military bands of the time.[6] These instruments were constructed from wooden sections like a bassoon, with a trombone-like brass bell, sometimes in the shape of a buccin-style dragon's head.[7] Fingering charts published in 1830 indicate these early cimbassi were most likely to have been pitched in C.[8]

Later, the term cimbasso was extended to a range of instruments, including the ophicleide and early valved instruments, such as the Pelittone and other early forms of the more conical bass tuba. As this progressed, the term cimbasso was used to refer to a more blending voice than the "basso tuba" or "bombardone", and began to imply the lowest trombone.[9]

By 1872, Verdi expressed his displeasure about "that devilish bombardone" (referring to the tuba) as the bass of the trombone section for his La Scala première of Aida, preferring a "trombone basso".[10] By the time of his opera Otello in 1887, Milan instrument maker Pelitti [it] had produced the trombone basso Verdi (sometimes called the trombone contrabbasso Verdi), a contrabass trombone in low 18′ B♭ wrapped in a compact form and configured with 4 rotary valves. Verdi and Puccini both wrote for this instrument in their later operas, although confusingly, they often referred to it as the trombone basso, to distinguish it from the tenor trombones.[11] This instrument blended with the usual Italian trombone section of the time—three tenor valve trombones in B♭—and became the prototype for the modern cimbasso.[9]

Early cimbasso instruments
early 19th century basson russe in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
early 20th century cimbasso in B♭ by Stowasser in the University of Edinburgh collection
Early cimbassos, left: the first cimbasso was similar to this early 19th century basson russe (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York); right: early 20th century cimbasso in B♭ (after the trombone basso Verdi) by Czech maker Stowasser (St Cecilia's Hall, University of Edinburgh)

The modern cimbasso emerged in Germany in the 20th century, its design ultimately descended from the Pelitti trombone basso Verdi instrument. In 1959 German instrument maker Hans Kunitz developed a slide contrabass trombone in F with two valves based on a 1929 patent by Berlin trombonist Ernst Dehmel.[12] These were built in the 1960s by Gebr. Alexander and named "cimbasso" trombones.[4] Bremen brass instrument maker Thein then took this instrument and fitted it with the valves and fingering of a modern F tuba, and named this new instrument the "cimbasso".[13]

Construction

The modern cimbasso is usually built with four to six rotary valves (or occasionally piston valves), a forward-facing bell, and a predominantly cylindrical bore. These features lend its sound to the bass of the trombone family rather than the tuba, and its valves allow for more agility than a contrabass trombone.[14] Like the modern contrabass trombone, it is most often pitched in 12′ F, although instruments are made in 13′ E♭ and occasionally low 16′ C or 18′ B♭.[2]

The mouthpiece and leadpipe are positioned in front of the player, and the mouthpiece receiver is sized to fit tuba mouthpieces. The valve tubing section is arranged vertically between the player's knees and rests on the floor with a cello-style endpin, and the bell is arranged over the player's left shoulder to point horizontally forward, similar to a trombone.[15][16] This design accommodates the instrument in cramped orchestra pits and allows a direct, concentrated sound to be projected towards the conductor and audience.

The bore tends to range between that of a contrabass trombone and a small F tuba, 0.587 to 0.730 inches (14.9–18.5 mm), and even larger for the larger instruments in low C or B♭.[17] The bell diameter is usually between 10 and 11.5 inches (250 and 290 mm).[2] There has been demand over time for larger bore instruments with a more conical bore and larger bell, in contrast with the trombone-like sound from smaller cylindrical bore instruments. This is because cimbasso parts are often played in the modern orchestra by tuba players, particularly in the US. Some manufacturers cater to both needs, for example Červený offer two cimbassi in F, one model with a small 0.598-inch (15.2 mm) bore and 10-inch (250 mm) bell listed with their valve trombones, and another with a tuba-like bore of 0.717 inches (18.2 mm) and a larger 11-inch (280 mm) bell with much wider flare, listed with their tubas.[18]

The cimbasso is usually built with rotary valves, although some Italian makers use piston valves. British instrument maker Mike Johnson builds cimbassi with four compensating piston valves as commonly found on British tubas, in both F/C and E♭/B♭ sizes.[19] Los Angeles tubist Jim Self had a compact F cimbasso built in the shape of a euphonium, which has been named the "Jimbasso".[20] In 2004 Swiss brass instrument manufacturer Haag released a cimbasso in F built with five Hagmann valves and a 0.630-inch (16.0 mm) bore. Although discontinued, this instrument is used by several operas and orchestras, including Badische Staatskapelle, Hungarian State Opera, and Sydney Symphony Orchestra, and by Swedish jazz musician Mattis Cederberg [sv].[21]

Repertoire and performance

Although the cimbasso in its modern form is most commonly used for performances of late Romantic Italian operas by Verdi and Puccini, since the mid 20th century it has found increased and more diverse use. Along with the contrabass trombone, it has increasingly been called for in film and video game soundtracks. Los Angeles tuba players Tommy Johnson, Doug Tornquist and Jim Self have appeared on many Hollywood soundtracks playing cimbasso,[22][20] especially since the popularization of loud, low-brass heavy orchestral music in films and video games such as the remake of Planet of the Apes (2001), Call of Duty (2003) and Inception (2010).[23] British composer Brian Ferneyhough calls for cimbasso in his large 2006 orchestral work Plötzlichkeit, and nu metal rock band Korn used two cimbassos in the live backing orchestra for their acoustic MTV Unplugged album.[24] Swedish jazz trombonist Mattis Cederberg has been using cimbasso in jazz, both as a solo instrument and for playing the fourth trombone parts in big bands.

Historically informed performance of early cimbasso parts presents particular challenges. Unless proficient with period instruments such as serpent or ophicleide, it is difficult for orchestral low-brass players to perform on instruments that resemble the early cimbassi in form or timbre. It is also challenging for instrument builders to find good surviving examples to replicate or adapt.[25]

Although there is still a lack of consensus from conductors and orchestras, using a large-bore modern orchestral C tuba to play cimbasso parts is considered inappropriate by some writers and players. Meucci recommends using only a small, narrow-bore F tuba, or a bass trombone.[26] James Gourlay, conductor and former tubist with BBC Symphony Orchestra and Zürich Opera, recommends playing most cimbasso repertoire on the modern F cimbasso, as a compromise between the larger B♭ trombone contrabbasso Verdi instrument and the bass trombone. He also recommends using a euphonium in the absence of a period instrument for early cimbasso parts, which is closer to the sound of the serpent or ophicleide that would have been used before 1860.[27] Douglas Yeo, former bass trombonist with Boston Symphony Orchestra, even suggests that in a modern section of slide trombonists playing parts intended for valved instruments, it should not be unreasonable to perform the cimbasso part on a modern (slide) contrabass trombone.[28]

References

  1. ^ Meucci 1996, p. 155–6.
  2. ^ a b c
    • Brass Instruments (PDF). Kraslice, Czech Republic: V.F. Červený & Synové. 2021. pp. 17–18. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
    • "Cimbasso" (in Italian). Milan: G&P Wind Instruments. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
    • "Cimbasso". Weinfelden: Haag Brass. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
    • "Cimbasso" (in German). Markneukirchen: Helmut Voigt. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
    • "Contrabass Cimbasso". Markneukirchen: Jürgen Voigt. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
    • "CB-900 Cimbasso in F". Bremen, Germany: Lätzsch Custom Brass. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
    • "Cimbasso". Melton Meinl Weston. Buffet Crampon. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
    • "MJC Cimbassi". Mike Johnson Custom Instruments. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
    • "Cimbasso". Rudolf Meinl Metalblasinstrumente (in German). Retrieved 9 July 2022.
    • "Cimbasso". Bremen: Thein Brass. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
    • "Cimbassos". Wessex Tubas. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  3. ^ Meucci 1996, p. 144–5.
  4. ^ a b "Posaune; III. Sondermodelle". Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik (in German). Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Kassel, New York: Bärenreiter. 1994. p. 877. ISBN 978-3-761-81139-9. LCCN 95116833. OCLC 882180506. Wikidata Q112109526. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  5. ^ Meucci 1996, p. 157, note 69.
  6. ^ Bevan 2000, p. 81.
  7. ^ "Instruments: basson russe". Berlioz Historical Brass. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  8. ^ Myers 1986, pp. 134–136.
  9. ^ a b Meucci 1996, p. 158–9.
  10. ^ Bevan 2000, p. 406–13.
  11. ^ Bevan 2000, p. 414.
  12. ^ Yeo 2021, pp. 36–37, "contrabass trombone".
  13. ^ Gourlay 2001, p. 7.
  14. ^ Meucci, Renato (2001). "Cimbasso". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05789. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  15. ^ Yeo 2021, p. 152, "trombone basso Verdi".
  16. ^ Meucci 1996, p. 158, Fig. 13 (p. 179).
  17. ^ Rudolf Meinl Prospekt (PDF). Diespeck, Bavaria: Rudolf Meinl Musikinstrumenten-Herstellung. 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  18. ^ Brass Instruments (PDF). Kraslice, Czech Republic: V.F. Červený & Synové. 2021. pp. 17–18. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  19. ^ "MJC Cimbassi". Mike Johnson Custom Instruments. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  20. ^ a b "Jim Self's Instruments". Basset Hound Music. 2017. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  21. ^ "Haag Cimbasso Trombone C45HV". Haag Trombones. Musik Haag AG. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 12 March 2013 suggested (help)
  22. ^ Kifer 2020, p. 85–86.
  23. ^ Kifer 2020, p. 48.
  24. ^ Korn (2007). "MTV Unplugged". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  25. ^ Meucci 1996, p. 162.
  26. ^ Meucci 1996, p. 161–2.
  27. ^ Gourlay 2001, p. 8–9.
  28. ^ Yeo 2017, p. 246.

Bibliography

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