Langdarma: Difference between revisions
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| succession = [[List of emperors of Tibet| |
| succession = [[List of emperors of Tibet|King]] of [[Tibetan Empire|Tibet]] |
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| reign = |
| reign = 841–842 |
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| full name = Tri Darma |
| full name = Tri Darma U Dum Tsen ({{bo-textonly|དར་མ་འུ་དུམ་བཙན་}}) |
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| predecessor = [[Ralpacan]] |
| predecessor = [[Ralpacan|Ralpalchen]] |
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| successor = ''None''<br />[[Era of Fragmentation]] |
| successor = ''None''<br />[[Era of Fragmentation]] |
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{{Tibetan-Chinese-box|t=གླང་དར་མ།<br>འུ་དུམ་བཙན་པོ|w=glang dar ma<br/>'u dum btsan po|ipa={{IPA-bo|laŋtaːma|}} /<br/>{{IPA-bo|udum tsɛ̃po|}}|e=Glang Darma,}} |
{{Tibetan-Chinese-box|t=གླང་དར་མ།<br>འུ་དུམ་བཙན་པོ|w=glang dar ma<br/>'u dum btsan po|ipa={{IPA-bo|laŋtaːma|}} /<br/>{{IPA-bo|udum tsɛ̃po|}}|e=Glang Darma,}} |
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'''Darma |
'''Darma U Dum Tsen''' ({{bo|t=དར་མ་འུ་དུམ་བཙན|w=dar ma {{'}}u dum btsan}}), better known by his nickname '''Langdarma''' ({{bo|t=གླང་དར་མ།|w=glang dar ma|s=Lang Darma}}, {{lit}} "Mature Bull" or "Darma the Bull") was the last king of the [[Tibetan Empire]] who in 838 killed his brother, [[Ralpacan|King Ralpachen]], then reigned from 841 to 842 CE before he himself was assassinated.<ref name=Mandelbaum> Arthur Mandelbaum, "Lhalung Pelgyi Dorje", Treasury of Lives, 2007.</ref> His reign corresponded to the dissolution of the [[Tibetan Empire]] era. |
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Early sources call him Tri Darma "King Darma".{{citation needed}} His briefly inherited empire extended beyond the [[Tibetan Plateau]] to include the [[Silk Roads]] with the Tibetan imperial manuscript center at [[Dunhuang|Sachu]] (Dunhuang), and neighbouring regions in China, East Turkestan, Afghanistan, and India.<ref>Claude Arpi, "Glimpses on the History of Tibet", Dharamsala: Tibet Museum, 2013.</ref><ref name="mckay57">Samten Karmay ''in'' {{cite book|last1=McKay|first1=Alex|title=Tibet and her neighbours : a history|date=2003|publisher=Edition Hansjörg Meyer|location=London|isbn=3883757187}}, pg. 57</ref> |
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After he assassinated his brother King [[Ralpacan|Ralpachen]] in 838 CE, he widely [[Persecution of Buddhists|persecuted Buddhists]] whom were specifically the monks of the [[Nyingma]] school, the only school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] at that time. Earlier in his life, Langdarma was a Buddhist but later under the influence of [[We Gyaltore Taknye|Wégyel Toré]] ({{bo|w=dbas rgyal to re}}), he became a follower of Bon. |
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| ⚫ | The [[Persecution of Buddhists|anti-Buddhist]] portrayal of this king |
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Langdarma's reign was plagued by external troubles. The [[Uyghur Khaganate]] to the north collapsed due to a revolt by the [[Yenisei Kirghiz]] in year 840 and many displaced people fled |
In the years following Ralpachen's murder and during Langdarma's brief reign, Tibet was also plagued by external troubles. The [[Uyghur Khaganate]] to the north of Tibet's Empire collapsed due to a revolt by the [[Yenisei Kirghiz]] in year 840, and many displaced people fled into Tibet. According to one source, he only reigned for a year and a half, while others give six or thirteen years.<ref name="stein70-1">{{cite book|last1=Stein|first1=R. A.|title=Tibetan civilization|date=1972|publisher=Stanford Univ. Press|location=Stanford, Calif.|isbn=0-8047-0901-7|edition=[English ed.].}}, pp. 70-71</ref> A Buddhist hermit or [[bhikkhu|monk]] named [[Lhalung Pelgyi Dorje]] is often credited with assassinating Langdarma in 842<ref name=Mandelbaum/>, or in 846,<ref name="stein70-1" /><ref name=beckwith>{{cite book|last1=Beckwith|first1=Christopher I.|title=The Tibetan empire in Central Asia : a history of the struggle for great power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the early Middle Ages|date=1993|publisher=Princeton Univ. Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=0-691-02469-3|edition=4. print., and 1st pbk.}}, pp. 168-169</ref> but other sources credit Nyingma master [[Nub Sanggye Yeshe|Nubchen Sangye Yeshe]] with frightening him to death<ref name=Mandelbaum/> after Langdarma threatened the practitioners in Nubchen Sangye Yeshe's monastic institute.<ref>John Myrdhin Reynolds, "The Golden Letters", Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications, 1996</ref> His death was followed by civil war and the dissolution of the Tibetan empire, leading to the [[Era of Fragmentation]].<ref name="mckay57" /> |
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Langdarma |
Langdarma had at least two children: sons Tride Yumten by his first wife, and Namde Ösung by his second wife.<ref name=Davidson>{{cite book|last1=Davidson|first1=Ronald M.|title=Tibetan renaissance : Tantric Buddhism in the rebirth of Tibetan culture|date=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=Delhi|isbn=978-8120832787|edition=1st Indian}}</ref> They apparently competed for power, the former ruling over the central kingdom of [[Ü-Tsang|Ü]], and the other ruling over the "left wing", probably the eastern territories.<ref name="stein70-1" /> |
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One of Langdarma's grandsons, Kyidé Nyima Gön ({{bo|w=skyid lde nyi ma gon}}), conquered [[Ngari]] in the late 10th century, although his army originally numbered only 300 men. Kyidé Nyima Gön founded several towns and castles and he apparently ordered the construction of the main sculptures at [[Shey]]. "In an inscription he says he had them made for the religious benefit of the '' |
One of Langdarma's grandsons, Kyidé Nyima Gön ({{bo|w=skyid lde nyi ma gon}}), conquered [[Ngari]] in the late 10th century, although his army originally numbered only 300 men. Kyidé Nyima Gön founded several towns and castles and he apparently ordered the construction of the main sculptures at [[Shey]]. "In an inscription he says he had them made for the religious benefit of the ''Tsenpo'' (the dynastic title of his father and ancestors), and of all the people of ''Ngaris'' (Western Tibet). This shows that already in this generation Langdarma's opposition to Buddhism had disappeared."<ref name=Francke>{{cite book|last1=Francke|first1=A. H.|title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet (2 volumes)|date=1914|publisher=S. Chand|edition=1972 reprint}}, pp. 89-90.</ref> Shey, just 15 km east of modern [[Leh]], was the ancient seat of the [[Ladakh]]i kings. |
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| ⚫ | Following his persecution of Tibetan Buddhism, [[Atiśa]] was called from Sumatra to restore Buddhism to Tibet.<ref>{{cite book |title= The ulti- mate reason why Atīśa was subsequently invited to Tibet was for the ‘restoration’ and purification of Buddhism again so as to be able to overcome the setback that Tibetan Buddhism had suffered from the persecutions initiated by King Lang Darma}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | The [[Persecution of Buddhists|anti-Buddhist]] portrayal of this king is well documented in primary and secondary Tibetan sources, but reinterpretations have been published from two historians,<ref name=Schlieter>{{cite web | author=Jens Schlieter | title=Compassionate Killing or Conflict Resolution? The Murder of King Langdarma according to Tibetan Buddhist Sources | publisher=University of Berne | url=http://info-buddhism.com/Tibetan_Buddhism_Compassioate_Killing_King_Langdarma-Jens_Schlieter.html}}</ref> most prominently [[Zuiho Yamaguchi]].<ref>[[Zuiho Yamaguchi|Yamaguchi, Zuiho]]. “The Fiction of King Dar ma's Persecution of Buddhism.” ''in'' {{cite book|last1=Drège|first1=textes réunis par Jean-Pierre|authorlink=Jean-Pierre Drège|title=De Dunhuang au Japon : études chinoise et bouddhiques offertes à Michel Soymié|date=1996|publisher=Droz|location=Genève|isbn=2600001662}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Langdarma was said to have had "a black tongue", and a common gesture of Tibetans briefly sticking out their tongues is interpreted to show agreement, and as a sign of respect. When they demonstrate that they do not have black tongues, they show they are not guilty of evil deeds, and that they are not incarnations of the malevolent king. |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Langdarma was said to have had "a black tongue", and a common gesture of Tibetans briefly sticking out their tongues is interpreted to show agreement, and as a sign of respect.{{citation needed}} When they demonstrate that they do not have black tongues, they show they are not guilty of evil deeds, and that they are not incarnations of the malevolent king.{{citation needed}} |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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Revision as of 13:02, 28 May 2023
 | This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. (August 2022) |
| Langdarma གླང་དར་མ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsenpo | |||||
| King of Tibet | |||||
| Reign | 841–842 | ||||
| Predecessor | Ralpalchen | ||||
| Successor | None Era of Fragmentation | ||||
| Born | Darma after 790s? | ||||
| Died | 842 | ||||
| Burial | Trülgyel Mausoleum, Valley of the Kings | ||||
| Spouse | Manamza Tsépongza Tsen Mopen | ||||
| Issue | Tride Yumten Namde Ösung | ||||
| |||||
| Lönchen | We Gyaltore Taknye | ||||
| House | Yarlung Dynasty | ||||
| Father | Sadnalegs | ||||
| Mother | Droza Lhagyel Mangmojé | ||||
| Religion | Bön | ||||
| Langdarma | |||||||
| Tibetan name | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tibetan | གླང་དར་མ། འུ་དུམ་བཙན་པོ | ||||||
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Darma U Dum Tsen (Tibetan: དར་མ་འུ་དུམ་བཙན, Wylie: dar ma 'u dum btsan), better known by his nickname Langdarma (Tibetan: གླང་དར་མ།, Wylie: glang dar ma, THL: Lang Darma, lit. "Mature Bull" or "Darma the Bull") was the last king of the Tibetan Empire who in 838 killed his brother, King Ralpachen, then reigned from 841 to 842 CE before he himself was assassinated.[1] His reign corresponded to the dissolution of the Tibetan Empire era.
Early sources call him Tri Darma "King Darma".[citation needed] His briefly inherited empire extended beyond the Tibetan Plateau to include the Silk Roads with the Tibetan imperial manuscript center at Sachu (Dunhuang), and neighbouring regions in China, East Turkestan, Afghanistan, and India.[2][3]
After he assassinated his brother King Ralpachen in 838 CE, he widely persecuted Buddhists whom were specifically the monks of the Nyingma school, the only school of Tibetan Buddhism at that time. Earlier in his life, Langdarma was a Buddhist but later under the influence of Wégyel Toré (Wylie: dbas rgyal to re), he became a follower of Bon.
In the years following Ralpachen's murder and during Langdarma's brief reign, Tibet was also plagued by external troubles. The Uyghur Khaganate to the north of Tibet's Empire collapsed due to a revolt by the Yenisei Kirghiz in year 840, and many displaced people fled into Tibet. According to one source, he only reigned for a year and a half, while others give six or thirteen years.[4] A Buddhist hermit or monk named Lhalung Pelgyi Dorje is often credited with assassinating Langdarma in 842[1], or in 846,[4][5] but other sources credit Nyingma master Nubchen Sangye Yeshe with frightening him to death[1] after Langdarma threatened the practitioners in Nubchen Sangye Yeshe's monastic institute.[6] His death was followed by civil war and the dissolution of the Tibetan empire, leading to the Era of Fragmentation.[3]
Langdarma had at least two children: sons Tride Yumten by his first wife, and Namde Ösung by his second wife.[7] They apparently competed for power, the former ruling over the central kingdom of Ü, and the other ruling over the "left wing", probably the eastern territories.[4]
One of Langdarma's grandsons, Kyidé Nyima Gön (Wylie: skyid lde nyi ma gon), conquered Ngari in the late 10th century, although his army originally numbered only 300 men. Kyidé Nyima Gön founded several towns and castles and he apparently ordered the construction of the main sculptures at Shey. "In an inscription he says he had them made for the religious benefit of the Tsenpo (the dynastic title of his father and ancestors), and of all the people of Ngaris (Western Tibet). This shows that already in this generation Langdarma's opposition to Buddhism had disappeared."[8] Shey, just 15 km east of modern Leh, was the ancient seat of the Ladakhi kings.
Following his persecution of Tibetan Buddhism, Atiśa was called from Sumatra to restore Buddhism to Tibet.[9]
The anti-Buddhist portrayal of this king is well documented in primary and secondary Tibetan sources, but reinterpretations have been published from two historians,[10] most prominently Zuiho Yamaguchi.[11]
In Tibetan Buddhist culture, Darma U Dum Tsen was said to be the incarnation of Gośīrṣa, the Ox-Head and Horse-Face guardian of hell, thus he got the nickname, Langdarma, literally, "Darma, the bull".
Langdarma was said to have had "a black tongue", and a common gesture of Tibetans briefly sticking out their tongues is interpreted to show agreement, and as a sign of respect.[citation needed] When they demonstrate that they do not have black tongues, they show they are not guilty of evil deeds, and that they are not incarnations of the malevolent king.[citation needed]
Notes
- ^ a b c Arthur Mandelbaum, "Lhalung Pelgyi Dorje", Treasury of Lives, 2007.
- ^ Claude Arpi, "Glimpses on the History of Tibet", Dharamsala: Tibet Museum, 2013.
- ^ a b Samten Karmay in McKay, Alex (2003). Tibet and her neighbours : a history. London: Edition Hansjörg Meyer. ISBN 3883757187., pg. 57
- ^ a b c Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan civilization ([English ed.]. ed.). Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-8047-0901-7., pp. 70-71
- ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (1993). The Tibetan empire in Central Asia : a history of the struggle for great power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the early Middle Ages (4. print., and 1st pbk. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN 0-691-02469-3., pp. 168-169
- ^ John Myrdhin Reynolds, "The Golden Letters", Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications, 1996
- ^ Davidson, Ronald M. (2008). Tibetan renaissance : Tantric Buddhism in the rebirth of Tibetan culture (1st Indian ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-8120832787.
- ^ Francke, A. H. (1914). Antiquities of Indian Tibet (2 volumes) (1972 reprint ed.). S. Chand., pp. 89-90.
- ^ The ulti- mate reason why Atīśa was subsequently invited to Tibet was for the ‘restoration’ and purification of Buddhism again so as to be able to overcome the setback that Tibetan Buddhism had suffered from the persecutions initiated by King Lang Darma.
- ^ Jens Schlieter. "Compassionate Killing or Conflict Resolution? The Murder of King Langdarma according to Tibetan Buddhist Sources". University of Berne.
- ^ Yamaguchi, Zuiho. “The Fiction of King Dar ma's Persecution of Buddhism.” in Drège, textes réunis par Jean-Pierre (1996). De Dunhuang au Japon : études chinoise et bouddhiques offertes à Michel Soymié. Genève: Droz. ISBN 2600001662.
External links
- http://www.haiweitrails.com/timeline_tibet.htm (accessed: Sunday January 14, 2007)
Look up གླང་དར་མ། in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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