Sapeh: Difference between revisions
Native99girl (talk | contribs) As per sourced |
Wrong history on the borobudur relief is not sape but Javanese strings seen from the shape of the headstock and also has a different sound from sapeh Tags: Reverted references removed Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The '''Sape''' (in Kenyah dialect means ‘scratching’) is a traditional plucked lute chordophone family of instruments used by many of the '''Orang Ulu''' (Kayan, Kenyah, Kelabit), or ‘upriver people’, who live in the longhouses that line the rivers of Central Borneo and Kalimantan. Sape originated from the '''Apau Kayan'''. |
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| header = Ancient depictions of ''Sapeh''-like instrument in Central Java |
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| image1 = KITLV 103566 - Kassian Céphas - Bas-relief at Borobudur near Magelang - 1890-1891.tif |
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| image2 = Lute, Borobudur, 9th century CE.jpg |
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| image3 = Lute from Borobudur, the buried "hidden base" section, cropped from photo by Kassian Céphas, 1890-1891.jpg |
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| footer = {{center|''Sapeh'' as depicted on one of the ancient Javanese temples in [[Central Java]] ([[Borobudur]] temple), it is one of the absolute evidences that ''Sapeh'' was originally from Java.<br>{{small|(''photos above extracted from the digital ethnography collections of [[Tropenmuseum]] and [[KITLV]] in the [[Netherlands]], photographed by Kassian Céphas in {{circa}} 1890-1891'')}}}}}} |
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Besides generally traced through the archaeological study of carvings and bas-relief panels found in ancient temples of Java dates back to early 8th century era, according to proven native Kalimantan's manuscripts and inscriptions (mainly found in [[Banjar Region|Banjar]] and [[Kutai Kertanegara]]), these string-based musical instrument commonly originated from eastern region of the island of Java and has been introduced to southern and eastern coastal regions of Kalimantan alongwith the [[Gamelan]] (percussion instruments) during the expansion of power of [[Singhasari]] kingdom (which later developed as [[Majapahit]] empire) in circa 12th to 13th century era. Some notable manuscripts are including the ''Nan Sarunai Usak Jawa'' ({{lit|Javanese power over Nan Sarunai}}) and ''Salasilah Kutai'' ({{lit|Genealogy of Kutai}}).<ref name="Tromp">{{cite journal | last=Tromp | first=S.W. | title=Uit de Salasila van Koetei | journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde | volume=37 | issue=1 | date=2018-02-15 | issn=0006-2294 | doi=10.1163/22134379-90000277 | pages=1–108 | doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NSR">{{cite journal |last=K.S. |first= Yakub |title=Kidung Nan Sarunai Usak Jawa sebagai Sumber Inspirasi Penciptaan Musik Etnik 'Nansarunai' |language=id |trans-title= ''Nan Sarunai Usak Jawa'' Ballad as a Source of Inspiration for Ethnic Music Creation in Nansarunai Kingdom |year=2021 |publisher=Indonesian Art Institute of Yogyakarta}}</ref> The [[etymology|etymological]] origin of [[Dayak languages|Dayak]] ''sapeh'', ''sapeʼ'', ''sapek'', ''sapeik'', ''sapeq'', ''sampeh'', ''sampeʼ'', ''sampek'', or ''sampeq'' are also could be traced derived from [[Old Javanese]] {{lang|kaw|sampe}},<ref name="OJV">{{cite dictionary |last=Zoetmulder |first=P.J. |title=Old Javanese-English Dictionary |language=en, kaw|year=1982 |publisher=[[Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies|Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde]]}}</ref> which literally means "contempt", "scorn", "scornful treatment", or "disrespect",<ref name="OJV"></ref> corresponds to the historical events as recorded in the ''Nan Sarunai Usak Jawa'' ({{lit|Javanese power over Nan Sarunai}}).<ref name="NSR"></ref> |
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| ⚫ | It was first in prime performed in public during the Tenggarong's native festival of [[Erau]] in 13th century. Since then, the popularity ''Sapeh'' later spread to another regions of Kalimantan, even deep into the inland of the island in western of Tenggarong. During its development, the ''Sapeh'' also transformed as electrical-based string instrument and first patented in East Kalimantan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 13 Tahun 2016 Tentang Paten |language=en, id |trans-title=Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 13 of 2016, on Patents |url=https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/16392 |year=2016 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325120348/https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/16392 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nowadays, it is played amongst the [[Dayak people|Dayak]] multiethnic community which could traced its ancestral origin in southern, central, and eastern regions of Kalimantan. In recent times, the northern and western regions of the island such as [[North Kalimantan]],<ref name="Arang"></ref> [[West Kalimantan]], the Malaysian state of [[Sarawak Independence Day|Sarawak]] are also gradually influenced by its neighbouring territory, the ''Sapeh'' was mainly introduced there by the natives of [[Kayan River]]. |
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The story wants the idea of the '''Sape''' to come through a dream of a farmer who fell asleep in the hut of his paddy field after returning from seeking a witch-doctor to cure his wife’s sickness. In his dream, the farmer was directed to look for Adau wood, from the trees that the Hill Myna birds used to perch. The shape of Sape appeared in his dream and whenever the Sape was played, he dreamt the spirit would come and cure his wife’s sickness. |
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Sapes are carved from a single bole of selected fine grain wood, with many modern instruments reaching over a metre in length. Initially, the '''Sape''' was a fairly limited instrument with no design. It had two strings and only three frets. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gennaro |first=Thomas |date=2015-05-23 |title=The Sape |url=https://asianitinerary.com/the-sape/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Asian Itinerary |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | It was first in prime performed in public during the Tenggarong's native festival of [[Erau]] in 13th century. Since then, the popularity ''Sapeh'' later spread to another regions of Kalimantan, even deep into the inland of the island in western of Tenggarong. During its development, the ''Sapeh'' also transformed as electrical-based string instrument and first patented in East Kalimantan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 13 Tahun 2016 Tentang Paten |language=en, id |trans-title=Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 13 of 2016, on Patents |url=https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/16392 |year=2016 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325120348/https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/16392 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nowadays, it is played amongst the [[Dayak people|Dayak]] multiethnic community which could traced its ancestral origin in southern, central, and eastern regions of Kalimantan. In recent times, the northern and western regions of the island such as [[North Kalimantan]],<ref name="Arang"></ref> [[West Kalimantan]], the Malaysian state of [[Sarawak Independence Day|Sarawak]] are also gradually influenced by its neighbouring territory, the ''Sapeh'' was mainly introduced there by the natives of [[Kayan River]]. |
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==Cultural significance== |
==Cultural significance== |
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Revision as of 08:08, 29 May 2023
 The Tropenmuseum collection of Sapeh from East Kalimantan, c. 1900s | |
| String | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Sape, Sapeʼ, Sapek, Sapeik, Sapeq, Sampeh, Sampeʼ, Sampek, or Sampeq |
| Classification | String instrument |
| Hornbostel–Sachs classification | (Composite chordophones) |
| Developed | Bulungan, North Kalimantan, Indonesia[1] |
| Related instruments | |
| lute | |
Sapeh, also spelt as Sape, Sapeʼ, Sapek, Sapeik, Sapeq, Sampeh, Sampeʼ, Sampek, or Sampeq (/sʌpɛʔ/) is the traditional Dayak string instrument of Borneo-origin that commonly developed in Kalimantan.[2][3] It is a wooden-base instrument with some simple strings attached, works similar way like the guitar(s).
Since 1950s, these string instruments from all regions all across Indonesian Archipelago has been officially recognized by the Indonesian government as one of the national Intangible Cultural Heritages of Indonesia in the domains of Traditional Skills and Crafts, Community Customs, Rites, and Celebrations, Performing Arts, as well as Traditions and Expressions of the Natives, and has been digitilized since at least 2010.[4][5][6][7][8] Its originality and development are also regulated and protected by both the national laws of the Republic of Indonesia and international laws.[9] Some notable native Dayak maestros of these musical instrument are also highly valued and respected by Indonesia and has been awarded in some Anugerah Kebudayaan (lit. 'Cultural Award(s)'), such as mr. Arang from Bulungan[10] and mr. Irang Awai from Kutai.[11][12]
History
The Sape (in Kenyah dialect means ‘scratching’) is a traditional plucked lute chordophone family of instruments used by many of the Orang Ulu (Kayan, Kenyah, Kelabit), or ‘upriver people’, who live in the longhouses that line the rivers of Central Borneo and Kalimantan. Sape originated from the Apau Kayan.
The story wants the idea of the Sape to come through a dream of a farmer who fell asleep in the hut of his paddy field after returning from seeking a witch-doctor to cure his wife’s sickness. In his dream, the farmer was directed to look for Adau wood, from the trees that the Hill Myna birds used to perch. The shape of Sape appeared in his dream and whenever the Sape was played, he dreamt the spirit would come and cure his wife’s sickness.
Sapes are carved from a single bole of selected fine grain wood, with many modern instruments reaching over a metre in length. Initially, the Sape was a fairly limited instrument with no design. It had two strings and only three frets. [13]
It was first in prime performed in public during the Tenggarong's native festival of Erau in 13th century. Since then, the popularity Sapeh later spread to another regions of Kalimantan, even deep into the inland of the island in western of Tenggarong. During its development, the Sapeh also transformed as electrical-based string instrument and first patented in East Kalimantan.[14] Nowadays, it is played amongst the Dayak multiethnic community which could traced its ancestral origin in southern, central, and eastern regions of Kalimantan. In recent times, the northern and western regions of the island such as North Kalimantan,[10] West Kalimantan, the Malaysian state of Sarawak are also gradually influenced by its neighbouring territory, the Sapeh was mainly introduced there by the natives of Kayan River.
Cultural significance
The performance of Sapeh was first publicly debut in the 13th century era during the Tenggarong's native festival of Erau. Its cultural values has always been connected to Java, thus the Sapeh sometimes used in religious activities of Kaharingan as well, which is a form of folk religion heavily influenced by Javanese Hinduism. Perceived as the means of ancestral and deities respect, the Sapeh also played with accompaniment of chants of folk songs.
In East Kalimantan particularly, the natives of Samarinda, West Kutai, and Mahakam Ulu have their own distinctive instrumental tones of Sapeh namely the Tubunsitun which characterized by its melodious gentle tone and Sakpakok which characterized by its fast and dynamic tone.[2]
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The 1978 stamp series of Indonesia depicting sapeh as the traditional native instruments of Kalimantan -
Uyau Moris, a well-known international sapeh musician from Kalimantan -
The performance of sapeh in East Kalimantan. -
Sapeh played by two men in Kalimantan -
Mathew Ngau Jau, a Sape Master from Sarawak, Malaysia.
See also
References
- ^ Gennaro, Thomas (2015-05-23). "The Sape". Asian Itinerary. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
- ^ a b "Sape, Alat Musik Kalimantan Mampu Berkolaborasi Dengan Musik Moderen" [Sape: The Traditional Musical Instrument of Kalimantan Now Collaborated With Modern Musics] (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Kalimantan Timur [Official Communication and Information Agency of East Kalimantan]. 2021. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
- ^ "Sapeq Kalimantan Timur, Salah Satu Alat Musik Tradisional Dayak" [Sapeq: One of East Kalimantan's Traditional Musical Instruments of Dayak] (in Indonesian). Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Diplomacy, Directorate General of Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. 2019. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
- ^ "Sape'" [Sape']. Intangible Cultural Heritages of Indonesia (in Indonesian). Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. 2010. Archived from the original on 2022-05-21. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
- ^ "Sape Kalimantan Barat" [Sape of West Kalimantan]. Intangible Cultural Heritages of Indonesia (in Indonesian). Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. 2017. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
- ^ "Ta'a, Sapei, dan Sapaq" [Ta'a, Sapei, and Sapaq]. Intangible Cultural Heritages of Indonesia (in Indonesian). Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. 2017. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
- ^ "Sapeq" [Sapeq]. Intangible Cultural Heritages of Indonesia (in Indonesian). Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. 2018. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
- ^ "Sapeik" [Sapeik]. Intangible Cultural Heritages of Indonesia (in Indonesian). Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. 2018. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
- ^ "Law and Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia" (in English and Indonesian). World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
- ^ a b "Arang, Maestro Alat Musik Sampe'" [Arang, the Maestro of Sampe’ Musical Instrument] (in Indonesian). Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Diplomacy, Directorate General of Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. 2015. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
- ^ "Irang Awai: "Musik Menjaga Keseimbangan Alam"" [Irang Awai: "Music Maintains Nature's Balance"] (in Indonesian). Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Diplomacy, Directorate General of Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. 2017. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
- ^ "Profil Penerima Anugerah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2017 Kategori Maestro Seni Tradisi : Irang Awai" [Profile of the 2017 Indonesian Culture Award Recipient for Traditional Arts Maestro Category: Irang Awai] (in Indonesian). Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Diplomacy, Directorate General of Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. 2017. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
- ^ Gennaro, Thomas (2015-05-23). "The Sape". Asian Itinerary. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
- ^ "Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 13 Tahun 2016 Tentang Paten" [Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 13 of 2016, on Patents] (in English and Indonesian). World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). 2016. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-04-01.