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added **APPROPRIATE** ideological definition along with its other ideologies that it evidently practices.
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→Ideology: Added appropriate information regarding svoboda party ideological compass. Removal of this information should be percieved as politically motivated vandalism.
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The party changed its name to the All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda" in February 2004 with the arrival of Oleh Tyahnybok as party leader.<ref name="osw-tadeusz" /> Tyahnybok made some efforts to moderate the party's extremist image.<ref name=umland2013rpl>{{cite journal|last=Umland|first=Andreas|author2=Anton Shekhovstsov |title=Ultraright Party Politics in Post-Soviet Ukraine and the Puzzle of the Electoral Marginalism of Ukraine Ultranationalists in 1994-2009.|journal=Russian Politics and Law|volume=51|issue=5|pages=33–58|doi=10.2753/rup1061-1940510502|year=2013|s2cid=144502924}}</ref> The party not only replaced its name, but also abandoned the Wolfsangel logo<ref name=rudling13wr>{{cite book|last=Rudling|first=Per Anders|title=https://www.academia.edu/2481420/_The_Return_of_the_Ukrainian_Far_Right_The_Case_of_VO_Svoboda_in_Ruth_Wodak_and_John_E_Richardson_eds_Analyzing_Fascist_Discourse_European_Fascism_in_Talk_and_Text_London_and_New_York_Routledge_2013_228_255 https://www.academia.edu/2481420/_The_Return_of_the_Ukrainian_Far_Right_The_Case_of_VO_Svoboda_in_Ruth_Wodak_and_John_E_Richardson_eds_Analyzing_Fascist_Discourse_European_Fascism_in_Talk_and_Text_London_and_New_York_Routledge_2013_228_255The Return of the Ukrainian Far Right: The Case of VO Svoboda]|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|pages=229–247|editor=Ruth Wodak and John E. Richardson}}</ref><ref name=osw-tadeusz/> with a three-fingered hand reminiscent of the [[Tryzub|'Tryzub' pro-independence gesture]] of the late 1980s.<ref name=rudling13wr /> Svoboda also pushed [[neo-Nazi]] and other radical groups out the party,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=en&id=137051 |title = Resources}}</ref> distancing itself from its neofascist past while retaining the support of extreme nationalists.<ref name=umland2013rpl />
The party changed its name to the All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda" in February 2004 with the arrival of Oleh Tyahnybok as party leader.<ref name="osw-tadeusz" /> Tyahnybok made some efforts to moderate the party's extremist image.<ref name=umland2013rpl>{{cite journal|last=Umland|first=Andreas|author2=Anton Shekhovstsov |title=Ultraright Party Politics in Post-Soviet Ukraine and the Puzzle of the Electoral Marginalism of Ukraine Ultranationalists in 1994-2009.|journal=Russian Politics and Law|volume=51|issue=5|pages=33–58|doi=10.2753/rup1061-1940510502|year=2013|s2cid=144502924}}</ref> The party not only replaced its name, but also abandoned the Wolfsangel logo<ref name=rudling13wr>{{cite book|last=Rudling|first=Per Anders|title=https://www.academia.edu/2481420/_The_Return_of_the_Ukrainian_Far_Right_The_Case_of_VO_Svoboda_in_Ruth_Wodak_and_John_E_Richardson_eds_Analyzing_Fascist_Discourse_European_Fascism_in_Talk_and_Text_London_and_New_York_Routledge_2013_228_255 https://www.academia.edu/2481420/_The_Return_of_the_Ukrainian_Far_Right_The_Case_of_VO_Svoboda_in_Ruth_Wodak_and_John_E_Richardson_eds_Analyzing_Fascist_Discourse_European_Fascism_in_Talk_and_Text_London_and_New_York_Routledge_2013_228_255The Return of the Ukrainian Far Right: The Case of VO Svoboda]|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|pages=229–247|editor=Ruth Wodak and John E. Richardson}}</ref><ref name=osw-tadeusz/> with a three-fingered hand reminiscent of the [[Tryzub|'Tryzub' pro-independence gesture]] of the late 1980s.<ref name=rudling13wr /> Svoboda also pushed [[neo-Nazi]] and other radical groups out the party,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=en&id=137051 |title = Resources}}</ref> distancing itself from its neofascist past while retaining the support of extreme nationalists.<ref name=umland2013rpl />


==Ideology==
==Ideology and Controversy==
Some media outlets, such as [[Lev Golinkin]] in ''[[The Nation]]'', have described it as "neo-Nazi".<ref name="theNation">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/neo-nazis-far-right-ukraine/ |author=Lev Golinkin|title=Neo-Nazis and the Far Right Are On the March in Ukraine |website=thenation.com |quote=Speaker of Parliament Andriy Parubiy cofounded and led two neo-Nazi organizations: the Social-National Party of Ukraine (later renamed Svoboda), and Patriot of Ukraine, whose members would eventually form the core of Azov.}}</ref> However, according to one scholarly article, "Only a small number of political scientists have classified the SNPU and its ideology. [[Andreas Umland]] and [[Anton Shekhovtsov]] characterize it as neo-fascist and extreme right... Tadeusz A. Olszanski...describes the ideology as radically nationalist with radical social rhetoric. There is also a study which describes the ideological positioning of the SNPU as national-centric and even liberal, but that also finds that the party leader has opinions that differ from the party program."<ref name="Iovenko 2015 pp. 229–237">{{cite journal | last=Iovenko | first=Artem | title=The ideology and development of the Social-National Party of Ukraine, and its transformation into the All-Ukrainian Union "Freedom," in 1990–2004 | journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies | publisher=University of California Press | volume=48 | issue=2/3 | year=2015 | issn=0967-067X | eissn=1873-6920 | jstor=48610450 | pages=229–237 | doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.06.010 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48610450 | access-date=2022-05-09}}</ref>
Some media outlets, such as [[Lev Golinkin]] in ''[[The Nation]]'', have described it as "neo-Nazi".<ref name="theNation">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/neo-nazis-far-right-ukraine/ |author=Lev Golinkin|title=Neo-Nazis and the Far Right Are On the March in Ukraine |website=thenation.com |quote=Speaker of Parliament Andriy Parubiy cofounded and led two neo-Nazi organizations: the Social-National Party of Ukraine (later renamed Svoboda), and Patriot of Ukraine, whose members would eventually form the core of Azov.}}</ref> However, according to one scholarly article, "Only a small number of political scientists have classified the SNPU and its ideology. [[Andreas Umland]] and [[Anton Shekhovtsov]] characterize it as neo-fascist and extreme right... Tadeusz A. Olszanski...describes the ideology as radically nationalist with radical social rhetoric. There is also a study which describes the ideological positioning of the SNPU as national-centric and even liberal, but that also finds that the party leader has opinions that differ from the party program."<ref name="Iovenko 2015 pp. 229–237">{{cite journal | last=Iovenko | first=Artem | title=The ideology and development of the Social-National Party of Ukraine, and its transformation into the All-Ukrainian Union "Freedom," in 1990–2004 | journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies | publisher=University of California Press | volume=48 | issue=2/3 | year=2015 | issn=0967-067X | eissn=1873-6920 | jstor=48610450 | pages=229–237 | doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.06.010 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48610450 | access-date=2022-05-09}}</ref>


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According to Artem Iovenko, "Externally, the SNPU has distanced itself from the classification as pro-fascist." New party leader Oleh Tyahnybok said in 2004: “We were not fascists. We never shared the ideology of German National Socialism."<ref name="Iovenko 2015 pp. 229–237"/>
According to Artem Iovenko, "Externally, the SNPU has distanced itself from the classification as pro-fascist." New party leader Oleh Tyahnybok said in 2004: “We were not fascists. We never shared the ideology of German National Socialism."<ref name="Iovenko 2015 pp. 229–237"/>




According to Kiev polytechnic institute Political scientist and fellow researcher at Academia, Volodymyr Ishchenko<ref>{{Cite web |title=Volodymyr Ishchenko {{!}} Freie Universität Berlin - Academia.edu |url=https://fu-berlin.academia.edu/VolodymyrIshchenko/CurriculumVitae |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=fu-berlin.academia.edu}}</ref> argued in a ''2018'' study<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denial of the Obvious: Far Right in Maidan Protests and Their Danger Today |url=https://voxukraine.org/en/denial-of-the-obvious-far-right-in-maidan-protests-and-their-danger-today |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=voxukraine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> That for the sake of academic truth; liberal movements, and media have adopted a denialist narrative originating during Maidan protests as politically motivated attempts to counter "Russian propaganda exaggerating the far right role in Ukraine" and to legitimize the events for the Western liberal-progressive public. The denialist narrative obfuscated the dynamics of the toppling [[Viktor Yanukovych]] in 2014 and is preventing an adequate analysis of the radical nationalists’ (Svoboda) danger now downplaying their extra parliamentary power, violent resources, mobilization potential, interpenetration with law enforcement and overall impact on Ukrainian politics.


Svoboda has been documented to express extreme far right fascist ideals, slogans, and paraphernalia, relating to Ukraine's recent [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine|world war 2 past]] when in 2014, 15,000 Svoboda members and their followers held torchlight marches honoring controversial Ukrainian 'nationalist' leader [[Stepan Bandera]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thousands march to honor Nazi collaborator in Kiev {{!}} The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/thousands-march-to-honor-nazi-collaborator-in-kiev/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=www.timesofisrael.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-02 |title=Ukraine nationalists march in Kiev to honour Bandera |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30655184 |access-date=2023-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Whelan |first=Brian |date=2014-01-24 |title=Ukraine: far-right extremists at core of ‘democracy’ protest |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/kiev-svoboda-far-right-protests-right-sector-riot-police |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Channel 4 News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=15,000 Ukraine nationalists march for divisive Bandera |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/01/01/ukraine-bandera/4279897/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>, who fought against the Soviets during the Second World War, had collaborated with Nazi Germany's [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]], then fought against the organization. Stepan Bandera's Ukrainian Insurgent Army OUN & OUN B allegedly took part in the massacre of thousands of Ukrainian Jews and Poles during the [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]].

Oleh Tyahnybok, caused great controversy in a speech on that day when the marches to place, when he sought inspiration and praised Stepan Bandera when he was quoted calling for Ukrainians to fight against a "Muscovite-Jewish mafia"<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-12-22 |title=Svoboda: The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20824693 |access-date=2023-06-02}}</ref> saying the following words:

“[You are the ones] ''that the Moscow–Jewish mafia ruling Ukraine fears most''“

“''They were not afraid and we should not be afraid. They took their automatic guns on their necks and went into the woods, and fought against the Moskali, Germans, Kikes and other scum who wanted to take away our Ukrainian state."'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Peter |date=2014-03-13 |title=The Scary Side of the Ukraine Troika |url=https://www.counterpunch.org/2014/03/13/the-scary-side-of-the-ukraine-troika/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=CounterPunch.org |language=en-US}}</ref>.

Oleh Tyahnybok's speech has consequently resulted in him getting kicked out of former President [[Viktor Yushchenko]]'s parliamentary faction [[Our Ukraine (political party)]] due to the extremely controversial rhetoric used.

In April 2005, he co-signed an [[Antisemitism|Antisemitic]] open letter to Ukrainian leaders, including President Yushchenko, calling for a parliamentary investigation into "criminal activities" of "organised Jewry" in Ukraine<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-10 |title=NCSJ - Ukraine Notables Sign Anti-Semitic Letter |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310003603/http://www.ncsj.org/AuxPages/042005Ukr_letter.shtml |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>. And has claimed that they have enriched themselves through criminal activities and plan to engineer a “genocide” upon the Christian Ukrainian population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-19 |title=Euromaidan: The Dark Shadows Of The Far Right In Ukraine Protests |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/euromaidan-dark-shadows-far-right-ukraine-protests-1556654 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

Tyahnybok denies that he has expressed any antisemitic views, and stresses that he has never been convicted for [[Antisemitism]] or racial hatred, though prosecutors opened multiple court cases against which resulted in him winning all of them.

Other Svoboda members have also courted controversy when Svoboda member [[:uk:Михальчишин_Юрій_Адріянович|Yuriy Mykhalchyshyn]] a parliamentary deputy considered one of the party's ideologues and an officer of [[Azov Brigade]], often remarked quotes to Nazi propaganda minister [[Joseph Goebbels]], as well as other National-Socialist leaders such as [[Ernst Röhm]] and [[Gregor Strasser]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-19 |title=Euromaidan: The Dark Shadows Of The Far Right In Ukraine Protests |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/euromaidan-dark-shadows-far-right-ukraine-protests-1556654 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref>


== Electoral results ==
== Electoral results ==

Revision as of 08:02, 2 June 2023

Social-National Party of Ukraine
Соціал-національна партія України
Founded13 October 1991; 33 years ago (1991-10-13)
Registered16 October 1995; 29 years ago (1995-10-16)[1]
DissolvedFebruary 2004; 20 years ago (2004-02)
Succeeded bySvoboda
HeadquartersLviv, Ukraine
Youth wingPatriot of Ukraine
Membership (2004[2])1,000[2]
IdeologyNeo-fascism
Neo-nazism
Ukrainian nationalism
Ethnic nationalism[3]
Anti-communism
Political positionFar-right
Party flag

The Social-National Party of Ukraine (Template:Lang-uk) (SNPU) was a far-right party in Ukraine that would later become known as Svoboda ( Translated "Freedom" Party). The party combined radical nationalism, neo-nazi[4][5][6][7][8] and anti-communist positions.[9]

History

The party was registered on October 16, 1995[1][10] It was founded by the Student Fraternity of Lviv city, public organization of the Soviet Afghan War veterans, a youth organization "Spadshchyna" (Heritage) and the Rukh Guard.[3] Its ideology was based on OUN politician Yaroslav Stetsko's Two revolutions.[3][11]

On 21 September 1993 its "people's formations" came to the Verkhovna Rada building dressed all in black to differentiate themselves from woodland camouflaged UNA-UNSO activists.[3]

In the second half of 1990s the party also recruited skinheads and football hooligans.[11][3] The party was alleged to be involved in criminal fighting which resulted in physical elimination of criminal elements of the Caucasus region from the West Ukraine.[3] According to Svoboda's website, during the 1994 Ukrainian parliamentary elections the party presented its platform as distinct from those of the communists and social democrats.[12] SNPU did not win any seats to the national parliament, but managed to receive some seats in the Lviv Regional Council.[3]

In the 1998 parliamentary elections, the party joined a bloc of parties (together with the All-Ukrainian Political Movement "State Independence of Ukraine")[13] called "Less Words" (Template:Lang-uk), which collected 0.16% of the national vote.[10][14][15] Oleh Tyahnybok[16] as a member of the SNPU Board of Commissioners[3] was voted into the Ukrainian Parliament in this election.[16] He became a member of the People's Movement of Ukraine faction.[16]

The party established the paramilitary organization Patriot of Ukraine in 1999 as an "Association of Support" for the Military of Ukraine. In 2000 on invitation of SNPU, Ukraine was visited by Jean-Marie Le Pen (at that time a leader of the National Front).[3] The paramilitary organization was disbanded in 2004 during the SNPU's reformation and reformed in 2005[17] and currently one of the five major parties of the country.[18] Svoboda officially ended association with the group in 2007,[19] but they remain informally linked.[20][21][22]

In 2001, the party joined some actions of the "Ukraine without Kuchma" protest campaign and was active in forming the association of Ukraine's rightist parties and in supporting Viktor Yushchenko's candidacy for prime minister, although it did not participate in party lists for the 2002 parliamentary elections,[10] although some of its candidates stood in single constituencies.[3] The SNPU again performed poorly in the elections.[3] However, as a member of Victor Yushchenko’s Our Ukraine bloc, Tyahnybok was reelected to the Ukrainian parliament.[3][16] The SNPU won two seats in the Lviv oblast council of deputies and won representation in the city and district councils in the Lviv and Volyn oblasts.[12][third-party source needed]

In 2004 the party had fewer than 1,000 members.[2] Andriy Parubiy left the party in 2004 and later joined centre-right party Our Ukraine of president Viktor Yushchenko.

The party changed its name to the All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda" in February 2004 with the arrival of Oleh Tyahnybok as party leader.[17] Tyahnybok made some efforts to moderate the party's extremist image.[23] The party not only replaced its name, but also abandoned the Wolfsangel logo[11][17] with a three-fingered hand reminiscent of the 'Tryzub' pro-independence gesture of the late 1980s.[11] Svoboda also pushed neo-Nazi and other radical groups out the party,[24] distancing itself from its neofascist past while retaining the support of extreme nationalists.[23]

Ideology and Controversy

Some media outlets, such as Lev Golinkin in The Nation, have described it as "neo-Nazi".[25] However, according to one scholarly article, "Only a small number of political scientists have classified the SNPU and its ideology. Andreas Umland and Anton Shekhovtsov characterize it as neo-fascist and extreme right... Tadeusz A. Olszanski...describes the ideology as radically nationalist with radical social rhetoric. There is also a study which describes the ideological positioning of the SNPU as national-centric and even liberal, but that also finds that the party leader has opinions that differ from the party program."[9]

Umland and Shekhovtsov wrote that "of these various Ukrainian nationalist parties the SNPU was the least inclined to conceal its neofascist affiliations... the official name of the party’s ideology, “social nationalism,” clearly referred back to “national socialism”—the official name of the ideology of the National-Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) and of the Hitlerite regime.[26] According to Der Spiegel the "Social-National Party" title was an "intentional reference to Adolf Hitler's National Socialist party."[4]

Another echo was the use of the Wolfsangel logo, a symbol popular among neo-Nazi groups: "Its official symbol was the somewhat modified Wolf’s Hook (Wolfsangel), used as a symbol by the German SS division Das Reich and the Dutch SS division Landstorm Nederland during World War II and by a number of European neofascist organizations after 1945. As seen by the SNPU leadership, the Wolf’s Hook became the “idea of the nation.”[26] The Ukrainian political scientist Vitaliy Kulyk however stated that while similar to signs used by Neo-Nazi organizations in Europe the sign "Idea of the Nation" has nothing to do with Wolfsangel and there were no actions that confirmed the party's Nazi image.[3]

Political scientist Tadeusz Olszański wrote that the social-nationalist ideology adhered to has included "openly racist rhetoric" concerning 'white supremacy' since its establishment, and that therefore comparisons with National Socialism are legitimized by its history.[17] The party advocated the social nationalist ideology by combining radical nationalism with equally radical social rhetoric. Among the canons of its ideology there was: a vision of the nation as a natural community, the primacy of the nation’s rights over human rights, the urge to build an ‘ethnic economy’, but also an openly racist rhetoric concerning ‘white supremacy’.[citation needed]

According to Artem Iovenko, "Externally, the SNPU has distanced itself from the classification as pro-fascist." New party leader Oleh Tyahnybok said in 2004: “We were not fascists. We never shared the ideology of German National Socialism."[9]



According to Kiev polytechnic institute Political scientist and fellow researcher at Academia, Volodymyr Ishchenko[27] argued in a 2018 study[28] That for the sake of academic truth; liberal movements, and media have adopted a denialist narrative originating during Maidan protests as politically motivated attempts to counter "Russian propaganda exaggerating the far right role in Ukraine" and to legitimize the events for the Western liberal-progressive public. The denialist narrative obfuscated the dynamics of the toppling Viktor Yanukovych in 2014 and is preventing an adequate analysis of the radical nationalists’ (Svoboda) danger now downplaying their extra parliamentary power, violent resources, mobilization potential, interpenetration with law enforcement and overall impact on Ukrainian politics.


Svoboda has been documented to express extreme far right fascist ideals, slogans, and paraphernalia, relating to Ukraine's recent world war 2 past when in 2014, 15,000 Svoboda members and their followers held torchlight marches honoring controversial Ukrainian 'nationalist' leader Stepan Bandera[29][30][31][32], who fought against the Soviets during the Second World War, had collaborated with Nazi Germany's Reichskommissariat Ukraine, then fought against the organization. Stepan Bandera's Ukrainian Insurgent Army OUN & OUN B allegedly took part in the massacre of thousands of Ukrainian Jews and Poles during the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia.

Oleh Tyahnybok, caused great controversy in a speech on that day when the marches to place, when he sought inspiration and praised Stepan Bandera when he was quoted calling for Ukrainians to fight against a "Muscovite-Jewish mafia"[33] saying the following words:

“[You are the ones] that the Moscow–Jewish mafia ruling Ukraine fears most“

“They were not afraid and we should not be afraid. They took their automatic guns on their necks and went into the woods, and fought against the Moskali, Germans, Kikes and other scum who wanted to take away our Ukrainian state." [34].

Oleh Tyahnybok's speech has consequently resulted in him getting kicked out of former President Viktor Yushchenko's parliamentary faction Our Ukraine (political party) due to the extremely controversial rhetoric used.

In April 2005, he co-signed an Antisemitic open letter to Ukrainian leaders, including President Yushchenko, calling for a parliamentary investigation into "criminal activities" of "organised Jewry" in Ukraine[35]. And has claimed that they have enriched themselves through criminal activities and plan to engineer a “genocide” upon the Christian Ukrainian population.[36]

Tyahnybok denies that he has expressed any antisemitic views, and stresses that he has never been convicted for Antisemitism or racial hatred, though prosecutors opened multiple court cases against which resulted in him winning all of them.

Other Svoboda members have also courted controversy when Svoboda member Yuriy Mykhalchyshyn a parliamentary deputy considered one of the party's ideologues and an officer of Azov Brigade, often remarked quotes to Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, as well as other National-Socialist leaders such as Ernst Röhm and Gregor Strasser.[37]

Electoral results

Year Popular vote Percentage Overall seats Change Outcome
1994 49,483 0.2%
0 / 450
 New Extra-parliamentary
1998 45,155 0,16%
1 / 450
 Increase 1 Opposition

References

  1. ^ a b Oblast Council demands Svoboda Party be banned in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (May 12, 2011)
  2. ^ a b c Shekhovtsov, Anton (2011). "The Creeping Resurgence of the Ukrainian Radical Right? The Case of the Freedom Party". Europe-Asia Studies. 63 (2): 203–228. doi:10.1080/09668136.2011.547696. S2CID 155079439. (source also available here)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Andrusechko, Petro Tyahnybok's path towards Svoboda. Ukrayinsky zhurnal Poznan, May 2009, p.36-39
  4. ^ a b Spiegel Staff (27 January 2014). "The Right Wing's Role in Ukrainian Protests". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  5. ^ "NYT Discovers Ukraine's Neo-Nazis at War". 2022-05-14.
  6. ^ "Volunteer Ukrainian unit includes Nazis". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
  7. ^ Landin, Conrad (2018-06-14). "Scottish Parliament welcomes founder of Ukrainian neonazi party". Morning Star. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
  8. ^ Codepink (2022-03-12). "How the U.S. Has Empowered and Armed Neo-Nazis in Ukraine". Pressenza. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
  9. ^ a b c Iovenko, Artem (2015). "The ideology and development of the Social-National Party of Ukraine, and its transformation into the All-Ukrainian Union "Freedom," in 1990–2004". Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 48 (2/3). University of California Press: 229–237. doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.06.010. eISSN 1873-6920. ISSN 0967-067X. JSTOR 48610450. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  10. ^ a b c (in Ukrainian)Всеукраїнське об'єднання «Свобода», Database ASD
  11. ^ a b c d Rudling, Per Anders (2013). Ruth Wodak and John E. Richardson (ed.). https://www.academia.edu/2481420/_The_Return_of_the_Ukrainian_Far_Right_The_Case_of_VO_Svoboda_in_Ruth_Wodak_and_John_E_Richardson_eds_Analyzing_Fascist_Discourse_European_Fascism_in_Talk_and_Text_London_and_New_York_Routledge_2013_228_255 https://www.academia.edu/2481420/_The_Return_of_the_Ukrainian_Far_Right_The_Case_of_VO_Svoboda_in_Ruth_Wodak_and_John_E_Richardson_eds_Analyzing_Fascist_Discourse_European_Fascism_in_Talk_and_Text_London_and_New_York_Routledge_2013_228_255The Return of the Ukrainian Far Right: The Case of VO Svoboda]. New York: Routledge. pp. 229–247. {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help)
  12. ^ a b "About party". Svoboda. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  13. ^ Elections of folk deputies of Ukraine on March 29, 1998 the Election programmes of political parties and electoral blocs Archived March 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine (1998)
  14. ^ "Central Election Commission of Ukraine". Archived from the original on 2014-02-19. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  15. ^ Candidates list for Less words Archived 2012-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, Central Election Commission of Ukraine
  16. ^ a b c d (in Ukrainian) Олег Тягнибок, Ukrinform
  17. ^ a b c d Olszański, Tadeusz A. (4 July 2011). "Svoboda Party – The New Phenomenon on the Ukrainian Right-Wing Scene". Centre for Eastern Studies. OSW Commentary (56): 6. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  18. ^ After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions, Centre for Eastern Studies (7 November 2012)
  19. ^ "Заява Організації "Патріот України" про розрив стосунків з ВО "Свобода"". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-30.
  20. ^ Stern, David (2012-12-26). "The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists". BBC News.
  21. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-19. Retrieved 2014-03-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. ^ Shekhovtsov, Anton (24 July 2012). "Security threats and the Ukrainian far right". Open Democracy. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
  23. ^ a b Umland, Andreas; Anton Shekhovstsov (2013). "Ultraright Party Politics in Post-Soviet Ukraine and the Puzzle of the Electoral Marginalism of Ukraine Ultranationalists in 1994-2009". Russian Politics and Law. 51 (5): 33–58. doi:10.2753/rup1061-1940510502. S2CID 144502924.
  24. ^ "Resources".
  25. ^ Lev Golinkin. "Neo-Nazis and the Far Right Are On the March in Ukraine". thenation.com. Speaker of Parliament Andriy Parubiy cofounded and led two neo-Nazi organizations: the Social-National Party of Ukraine (later renamed Svoboda), and Patriot of Ukraine, whose members would eventually form the core of Azov.
  26. ^ a b Umland, Andreas; Anton Shekhovtsov (September–October 2013). "Ultraright Party Politics in Post-Soviet Ukraine and the Puzzle of the Electoral Marginalism of Ukrainian Ultranationalists in 1994–2009". Russian Politics and Law. 51 (5): 41. doi:10.2753/rup1061-1940510502. S2CID 144502924.
  27. ^ "Volodymyr Ishchenko | Freie Universität Berlin - Academia.edu". fu-berlin.academia.edu. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
  28. ^ "Denial of the Obvious: Far Right in Maidan Protests and Their Danger Today". voxukraine.org. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
  29. ^ "Thousands march to honor Nazi collaborator in Kiev | The Times of Israel". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
  30. ^ "Ukraine nationalists march in Kiev to honour Bandera". BBC News. 2015-01-02. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
  31. ^ Whelan, Brian (2014-01-24). "Ukraine: far-right extremists at core of 'democracy' protest". Channel 4 News. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
  32. ^ "15,000 Ukraine nationalists march for divisive Bandera". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
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  34. ^ Lee, Peter (2014-03-13). "The Scary Side of the Ukraine Troika". CounterPunch.org. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
  35. ^ "NCSJ - Ukraine Notables Sign Anti-Semitic Letter". web.archive.org. 2012-03-10. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
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