Marawa Minangkabau

Alam Minangkabau

Basa Alam Minangkabau
Use	Luak Nan Tigo and rantau
Adopted	1347 (by Pagaruyung Darul Qarar); 675 years ago
Design	A vertical tricolour of black, red, and gold
Minangkabau Customs Flag
Use	Customary Institutions
Adopted	Unknown
Design	A four-color vertical chart composed of black-gold-white-red
Negeri Sembilan
Use	State flag of Negeri Sembilan
Adopted	1895
Design	Basa Alam with gold as the base color, diagonal red on the top, and black on the bottom.

Marawa is a tricolor flag that consists of three vertical charts that feature the colors of Minangkabau Nature: black, red, and gold. It is not known for sure when this flag was first used; officially adopted as the flag of the Minangkabau Pagaruyung Kingdom since the establishment of this kingdom in 1347. This flag was also adopted by other kingdoms of the Minangkabau rantau such as the Inderapura Kingdom.

Since the founding of the Minangkabau Confederation, Minangkabau has had two basic color traditions (basa), black-red-gold and black-gold-white-red. Black-red-gold is the flag of Basa Alam Minangkabau, Minangkabau Confederation, Pagaruyung Kingdom, and the predecessor kingdoms mentioned in Tambo Alam Minangkabau.

The black color represents pangulu, gold represents manti, white represents malin, and red represents dubalang.

Origins

The association of Minangkabau with the colors black, red, and gold (or yellow) is unknown, but the black-red-gold flag was traditionally used to symbolise the Luak Nan Tigo (Minangkabau Confederation) established in the Minangkabau Highlands by their ancestors, as well as the area of origin of the Minang people before they migrated to areas beyond. The black colour represents Luak Limo Puluah (Lima Puluh Kota Regency and Payakumbuh City), the red colour represents Luak Agam (Agam Regency, Bukittinggi City, Padang Pariaman Regency, Pariaman City, and Padang City), and the gold colour represents Luak Tanah Data (Tanah Datar Regency and surrounding areas).

Besides symbolising nature, each colour also represents key cultural values. Black for the Minangkabau people has the meaning of eternity, or called tahan tampo (resistant to forging), red symbolises courage and endurance, while gold symbolises majesty, brilliance and shine. In Minangkabau custom, these three colours also symbolise Tali Tigo Sapilin, Tungku Tigo Sajarangan (Triumvirate of Minangkabau Nature), that is ninik mamak, cerdik pandai and alim ulama. Ninik mamak is symbolised in black, cerdik pandai in red, and alim ulama in gold.

Flag Variation

Basa Alam Minangkabau Flag

Black-gold-red colored flags at the Pascasarjana building, Universitas Andalas Padang.

The black-red-gold color arrangement at the Basa Pagaruyung Palace.

Since the establishment of the Minangkabau Confederation, Minangkabau has had two traditions of basa (big) colours, black-red-gold and black-gold-white-red and black-gold-white-red. Black-red-gold are the colours of Basa Alam Minangkabau, the Minangkabau Confederation, the Kingdom of Pagaruyung, and the predecessor kingdoms derived from the Tambo Alam Minangkabau. The colour arrangement varies according to the region or region of origin that uses the flag. The red-gold-black colour arrangement is used in the Badak Limo Puluh region or those who use it come from Limo Puluh, black-gold-red in the Luak Agam region, and black-red-gold for the Luak Tanah Data. These flag colours are also the traditional colours in Minangkabau, the basic colours of traditional house decorations or motifs, the dominant colours on the aisle and the traditional banner, which is used in every official state ceremony in Minangkabau.

Minangkabau Customs Flag

The Minangkabau folk flag (Marawa Basa Adat Minangkabau) is a four-color vertical chart composed of black-gold-white-red, which symbolizes the four leaders of the Minangkabau clan (Urang Nan Ampek Jinih). Black represents the chieftain (pangulu), gold represents the law enforcement elders (Manti) who arbitrate tribal customary law, white represents the priest in charge of religious affairs (Malin) and red represents the warrior chief (Dubalang) who guards the village. This flag is only used at official ceremonies of the Ninik Mamak Pemangku Adat bases, such as at the ceremony of taking their oath of office.

Apart from Urang Nan Ampek Jinih, in Minangkabau custom, there is another important position, bundo kanduang, which is the mother who is the teacher in the rumah gadang and has the title Limpapeh Rumah Nan Gadang.

Flag of the Negeri Sembilan

Main article: Flag and coat of arms of Negeri Sembilan

Rows of black, red and gold marquees at Istana Basa Sari Mananti in Negeri Sembilan.

The flag of Negeri Sembilan is a tricolour flag consisting of gold as the flag's base colour, red across the top, and black at the bottom, both forming a four-square. The flag was inaugurated in 1895, when the Datuk-Datuk Undang Empat with Yamtuan Muhammad was successfully reunited by the United Kingdom, making the kingdom whole again.

References

Sources

• Franzia, Elda; Piliang, Yasraf A.; Saidi, Acep I. (20 May 2015). "Manifestation of Minangkabau Cultural Identity through Public Engagement in Virtual". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 184. Elsevier: 56–62. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.05.053.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Hidayat, Herry N.; Sudardi, Bani; Widodo, Sahid T.; Habsari, Sri K. (2021). "Menggali Minangkabau dalam film dengan mise-en-scene". ProTVF (in Indonesian). 5 (1). Universitas Padjadjaran: 117–144. doi:10.24198/ptvf.v5i1.29433.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Japar, M.; Syarifa, Syifa; Fadhilah, Dini N.; Damayanti, Adenita (2021). Kajian Masyarakat Indonesia & Multikulturalisme Berbasis Kearifan Lokal (in Indonesian). Surabaya: Jakad Media Publishing. p. 88. ISBN 6236442428.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• Kasmijan, Iza K. (2 January 2020). Teck, Lim A.; Omar, Wan A. W. (eds.). Malaysia Baru (in Malay). Johor: Jabatan Penerangan. p. 54.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• "Marawa Jadi Perlambang Tiga Luhak di Minangkabau". Harian Haluan (in Indonesian). 12 February 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
• Prismasiwi, Landy; Jannah, Annissa N. (30 November 2018). "Inilah Marawa Wilayah Adat Luhak Nan Tigo Minangkabau". GenPi.co (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Saifullah; Yulika, Febri (2017). Pertautan Budaya - Sejarah Minangkabau & Negeri Sembilan (in Indonesian). Padang Panjang: ISI Padang Panjang. p. 84. ISBN 9786025084669.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• Sartika, Nifha; Sukanadi, I Made; Aruman (1 December 2021). "Perancangan Motif Batik Rumah Gadang Dalam Busana Kasual". Style: Journal of Fashion Design (in Indonesian). 1 (1). ISI Padang Panjang: 36–51.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Yandri (2014). "Tenun Songket Pandai Sikek Dalam Budaya Masyarakat Minangkabau". Humanus (in Indonesian). 8 (1): 28–34. doi:10.24036/jh.v13i1.4094.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Further reading

Journal

• Khairuzzaky (2018). "Kajian Struktur Ragam Hias Ukiran Tradisional Minangkabau Pada Istano Basa Pagaruyung". Jurnal Titik Imaji (in Indonesian). 1 (1). doi:10.30813/.v1i1.1090.
• Parsada, Janihari (2017). "Ondeh Marawa". Jurnal Seni Tari (in Indonesian). 8 (2). doi:10.24821/joged.v8i2.1891.
• Rahman, Abdul; Sami, Yasrul; Hafiz, A. (2017). "Simbol - Simbol Minangkabau Dalam Karya Seni Lukis". SERUPA : The Journal Of Art Education (in Indonesian). 6 (1).

See also

• Flag and coat of arms of Negeri Sembilan
• Flag of Batak
• Karamentang
• Umbul-umbul