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Gaf, or gāf, can be the name of different Perso-Arabic letters, all representing /ɡ/. They are all forms of the letter kāf, with additional diacritics, such as dots and lines. There are four forms, each used in different places:

گ‎ in Perso-Arabic alphabet
ݢ‎ in the Jawi script
ࢴ‎ in the Pegon script
ګ‎ in Pashto
ڳ‎ in Sindhi and Saraiki

Note that the standard practice in Egypt (in Literary Arabic and Egyptian Arabic), so as in coastal Yemen, southwestern and eastern Oman, is to use ج ǧīm for /g/, while in Arabic dialects like Algerian Arabic, Hejazi Arabic and Najdi Arabic the ق qāf, so the name gāf (Hejazi: Template:IPA-acw, Najdi: [ɡɑːf]) can be used for the letter when trying to explain a pronunciation or a spelling of a word, whether the word is foreign or dialectal.

ك kāf has been traditionally used in the Levant and Iraq for /g/, if not گ, particularly in Iraq. In Morocco, ݣ or ك are used. In Tunisia and Algeria, ڨ or ق qāf used.

غ ġayn is preferred in the Levant (nowadays), and by Aljazeera TV channel to be used instead to represent /ɡ/ e.g. هونغ كونغ (Hong Kong) and غاندالف (Gandalf). Foreign publications and TV channels in Arabic, e.g. Deutsche Welle,^[1] and Alhurra,^[2] follow this practice.

Gaf with line

گ‎ is based on kāf with an additional line. It is rarely used in Standard Arabic itself, but may be used to represent the sound /ɡ/ when writing other languages. It is frequently used in Persian, Pashto, Uyghur, Urdu and Kurdish and is one of four Perso-Arabic letters not found in Arabic. It is also commonly used in Mesopotamian Arabic.^[3]

ڭ‎/ݣ‎ can also be used to represent /ɡ/ in Morocco. ^[4]

Position in word:	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Naskh glyph form: (Help)	گ‎	ـگ‎	ـگـ‎	گـ‎
Nastaʿlīq glyph form:	گ	ــــگ	ــــگــــ	گــــ

Gaf with single dot above

ݢ‎ is derived from a variant form (ک‎) of kāf with the addition of a dot. It is not used in the Arabic language itself, but is used in the Jawi script of Malay to represent a voiced velar stop /ɡ/. Unicode includes two forms on this letter: one based on the standard Arabic kāf, ك‎, and one based on the variant form ک‎. The latter is the preferred form.^[5]

Appearance	Code point	Name
ڬ‎	U+06AC	ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH DOT ABOVE
ݢ‎	U+0762	ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH DOT ABOVE

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ڬ‎	ـڬ‎	ـڬـ‎	ڬـ‎

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ݢ‎	ـݢ‎	ـݢـ‎	ݢـ‎

Gaf with a dot or three dots below

ڮ‎ and ࢴ‎ are derived from a variant form (ك‎) of kāf with the addition of three dots or a dot below. They are not used in the Arabic language itself, but are used in the Pegon script of Indonesian languages and in the Arwi alphabet of the Tamil language^[6] to represent a voiced velar stop /ɡ/, respectively.

Appearance	Code point	Name
ڮ‎	U+06AE	ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH THREE DOTS BELOW

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ڮ‎	ـڮ‎	ـڮـ‎	ڮـ‎

Appearance	Code point	Name
ࢴ‎	U+08B4	ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH DOT BELOW

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ࢴ‎	ـࢴ‎	ـࢴـ‎	ࢴـ‎

Gaf with line and two dots

ڳ‎ is derived from a variant form (ک‎) of kāf with the addition of a line and two dots. It is used in the Sindhi and Saraiki alphabets for /ɠ/.

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ڳ‎	ـڳ‎	ـڳـ‎	ڳـ‎

Gaf with three dots

ڭ‎ was used in Ottoman Turkish language for /ŋ/, another form ݣ‎, both are based on a variant form (ک‎) of kāf with the addition of three dots. It is used in Berber and Moroccan Arabic to represent /ɡ/. Examples of its use include city names (such as Agadir أݣادير‎, also written: أكادير‎) and family names (such as El Guerrouj الݣروج‎, also written: الكروج‎). The preferred form is ڭ‎.

Appearance	Code point	Name
ڭ‎	U+06AC	ARABIC LETTER NG
ݣ‎	U+0762	ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH THREE DOT ABOVE

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ڭ‎	ـڭ‎	ـڭـ‎	ڭـ‎

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ݣ‎	ـݣ‎	ـݣـ‎	ݣـ‎

Gaf with ring

In Pashto for /ɡ/:

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ګ‎	ـګ‎	ـګـ‎	ګـ‎

Kaf with inverted stroke

In Chechen, Kabardian, and Adyghe, an the Arabic character ࢰ‎ is used to spell the Кӏ ⟨Kh⟩ for /kʼ/ or /t͡ʃʼ/. In Chechen, ⟨گ‎⟩ is alternatively used as well.

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ࢰ‎	ـࢰ‎	ـࢰـ‎	ࢰـ‎

Afrikaans gin

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ݝ‎	ـݝ‎	ـݝـ‎	ݝـ‎

Based on ghayn (غ), called gīn /ɡiːn/, historically used in the Arabic Afrikaans script to spell /ɡ/ in Afrikaans.

Character encoding

Character information
Preview	گ		ڳ		ݢ		ڭ		ࢴ		ݣ		ڰ		ࢰ		ݝ
Unicode name	ARABIC LETTER GAF		ARABIC LETTER GUEH		ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH DOT ABOVE		ARABIC LETTER NG		ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH DOT BELOW		ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE		ARABIC LETTER GAF WITH RING		ARABIC LETTER GAF WITH INVERTED STROKE		ARABIC LETTER AIN WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	1711	U+06AF	1715	U+06B3	1890	U+0762	1709	U+06AD	2228	U+08B4	1891	U+0763	1712	U+06B0	2224	U+08B0	1885	U+075D
UTF-8	218 175	DA AF	218 179	DA B3	221 162	DD A2	218 173	DA AD	224 162 180	E0 A2 B4	221 163	DD A3	218 176	DA B0	224 162 176	E0 A2 B0	221 157	DD 9D
Numeric character reference	گ	گ	ڳ	ڳ	ݢ	ݢ	ڭ	ڭ	ࢴ	ࢴ	ݣ	ݣ	ڰ	ڰ	ࢰ	ࢰ	ݝ	ݝ

References

^ "Leningrad لينينغراد spelled with غ rather than ج". Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^ ""Blogger" بلوغر is spelled with غ, not ج about an article on Egypt quoting an Egyptian official Facebook post spelling it بلوجر with ج". Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^ Alkalesi, Yasin M. (2001) "Modern iraqi arabic: A textbook". Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878407880
^ The letter ڭ used in an article on Moroccan Arabic learning; "واش كتهدر بالإنݣليزية" "Learn Moroccan Arabic". Best Riad Marakkesh. *note: source is unreliable
^ Jonatha Kew (2003). "Proposal to encode Jawi and Moroccan Arabic GAF characters" (PDF).
^ Pournader, Roozbeh (June 24, 2013). "Proposal to encode three Arabic characters for Arwi" (PDF).

External links

Notes on some Unicode Arabic characters: recommendations for usage (PDF)

[1] "Leningrad لينينغراد spelled with غ rather than ج". Retrieved 14 December 2022.

[2] ""Blogger" بلوغر is spelled with غ, not ج about an article on Egypt quoting an Egyptian official Facebook post spelling it بلوجر with ج". Retrieved 14 December 2022.

[3] Alkalesi, Yasin M. (2001) "Modern iraqi arabic: A textbook". Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878407880

[4] The letter ڭ used in an article on Moroccan Arabic learning; "واش كتهدر بالإنݣليزية" "Learn Moroccan Arabic". Best Riad Marakkesh. *note: source is unreliable

[5] Jonatha Kew (2003). "Proposal to encode Jawi and Moroccan Arabic GAF characters" (PDF).

[6] Pournader, Roozbeh (June 24, 2013). "Proposal to encode three Arabic characters for Arwi" (PDF).

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@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 {{big|{{script/Arabic|گ}}}} is based on kāf with an additional line. It is rarely used in [[Modern Standard Arabic|Standard Arabic]] itself, but may be used to represent the sound {{IPAslink|ɡ}} when writing other languages.
-It is frequently used in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Urdu]] and [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] and is one of four Perso-Arabic letters not found in Arabic. It is also commonly used in [[Mesopotamian Arabic]].<ref>Alkalesi, Yasin M. (2001) "Modern iraqi arabic: A textbook". Georgetown University Press. ISBN: 978-0878407880</ref>
+It is frequently used in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Urdu]] and [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] and is one of four Perso-Arabic letters not found in Arabic. It is also commonly used in [[Mesopotamian Arabic]].<ref>Alkalesi, Yasin M. (2001) "Modern iraqi arabic: A textbook". Georgetown University Press. {{ISBN|978-0878407880}}</ref>
 {{big|{{script/Arabic|ڭ}}}}/{{big|{{script/Arabic|ݣ}}}} can also be used to represent {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in [[Morocco]]. <ref>The letter ڭ used in an article on Moroccan Arabic learning; "واش كتهدر بالإنݣليزية" {{cite web|url=http://www.31best-riad-marrakesh.com/learn-moroccan-arabic/|title=Learn Moroccan Arabic|work=Best Riad Marakkesh}} *note: source is unreliable</ref>