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=== Origins ===
=== Origins ===
Historians like Etukuru Balaramamurthy and Chintamani Lakshmanna note that Telagas are the descendants of [[Telugu Chodas|Telugu Choda]] dynasties like [[Velanati Chodas|Durjayas of Velanadu]] (1076–1216 CE) who ruled Coastal Andhra. These Telugu Chodas later came to be called Telagas over a period of time.<ref name=TC>{{bulleted list
Historians like Etukuru Balaramamurthy and Chintamani Lakshmanna note that Telagas are the descendants of [[Telugu Chodas|Telugu Choda]] dynasties like [[Velanati Chodas|Durjayas of Velanadu]] (1076–1216 CE) who ruled Coastal Andhra. These Telugu Chodas later came to be called Telagas over a period of time.<ref name=TC>{{bulleted list
|{{Cite book |last=Chintamani Lakshmanna |title=Caste Dynamics in Village India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyRDAQAAIAAJ |year=1973 |publisher=Nachiketa Publications|page=28}}: "...Velanadu (Krishna and Penna Doab) was ruled by Velanati Chodas and other areas were ruled by Telugu Chodas. In the course of time, these were called Telagas, one of the important non-Brahman castes."|{{Cite book |last=Etukuru Balaramamurthy|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.491430 |year=1953|title=ఆంధ్రుల సంక్షిప్త చరిత్ర |publisher=Visalaandhra Publishing House |language=te |trans-title=A Brief History of the Andhras |quote=(p. 97) తాము చతుర్ధ వంశస్టులమని, దుర్జయ కులోద్భవులమని వెలనాటి చోడులు చెప్పుకున్నారు. మిగతా తెలుగు చోడులు తాము సూర్యవంశజులమని, కరికాల చోళుని వంశస్థులమని చెప్పుకున్నారు. కాని వాస్తవానికి అందరూ ఒకే కుదురునుండి ప్రారంభమైన చతుర్ధ వంశస్థులే తప్ప వేరు కారు. వీరందరికీ కాలక్రమేణా తెలగాలు లేక కాపులు అను పేరు స్థిరమైంది. (p. 114) కోట బేతరాజు మొదలైనవారు తెలుగుచోడులు. వీరు క్రమంగా తెలగాలుగా మారారు.}}}}</ref>
|{{Cite book |last=Chintamani Lakshmanna |title=Caste Dynamics in Village India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyRDAQAAIAAJ |year=1973 |publisher=Nachiketa Publications|page=28}}: "...Velanadu (Krishna and Penna Doab) was ruled by Velanati Chodas and other areas were ruled by Telugu Chodas. In the course of time, these were called Telagas, one of the important non-Brahman castes."|{{Cite book |last=Etukuru Balaramamurthy|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.491430 |year=1953|title=ఆంధ్రుల సంక్షిప్త చరిత్ర |publisher=Visalaandhra Publishing House |language=te |trans-title=A Brief History of the Andhras |quote=(p. 97) తాము చతుర్ధ వంశస్టులమని, దుర్జయ కులోద్భవులమని వెలనాటి చోడులు చెప్పుకున్నారు. మిగతా తెలుగు చోడులు తాము సూర్యవంశజులమని, కరికాల చోళుని వంశస్థులమని చెప్పుకున్నారు. కాని వాస్తవానికి అందరూ ఒకే కుదురునుండి ప్రారంభమైన చతుర్ధ వంశస్థులే తప్ప వేరు కారు. వీరందరికీ కాలక్రమేణా తెలగాలు లేక కాపులు అను పేరు స్థిరమైంది. (p. 114) కోట బేతరాజు మొదలైనవారు తెలుగుచోడులు. వీరు క్రమంగా తెలగాలుగా మారారు.}}}}</ref>

Telagas were recorded as holding the [[Nayak (title)|Nayaka]] post in the medieval era.<ref>R. Narasimha Rao (1967). ''[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Corporate_life_in_medieval_Andhradesa.html?id=JemvjwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y Corporate Life in Medieval Andhradesa]''. [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]. p. 108.</ref><ref>P. S. Kanaka Durga (1989). ''Role of Nayakas in Medieval Andhra 1000-1259''. AP History Congress. p. 44.</ref> In the late medieval era, Telagas led the right-hand caste faction in [[Machilipatnam]] and other places of Andhra. The right-hand caste faction included [[Komati (caste)|Komatis]] and various other castes.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Price |first=Pamela G. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=x3GuKnZTGG4C&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India |publisher=Curzon Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780700711017 |editor1=John Jeya Paul |location=Richmond, Surrey |pages=34 |chapter= |editor2=Keith E. Yandell}}</ref> At the end of the eighteenth century, Telagas, along with [[Niyogi|Niyogi Brahmins]], were the leaders of the Maha-nad, a multi-caste secret assembly that was created to exact retribution for breaking the rules and rights of castes.<ref name=":2" />


Telagas were a formerly military caste who had taken up cultivation.{{Refn|<ref name=Baines>{{Cite book |last=Baines |first=Athelstane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5d0hEAAAQBAJ&dq=Telaga+army&pg=PA54 |title=Ethnography (Castes and Tribes): With a List of the More Important Works on Indian Ethnography by W. Siegling |date=2021-03-22 |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3-11-238388-9 |pages=54 |language=en |quote=The Telaga were once a military caste, and were till recently recruited for the native regiments of the British army, but now they are cultivators of a moderately high position, and only differ from their neighbours in being somewhat more fully Brahmanised.}}</ref><ref name=CoI61/><ref name=Brand>{{Cite book |last=Brand |first=Coenraad M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5gzTp13AXQC&dq=Telagas&pg=PA110 |title=State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology |date=1973 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-02490-8 |pages=110 |language=en |quote=... local warrior castes such as Rajus, Kammas, Velamas, Kapus, and Telagas dominated military occupations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Price |first=Pamela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8UeAgAAQBAJ&dq=Telagas+warrior&pg=PA34 |title=Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India |date=2013-11-19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-81801-1 |editor-last=Yandell |editor-first=Keith E. |editor-link=Keith Yandell |pages=34 |language=en |editor-last2=Paul |editor-first2=John J.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Velcheru Narayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0RuAAAAMAAJ&q=Telagas |title=Textures of Time: Writing History in South India 1600-1800 |last2=Shulman |first2=David Dean |last3=Subrahmanyam |first3=Sanjay |date=2003 |publisher=[[Other Press]] |isbn=978-1-59051-044-5 |pages=8, 30, 83 |language=en |author-link=Velcheru Narayana Rao |author-link2=David Dean Shulman |author-link3=Sanjay Subrahmanyam}}</ref><ref name=Roghair>{{Cite book |last=Roghair |first=Gene Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YoOAAAAYAAJ&q=Telaga+warriors |title=The Epic of Palnāḍu: A Study and Translation of Palnāṭi Vīrula Katha, a Telugu Oral Tradition from Andhra Pradesh, India |date=1982 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-815456-3 |pages=375 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Park |first=Richard Leonard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdu1AAAAIAAJ&q=Telagas+warrior |title=Region and Nation in India |date=1985 |publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-204-0002-3 |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Fox>{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Richard Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAXULggU0QMC&q=Telaga |title=Realm and Region in Traditional India |date=1977 |publisher=Duke University, Program in Comparative Studies on Southern Asia |isbn=978-0-916994-12-9 |pages=121 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQ5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Telagas+warrior |title=Indo-British Review |date=1984 |publisher=Indo-British Historical Society |volume=11 |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bawa |first=Vasant K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1HRAAAAMAAJ&q=Telagas+warriors |title=Aspects of Deccan History: Report of a Seminar |date=1975 |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies |pages=101 |language=en}}</ref>|name=wm}} H. A. Stuart wrote in 1891, "The Telagas are a Telugu caste of cultivators, who were formerly soldiers in the armies of the Hindu sovereigns of Telingana.{{refn|group=note|Until the late medieval era, the terms 'Telingana' and 'Andhra' both referred to all of the Telugu-speaking lands. While Andhra was an ancient name, Telingana was first used in the 14th century to refer to the land inhabited by Telugus.}} This may perhaps account for the name, for it is easy to see that the Telugu soldiers might come to be regarded as the Telugus or Telagas ''par excellence''".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumari |first=A. Vijaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-ffeWmj2JUC&dq=H.+A.+Stuart+Telaga&pg=PA7 |title=Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh |date=1998 |publisher=M. D. Publications |isbn=978-81-7533-072-6 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sōmaśēkharaśarma |first=Mallampalli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diYLAQAAIAAJ&q=Telagas |title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.) |date=1948 |publisher=[[Andhra University]] |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref> During the colonial era, they were noted to be highly Brahmanised and of a high social position.<ref name="Frykenberg">{{Cite journal |last=Frykenberg |first=Robert Eric |date=1965 |title=Elite Groups in a South Indian District: 1788-1858 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2050565 |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=261–281 |doi=10.2307/2050565 |jstor=2050565 |s2cid=153984852 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref>{{Rp|page=274}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoMzAQAAMAAJ&q=Telaga+Naidu |title=Lutheran Woman's Work |date=1922 |publisher=Lutheran Publication Society |volume=15 |pages=322 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Baines" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Jogendra Nath |url=http://archive.org/details/hinducastesands00bhatgoog |title=Hindu Castes and Sects |date=1896 |publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co. |pages=286 |author-link=Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya}}</ref>
Telagas were a formerly military caste who had taken up cultivation.{{Refn|<ref name=Baines>{{Cite book |last=Baines |first=Athelstane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5d0hEAAAQBAJ&dq=Telaga+army&pg=PA54 |title=Ethnography (Castes and Tribes): With a List of the More Important Works on Indian Ethnography by W. Siegling |date=2021-03-22 |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3-11-238388-9 |pages=54 |language=en |quote=The Telaga were once a military caste, and were till recently recruited for the native regiments of the British army, but now they are cultivators of a moderately high position, and only differ from their neighbours in being somewhat more fully Brahmanised.}}</ref><ref name=CoI61/><ref name=Brand>{{Cite book |last=Brand |first=Coenraad M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5gzTp13AXQC&dq=Telagas&pg=PA110 |title=State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology |date=1973 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-02490-8 |pages=110 |language=en |quote=... local warrior castes such as Rajus, Kammas, Velamas, Kapus, and Telagas dominated military occupations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Price |first=Pamela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8UeAgAAQBAJ&dq=Telagas+warrior&pg=PA34 |title=Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India |date=2013-11-19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-81801-1 |editor-last=Yandell |editor-first=Keith E. |editor-link=Keith Yandell |pages=34 |language=en |editor-last2=Paul |editor-first2=John J.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Velcheru Narayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0RuAAAAMAAJ&q=Telagas |title=Textures of Time: Writing History in South India 1600-1800 |last2=Shulman |first2=David Dean |last3=Subrahmanyam |first3=Sanjay |date=2003 |publisher=[[Other Press]] |isbn=978-1-59051-044-5 |pages=8, 30, 83 |language=en |author-link=Velcheru Narayana Rao |author-link2=David Dean Shulman |author-link3=Sanjay Subrahmanyam}}</ref><ref name=Roghair>{{Cite book |last=Roghair |first=Gene Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YoOAAAAYAAJ&q=Telaga+warriors |title=The Epic of Palnāḍu: A Study and Translation of Palnāṭi Vīrula Katha, a Telugu Oral Tradition from Andhra Pradesh, India |date=1982 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-815456-3 |pages=375 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Park |first=Richard Leonard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdu1AAAAIAAJ&q=Telagas+warrior |title=Region and Nation in India |date=1985 |publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-204-0002-3 |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Fox>{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Richard Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAXULggU0QMC&q=Telaga |title=Realm and Region in Traditional India |date=1977 |publisher=Duke University, Program in Comparative Studies on Southern Asia |isbn=978-0-916994-12-9 |pages=121 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQ5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Telagas+warrior |title=Indo-British Review |date=1984 |publisher=Indo-British Historical Society |volume=11 |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bawa |first=Vasant K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1HRAAAAMAAJ&q=Telagas+warriors |title=Aspects of Deccan History: Report of a Seminar |date=1975 |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies |pages=101 |language=en}}</ref>|name=wm}} H. A. Stuart wrote in 1891, "The Telagas are a Telugu caste of cultivators, who were formerly soldiers in the armies of the Hindu sovereigns of Telingana.{{refn|group=note|Until the late medieval era, the terms 'Telingana' and 'Andhra' both referred to all of the Telugu-speaking lands. While Andhra was an ancient name, Telingana was first used in the 14th century to refer to the land inhabited by Telugus.}} This may perhaps account for the name, for it is easy to see that the Telugu soldiers might come to be regarded as the Telugus or Telagas ''par excellence''".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumari |first=A. Vijaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-ffeWmj2JUC&dq=H.+A.+Stuart+Telaga&pg=PA7 |title=Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh |date=1998 |publisher=M. D. Publications |isbn=978-81-7533-072-6 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sōmaśēkharaśarma |first=Mallampalli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diYLAQAAIAAJ&q=Telagas |title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.) |date=1948 |publisher=[[Andhra University]] |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref> During the colonial era, they were noted to be highly Brahmanised and of a high social position.<ref name="Frykenberg">{{Cite journal |last=Frykenberg |first=Robert Eric |date=1965 |title=Elite Groups in a South Indian District: 1788-1858 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2050565 |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=261–281 |doi=10.2307/2050565 |jstor=2050565 |s2cid=153984852 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref>{{Rp|page=274}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoMzAQAAMAAJ&q=Telaga+Naidu |title=Lutheran Woman's Work |date=1922 |publisher=Lutheran Publication Society |volume=15 |pages=322 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Baines" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Jogendra Nath |url=http://archive.org/details/hinducastesands00bhatgoog |title=Hindu Castes and Sects |date=1896 |publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co. |pages=286 |author-link=Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya}}</ref>

Revision as of 20:11, 11 June 2023

Telaga
ClassificationForward caste
ReligionsHinduism
LanguagesTelugu
CountryIndia
Populated statesAndhra Pradesh
RegionSouth India

Telaga is a community found in Coastal Andhra region of India. Telaga is a subcaste of Kapu and both terms are often used synonymously.[9] They are classified as a Forward caste.[18] They are a land-owning agrarian community.[27] Historically, they were a warrior caste before taking up cultivation.[28]

The origins of Telagas have been linked to Telugu Choda dynasties like Durjayas of Velanadu (1076–1216 CE) who ruled Coastal Andhra and later came to be called Telagas over a period of time.[29] Telagas are also referred to as Pedda Kapu.[34] They commonly carry the titles Naidu and Dora.[38]

History

Origins

Historians like Etukuru Balaramamurthy and Chintamani Lakshmanna note that Telagas are the descendants of Telugu Choda dynasties like Durjayas of Velanadu (1076–1216 CE) who ruled Coastal Andhra. These Telugu Chodas later came to be called Telagas over a period of time.[29]

Telagas were recorded as holding the Nayaka post in the medieval era.[39][40] In the late medieval era, Telagas led the right-hand caste faction in Machilipatnam and other places of Andhra. The right-hand caste faction included Komatis and various other castes.[41] At the end of the eighteenth century, Telagas, along with Niyogi Brahmins, were the leaders of the Maha-nad, a multi-caste secret assembly that was created to exact retribution for breaking the rules and rights of castes.[41]

Telagas were a formerly military caste who had taken up cultivation.[28] H. A. Stuart wrote in 1891, "The Telagas are a Telugu caste of cultivators, who were formerly soldiers in the armies of the Hindu sovereigns of Telingana.[note 1] This may perhaps account for the name, for it is easy to see that the Telugu soldiers might come to be regarded as the Telugus or Telagas par excellence".[51][52] During the colonial era, they were noted to be highly Brahmanised and of a high social position.[53]: 274 [54][42][55]

Zamindaris

In pre-independent India, Telaga-Kapu also owned various zamindari estates in Coastal Andhra. K. S. Singh noted, "In East and West Godavari districts, quite a few Telaga zamindari families exist, with extensive landholdings. Some of them were bestowed with Diwan Bahadur and Rao Bahadur titles."[56] One of the wealthiest zamindaris in former Krishna district was the Vallur Estate of Bommadevara family, who belonged to Telaga-Kapu caste.[57][58][59] It also included a few areas in Eluru district.[57][60] Sudhapalem in Konaseema district and Dharmavaram in East Godavari district were some of the other Telaga zamindaris.[61][62]

20th century

The early 20th century witnessed caste consciousness in various social groups of Andhra.[63] A Telaga Mahajana Sabha happened at Railway Koduru in Kadapa district in September 1920.[6] The first Telaga Mahasabha (transl. Telaga Grand Assembly) was held on 7 October 1923 in Machilipatnam and declared 'we are Telagas, we are Kapus'.[64] The second Telaga Mahasabha was held near Eluru in February 1924.[65]

In 1936, Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu, a leading advocate and Telaga leader was appointed as the Governor of Madras Presidency, one of the only two Indians in history to have held the post.[66][67] In 1937, he was elected as the Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency, which included the present-day states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu along with parts of Kerala and Karnataka.[67]

Geographic distribution

Telagas are found in Coastal Andhra region in the erstwhile districts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, and Prakasam.[4][3][2] Telagas in most districts (except Srikakulam and Vizianagaram) are referred to as Kapus in general usage.[8][6][3] In Srikakulam and Vizianagaram, they are primarily referred to as Telagas to distinguish them from the more numerous Turpu Kapus who are a distinct caste.[4][3]

Telaga, a sub-caste of Kapu, has no relation to the Mudiraj community, who are sometimes referred to as Telaga in parts of Telangana.[68]

Political participation

During the 1920s and 1930s, the Telaga community, along with other feudal landed castes, were major supporters of the Justice Party.[69][70][71] Prominent Telaga-Kapu personalities like Raghupati Venkataratnam Naidu and Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu were members of the Justice Party.[72][69] In the government formed after the first legislative council election to Madras Presidency in December 1920, Venkata Reddy Naidu was one of the three ministers in the Cabinet. In 1936, he was appointed as the Governor of Madras Presidency, one of the only two Indians in history to have held the post.[66] In 1937, he was elected as the Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency.[66]

Selig S. Harrison noted that, in the 1955 legislature of what was then Andhra State, the Telagas had 16 legislators, next only to the Reddis and Kammas. He states that they formed a "newly active political force".[73] In 1982, Telagas joined the other Kapu castes to form the Kapunadu movement, launched in Vijayawada. The movement held annual/biannual meetings since then.[74] For the 1983 election for the united Andhra Pradesh, the Kapus, in general, supported the newly formed Telugu Desam Party. Among the elected, the Telagas made up six legislators, compared to nine legislators belonging to other Kapu castes from the coastal districts.[75] According to scholar Balagopal, "The Munnuru Kapus, Balijas, Telagas are collectively referred to as 'Kapus'". They attempted to consolidate into a single community, but "it has remained un-consummated".[76][77]

Categorisation

During the colonial era, Telagas were noted to be of a high social position.[53]: 274 [54][42][55] In 1982, Barbara D. Miller of Syracuse University noted, "Generally the Telaga-Kapu rank fairly high in status".[78] They are classified as a Forward caste.[18] They are a community of land-owners and are one of the dominant communities of Andhra Pradesh.[27][83]

2014–present

In the 2014 election, the Kapu community supported the Telugu Desam Party, which won and formed the government.[84][85] In a September 2015 order, Andhra Pradesh government proposed the setting up of Kapu Welfare and Development Corporation Limited for the social development of Kapu, Balija, Telaga and Ontari communities.[86] In February 2016, the government appointed a three-member commission led by K. L. Manjunath to study the possibility of additional quota for Kapu communities.[87][88][85] But even before the commission submitted a report, the government passed a bill in December 2017 categorising the community under BC-F category and reserving 5% of the places in educational institutions and government jobs.[89][90] Since the state's reservations exceeded 50%, an approval from the Central Government became necessary. The Central Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) objected to the inclusion of Kapus, as it was not supported by facts.[91][85] The government subsequently allocated 5% reservation, out of the 10% allocated under EWS category, to Kapus. This too was found to be legally untenable, and the new government led by YSR Congress reversed the decision.[92] As of 2023, Telagas do not avail any quotas and are classified as a Forward caste.[93]

Notable people

Notes

  1. ^ Until the late medieval era, the terms 'Telingana' and 'Andhra' both referred to all of the Telugu-speaking lands. While Andhra was an ancient name, Telingana was first used in the 14th century to refer to the land inhabited by Telugus.

References

  1. ^ Murty, K. Ramachandra (2001). Parties, Elections, and Mobilisation. Anmol Publications. p. 21. ISBN 978-81-261-0979-1. The Kapus of Godavari Districts are quite well off and politically dynamic. They proudly declare themselves as Telagas.
  2. ^ a b c Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Andhra Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 851. ISBN 978-81-7671-006-0. The term Kapu is variously used in different regions of Andhra Pradesh. They are equated with Reddis in Rayalaseema districts (Thurston, 1909). In East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, and Guntur districts, the same term refers to a forward caste, often synonymously used with the Telaga and Ontari.
  3. ^ a b c d Grover, Verinder; Arora, Ranjana (1996). Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Deep & Deep. p. 129. ISBN 978-81-7100-730-1. The Kapus constitute a separate caste in the Coastal districts of West Godavari, Visakhapatnam, Vijayanagaram and Srikakulam. The Kapus of Coastal regions are politically dynamic. They proudly declare themselves as Telagas.
  4. ^ a b c d Kantha Rao, A Study of the Socio-Political Mobility of the Kapu Caste in Modern Andhra (1999), Chapter 2, p. 67: "The Kapus are found all over Andhra Pradesh and they are sub-divided into the Turpu Kapus and Telagas. The Kapus of the East and West Godavari call themselves Telagas or Pedda (Big) Kapus and claim to be superior to the Turpu (East) Kapus. The Turpu Kapus are those belonging to the districts of Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam."
  5. ^ a b Subrahmanyam, Y. Subhashini (1975). Social Change in Village India: An Andhra Case Study. Prithvi Raj Publishers. pp. 74, 75. The Kapu form the bulk of the population and are agriculturists and horticulturists. The Kapus of the East Godavari call themselves Telaga or Pedda (Big) Kapus.
  6. ^ a b c Reddy, G. Samba Siva (2011). "Dethroning Dominance: Caste Associations in Colonial Andhra, 1901-1947". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 72: 771. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44146769. Telagas termed themselves as Kapus and by profession were agriculturists. The first Telaga Mahajana Sabha of the region met at Railway Kodur in Kadapa district in September 1920. The later Telaga Conferences were held mostly in the Coastal Andhra areas than in the Rayalaseema region since the population of Telagas was more in the former region than in the latter. But some of the leaders of the region participated in these conferences as they had good rapport, with the prominent Coastal Andhra leaders like Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu, who seldom visited the region.
  7. ^ Satyanarayana, A. (2005). Dalits and Upper Castes: Essays in Social History. Kanishka Publishers, Distributors. p. 152. ISBN 978-81-7391-703-5.
  8. ^ a b c Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Andhra Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1817. ISBN 978-81-7671-006-0. The Telaga are a Telugu speaking dominant cultivator community, concentrated in all the coastal towns and hinterlands of East and West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur and Nellore districts of Coastal Andhra and in all the ..... Today we find the Kapu, Ontari and Balija of the state often call themselves Telaga, and the Telaga in some parts also use Kapu as synonym. The Telaga occupy a higher status in the hierarchy among these groups.
  9. ^ [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
  10. ^ a b Bulletin. Madras Institute of Development Studies. 1990. p. 123. Taking Andhra Pradesh alone, all the populous land-owning castes such as Reddy, Kamma, Kapu, Telaga, Velama, Raju, etc. (which are among the forward sections), constitute definitely more than nine percent of the total population which is the proportion of the land-owning castes in the above extrapolation for northern India.
  11. ^ Murty, K. Ramachandra (2001), Parties Elections And Mobilisation, Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited, p. 158, ISBN 978-81-261-0979-1: "Srikakulam district: ... The Brahmins, Rajus (Kshatriya), Komati, and Telaga communities are considered to be forward communities and these castes constitute around 8 percent of the district."
  12. ^ Census of India, 1971: Andhra Pradesh. Vol. 6. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 1976. p. 236. It is also seen that Brahmin, Vysya, Telaga, Kapu who are considered to be socially and economically forward castes ....
  13. ^ Bernstorff, Dagmar (1973). "Eclipse of "Reddy-Raj"? The Attempted Restructuring of the Congress Party Leadership in Andhra Pradesh". Asian Survey. 13 (10): 970. doi:10.2307/2643005. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2643005. Other forward communities are Brahmins, Vaishyas, Kshatriyas, Telagas, Khaists.
  14. ^ Hauck, Gerhard (1973). "Gewaltlosigkeit und Gleichheit als Ideologie: Eine Studie über den Gandhiismus in Indien" [Nonviolence and Equality as Ideology: A Study of Gandhiism in India]. Soziale Welt (in German). 24 (1): 102. ISSN 0038-6073. JSTOR 40877086.
  15. ^ Naidu, D. Suran (1991). The Congress Party in Transition: A Study in Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh. National Book Organisation. p. 27. ISBN 978-81-85135-64-9. The Brahmin, Raju (Kshatriya), Komati (Vaisya) and Telaga castes are considered 'forward communities' in the district.
  16. ^ Raju, Rapaka Satya (1989). Urban Unorganised Sector in India. Mittal Publications. p. 158. Among the forward communities, Vysya, Telaga and Brahmin communities had higher representation in that order.
  17. ^ "Telaga community to fight for BC status". The Hindu. 12 December 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  18. ^ a b [10][2][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
  19. ^ a b Census of India, 1961. 6. Vol. 2. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 1961. p. 8. The Kapus who are otherwise popularly known as Telagas in these parts primarily belong to a caste of cultivators and land owners. They are among the most respected of the non-Brahmins. It is said that in the past they were soldiers in the armies of the Hindu Sovereigns.
  20. ^ a b Narayan-Parker, Deepa; Petesch, Patti L. (1 January 2002). From Many Lands. World Bank Publications. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-8213-5049-2. About half the 153 households in the village are from the dominant Telaga caste of landed farmers ....
  21. ^ Arnold, David (1986). Police Power and Colonial Rule, Madras, 1859-1947. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-561893-8.
  22. ^ a b K. Veeram Reddy (1987). Land Reforms and the Emergence of New Agrarian Structure in Andhra Pradesh: A Case Study of Chittoor District. p. 63. It was because of the caste composition of land ownership, for most of the agricultural land is owned by the dominant castes - Kamma, Reddy, Velama, Telaga, and Kshatriya communities.
  23. ^ Rao, Velcheru Narayana (1 June 2017). Text and Tradition in South India. State University of New York Press. p. 310. ISBN 978-1-4384-6777-1.
  24. ^ H. Blackburn, Stuart; A. K. Ramanujan, eds. (1986). Another Harmony: New Essays on the Folklore of India. University of California Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-520-05498-1. Now let us look at the various castes associated with our epics. Those associated with the Palnati Katha are Telaga, Velamas, and Kammas—all traditionally landowning castes.
  25. ^ Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1994). Encyclopedia of Traditional Epics. ABC-CLIO. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-87436-724-9.
  26. ^ Oddie, Geoffrey A. (1977). Religion in South Asia: Religious Conversion and Revival Movements in South Asia in Medieval and Modern Times. Curzon Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7007-0103-2.
  27. ^ a b [19][20][21][22][10][23][24][25][26]
  28. ^ a b [42][19][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]
  29. ^ a b
    • Chintamani Lakshmanna (1973). Caste Dynamics in Village India. Nachiketa Publications. p. 28.: "...Velanadu (Krishna and Penna Doab) was ruled by Velanati Chodas and other areas were ruled by Telugu Chodas. In the course of time, these were called Telagas, one of the important non-Brahman castes."
    • Etukuru Balaramamurthy (1953). ఆంధ్రుల సంక్షిప్త చరిత్ర [A Brief History of the Andhras] (in Telugu). Visalaandhra Publishing House. (p. 97) తాము చతుర్ధ వంశస్టులమని, దుర్జయ కులోద్భవులమని వెలనాటి చోడులు చెప్పుకున్నారు. మిగతా తెలుగు చోడులు తాము సూర్యవంశజులమని, కరికాల చోళుని వంశస్థులమని చెప్పుకున్నారు. కాని వాస్తవానికి అందరూ ఒకే కుదురునుండి ప్రారంభమైన చతుర్ధ వంశస్థులే తప్ప వేరు కారు. వీరందరికీ కాలక్రమేణా తెలగాలు లేక కాపులు అను పేరు స్థిరమైంది. (p. 114) కోట బేతరాజు మొదలైనవారు తెలుగుచోడులు. వీరు క్రమంగా తెలగాలుగా మారారు.
  30. ^ a b Lakshmanna, Chintamani (1973). Caste Dynamics in Village India. Nachiketa Publications. pp. 26, 137.
  31. ^ a b Shashi, Shyam Singh (1994). Encyclopaedia of Indian Tribes: Andhra Pradesh. Anmol Publications. pp. 196. 195. ISBN 978-81-7041-836-8. But Reddis, Kammas, and Telaga Naidu are equal in social rank. They are originally agricultural castes.
  32. ^ a b Simhadri, Y. C. (1979). The Ex-criminal Tribes of India. National.
  33. ^ Rao, M. Prasada (2006). Rural Non-farm Growth: Sign of Farm Success Or Failure?. Serials Publications. p. 215. ISBN 978-81-8387-009-2.
  34. ^ [4][5][30][31][32][33]
  35. ^ Census of India, 1961. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 1962. p. 18.
  36. ^ Madras Christian College Magazine. Vol. 27. Madras Christian College. 1910. p. 461.
  37. ^ Census of India, 1891. Vol. 13. 1893. p. 240.
  38. ^ [30][35][31][36][32][37]
  39. ^ R. Narasimha Rao (1967). Corporate Life in Medieval Andhradesa. University Grants Commission. p. 108.
  40. ^ P. S. Kanaka Durga (1989). Role of Nayakas in Medieval Andhra 1000-1259. AP History Congress. p. 44.
  41. ^ a b Price, Pamela G. (2000). John Jeya Paul; Keith E. Yandell (eds.). Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. p. 34. ISBN 9780700711017.
  42. ^ a b c Baines, Athelstane (22 March 2021). Ethnography (Castes and Tribes): With a List of the More Important Works on Indian Ethnography by W. Siegling. De Gruyter. p. 54. ISBN 978-3-11-238388-9. The Telaga were once a military caste, and were till recently recruited for the native regiments of the British army, but now they are cultivators of a moderately high position, and only differ from their neighbours in being somewhat more fully Brahmanised.
  43. ^ Brand, Coenraad M. (1973). State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology. University of California Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-520-02490-8. ... local warrior castes such as Rajus, Kammas, Velamas, Kapus, and Telagas dominated military occupations.
  44. ^ Price, Pamela (19 November 2013). Yandell, Keith E.; Paul, John J. (eds.). Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India. Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-136-81801-1.
  45. ^ Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David Dean; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2003). Textures of Time: Writing History in South India 1600-1800. Other Press. pp. 8, 30, 83. ISBN 978-1-59051-044-5.
  46. ^ Roghair, Gene Henry (1982). The Epic of Palnāḍu: A Study and Translation of Palnāṭi Vīrula Katha, a Telugu Oral Tradition from Andhra Pradesh, India. Clarendon Press. p. 375. ISBN 978-0-19-815456-3.
  47. ^ Park, Richard Leonard (1985). Region and Nation in India. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company. p. 72. ISBN 978-81-204-0002-3.
  48. ^ a b Fox, Richard Gabriel (1977). Realm and Region in Traditional India. Duke University, Program in Comparative Studies on Southern Asia. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-916994-12-9.
  49. ^ Indo-British Review. Vol. 11. Indo-British Historical Society. 1984. p. 22.
  50. ^ Bawa, Vasant K. (1975). Aspects of Deccan History: Report of a Seminar. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 101.
  51. ^ Kumari, A. Vijaya (1998). Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh. M. D. Publications. p. 7. ISBN 978-81-7533-072-6.
  52. ^ Sōmaśēkharaśarma, Mallampalli (1948). History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.). Andhra University. p. 241.
  53. ^ a b Frykenberg, Robert Eric (1965). "Elite Groups in a South Indian District: 1788-1858". The Journal of Asian Studies. 24 (2): 261–281. doi:10.2307/2050565. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2050565. S2CID 153984852.
  54. ^ a b Lutheran Woman's Work. Vol. 15. Lutheran Publication Society. 1922. p. 322.
  55. ^ a b Bhattacharya, Jogendra Nath (1896). Hindu Castes and Sects. Thacker, Spink and Co. p. 286.
  56. ^ Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Andhra Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1817. ISBN 978-81-7671-006-0. In East and West Godavari districts, quite a few Telaga zamindari families exist, with extensive landholdings. Some of them were bestowed with Diwan Bahadur and Rao Bahadur titles.
  57. ^ a b Kistna District Manual. pp. 339–341.
  58. ^ Bhattacharya, Jogendra Nath (1896). Hindu Castes and Sects. Thacker, Spink and Co. p. 286.
  59. ^ Venkataswami, Maidara Nagaya (1929). Life of M. Nagloo (Maidara Nagaya). Solden & Company. p. 11.
  60. ^ Dr. Tumati Donappa (1969). ఆంధ్ర సంస్థానములు - సాహిత్య పోషణము [Andhra Samsthanamulu - Sahithya Poshanamu]. Andhra University. p. 385.
  61. ^ Dr. Tumati Donappa (1969). ఆంధ్ర సంస్థానములు - సాహిత్య పోషణము [Andhra Samsthanamulu - Sahithya Poshanamu]. Andhra University. p. 595.
  62. ^ Vadivelu, A. (1915). The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles & Zamindars of India. G.C. Loganadham. p. 671. K. V. S. Ramachandra Rao garu, Zamindar of Dharmavaram: This gentleman, born in 1870, comes of a respectable Telaga family of Merakaveedhi, Rajahmundry, in the Godavari District, Madras Presidency.
  63. ^ Reddy, G. Samba Siva. “Dethroning Dominance: Caste Associations in Colonial Andhra, 1901-1947.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 72, 2011, pp. 769–80. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44146769. Accessed 28 Apr. 2023.
  64. ^ Proceedings - Indian History Congress. Vol. 65. Indian History Congress. 2006. p. 449.
  65. ^ Reddy, G. Sudharshan (2002). "Caste Reform in Andhra 1900-1930". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 63: 860. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44158154.
  66. ^ a b c Randor Guy (1–15 July 2009). "Justice Party policies owed much to him". Madras Musings. Vol. XIX. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  67. ^ a b c Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (2007). Development of Modern Indian Thought and the Social Sciences. Centre for Studies in Civilizations. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-19-568967-9.
  68. ^ Economic and Political Weekly. Sameeksha Trust. 1989. p. 66.
  69. ^ a b Andhra Pradesh. Vol. 7. Director of Information and Public Relations, Andhra Pradesh. 1962. p. 6. The Kapu (Telaga) community in the Circar districts of Andhra was entirely in the grip of the Justice Party ... One of the staunch leaders of the Justice Party was Sir Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu, a leading advocate of Eluru, who was closely related to the rich landlords of the Kapu community in the Circar districts. ... But it was felt that the backing of the Kapu community was also essential to the Congress, as that community was in a considerable position and status in the Circars.
  70. ^ Gundemeda, Nagaraju (2 October 2014). Education and Hegemony: Social Construction of Knowledge in India in the Era of Globalisation. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4438-6830-3.
  71. ^ Innaiah, N. (1991). Between Charisma and Corruption: Politics in Indian States with Special Study of Andhra Pradesh, 1890-1990. p. 29.
  72. ^ a b Śivarāvu, Digavalli (1985). Vīrēśaliṅgaṃ-velugu nīḍalu (in Telugu). Vēmana Vikāsa Kēndram. pp. xxxi. Mr. Raghupati Venkataratnam Naidu who was one of the three pillars of Brahmo in Andhra became a member of the Telaga Sangham and Justice Party in 1917, in the year of its founding.
  73. ^ Harrison, Selig S. (June 1956), "Caste and the Andhra Communists", The American Political Science Review, 50 (2): 378–404, doi:10.2307/1951675, JSTOR 1951675, S2CID 147317455
  74. ^ Kantha Rao, A Study of the Socio-Political Mobility of the Kapu Caste in Modern Andhra 1999, Chapter 5, p. 220.
  75. ^ Srinivas, G.; Shatrugna, M.; Narayana, G. (1984), "Social Background of Telugu Desam Legislators", in George Mathew (ed.), Shift in Indian Politics: 1983 Elections in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, Concept Publishing Company, pp. 115–116, GGKEY:XCJKCFX6PAJ
  76. ^ Balagopal, K. (1986), Probings in the Political Economy of Agrarian Classes and Conflicts, Perspectives Publishers, Page 183
  77. ^ Kantha Rao, A Study of the Socio-Political Mobility of the Kapu Caste in Modern Andhra (1999), Chapter 5, p. 235
  78. ^ Miller, Barbara D. (1982). "Female Labor Participation and Female Seclusion in Rural India: A Regional View". Economic Development and Cultural Change. 30 (4): 791. doi:10.1086/452589. ISSN 0013-0079. JSTOR 3203116. S2CID 154725772.
  79. ^ A. Papa Rao; V. S. Deep Kumar (1990). The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India. Vol. 39. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 70. The Telaga is one of the numerically and socio-economically dominant castes distributed almost all over Andhra Pradesh.
  80. ^ Kuczyński, Janusz (1988). Perspectives on Contemporary Youth. United Nations University. p. 253. ISBN 978-92-808-0643-4.
  81. ^ The Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 55. Indian Society of Agricultural Economics. 2000. p. 707. In Andhra Pradesh, at the state level, one might mention a few castes such as Reddy, Velama, Kamma, Raju, Kapu / Telaga / Balija castes as the dominant (cultivator) castes.
  82. ^ Venkateswarlu, Davuluri (1992). "Faulty Empirical Data". Social Scientist. 20 (12): 67–72. doi:10.2307/3517743. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3517743.
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  84. ^ Janyala, Sreenivas (1 August 2017). "In Andhra Pradesh, Chandrababu Naidu faces threat as Kapus seek quota, claim neglect". The Indian Express. Retrieved 28 April 2023. The Kapu vote is seen as having given the TDP a slender 2.06-per cent lead over YSR Congress and helped it come to power. Having won the 2014 Assembly election primarily on the back of support from Kapus, Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu is faced with losing support of the community.
  85. ^ a b c "Andhra House of Cards: The political triangle between TDP, BJP and Kapu Padmanabham". The News Minute. 24 February 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  86. ^ Chief Secretary, Andhra Pradesh Government (2 September 2015). "Government of Andhra Pradesh Order" (PDF). AP State Kapu Welfare and Development Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2017. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 26 June 2016 suggested (help)
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  89. ^ "Andhra assembly passes bill to provide 5% reservation to Kapu community". Business Standard. 2 December 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
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  91. ^ "After Centre's objection to quota, government tries to allay fears of Kapus". The New Indian Express. 16 February 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
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Bibliography

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