Gyaru

Shibuya 109 gyaru store staff from the Japanese brand Golds infinity (30 November 2010)

Gyaru (Template:Lang-ja) pronounced [ɡʲa̠ꜜɾɯ̟ᵝ], is a Japanese fashion subculture. The term gyaru is a Japanese transliteration of the English slang word gal.

The term for gyaru was introduced in Japan by the American jeans company Lee, who introduced a new line of jeans to their brand Wrangler. When the women's jeans line 'GALS' was released in the 1970s; the term had been quickly used outside of its original branding and was adopted to describe the gyaru fashion by 1972. Gyaru subculture was at its peak during the Heisei era. It had a large influence on Japanese fashion and its economy, its international economy, and its global soft power across the world through Cool Japan such as in Southeast Asia and internationally. Multiple gyaru brands branched out before eventually declining due to financial instability and changes in its target demographic. The term's usage peaked in the early 2000s and has gradually declined since.

This decline has been attributed to shifts in magazine industry, the exaggeration of the style in terms of its style use and progression, western media, and government policies. The meaning of the term gyaru gradually drifted to apply to a slightly older demographic whose apparent lack of interest in work or marriage resulted in these women being regarded as childish or as a hussy. Due to its past and its present connotation, it is now used almost interchangeably with kogyaru; as the name of kogyaru and its history is intertwined with the gyaru fashion subculture. Even though Japanese citizens have seen the style of gyaru from birth, impact, and decline, citizens have stated to have never had the intention of imitating the American style of daily apparel or of wanting to resemble it. Yet, it can be stated that this very same sentiment is argued against by other Japanese citizens.

The department store Shibuya 109, across the intersection from the Shibuya station in Tokyo, was a popular location for purchasing gyaru style clothing and was where this fashion subculture was most often seen. In the early 2000s, Shibuya 109 was considered the source of the newest and trendiest items or brands for gyaru, from popular and largely recognized gyaru brands to more independent local designers within that department store. Although 109 began as the primary source of gyaru style clothing, the style's growth in popularity saw brands branching out, having different brands of clothing being available at pop up stores, in conventions or through web shops that offered international shipping. Second hand and vending of gyaru apparel and accessories also increased their availability.

Description

Shibuya 109 in 2006

Gyaru is a description of any gender, but is considered for women when referring to gyaru. Some groups and people follow a type of Japanese street fashion with many subcategories and substyles of which many types originated in the late 1970s. It is a fashion subculture that is considered to be nonconformist or rebelling against the Japanese standards of its society and beauty at the time when women were expected to be housewives and fit the Asian beauty standards of pale skin and dark hair. For Japanese women who saw those who participated in this fashion during its rise, they considered it a fashion style too racy and freewheeling; with some feeling it caused a ruckus, juvenile delinquency and frivolousness among teenage women. Its popularity peaked in the 1990s and early 2000s. They are also known for partying or clubbing, being rather provocative, being flirtatious, and unwinding and having fun.

Popular recurring gyaru models, icons and idols who may have been easily recognized during its peak were Tsubasa Masuwaka, Kumiko Funayama, Rie Matsuoka, Hikari Shiina, Kaoru Watanabe, Kanae Watanabe, Hiromi Endo, Aoi Mano, Satomi Yakuwa, Sayoko Ozaki, Yuka Obara, Rina Sakurai, Nana Suzuki, and twins Gura and Guri Yoshikawa. Other notable gyaru recently in this medium are Yuki Kimura, known for her magazine and online alias as Yukipoyo and model Iwamoto Sayaka, being known as Usatani Paisen. In Japan they are also both known for being models for Gravure from the books they have appeared in.

Appearance

The appearance of circle lenses on the left eye

By the early 2010s gyaru fashion was typically characterized by tanned skin as it is considered a must in some substyles, they were also most often seen with highly elongated and decorated artificial nails. As for the appearance of a gyaru, dramatic makeup is considered to be essential as well in this fashion subculture or depending on which substyle one partakes in. The makeup typically consists of black eye liner, fake eyelashes, and sometimes a white eye shadow or a touch of that color is applied to either the inner eye corners or to the outer corners near the lower lash line of the eyes. This is to make them appear larger or to contour them to elongate the eye of the sclera. In the later years of this style, with the popularity of South Korea during that time the style would see the use of the South Korean makeup technique of increasing or creating a larger appearance of the under eye by applying makeup, such as highlighting the under eye and contouring the eye crease to make the eye bag appear prominent; this is known as Korean: 애교살; RR: aegyosal. This should not be confused with periorbital puffiness, even though both look similar; one is a health condition while the other is done with makeup or by the use of plastic surgery such as botox. Also contouring different parts of the face to change facial features and highlighting the nose for a slimming effect is often done. Colored contacts are often seen especially circle lenses to change eye color from a distance and also to make their eyes appear larger with the extreme diameter of these lenses.

Hairstyling can differ from substyle within gyaru fashion subculture such as the hair texture, color or styling could differ from what one would participate in. Heavily bleached or dyed hair is most often seen; shades would greatly differ from dark brown to lighter shades of brown or multiple different shades of blonde. Hair is mostly styled either by curling it with a curling iron or having straight hair done by the use of a hair straightener. But some hairstyling may differ depending on which styles or substyle one would participate in; hair may be curled to create extra volume and heavily crimped up. The hair is crimped differently than in the West, this hair styling was called スジ盛り (sujimori); in English it means assorted streaks. This styling is named so, not only because of its enormous volume of hair, the usage of hair extension to achieve this look or even its use of an assortment of wigs to create this hairstyle. But this name comes from these streaks of hair that are made apparent by being held by gel. Since after the curling and crimping; the gel would be used to keep a type of hair streaks, that they were visible and these streaks would stay throughout the day.

Apparel for gyaru fashion differs depending on which gyaru substyle the individual has chosen to include themselves in and from where they would buy their items; this choice of brands can denote which substyle one is from or is participating in. Japanese street fashion brands or western fast fashion brands with general gyaru aesthetics would determine ones style in the gyaru fashion substyle depending on their appearance in an outfit. Some would have the luxury to buy from western luxury brands or even haute couture brands, but for most and even those who lived in Japan; they usually gravitated toward Japanese brands, depending on their style. Most of the apparel originated from Shibuya 109. A full outfit of only designer brands is not considered completely gyaru unless one is trying for a specific substyle. Yet, even those who participate in the substyle of wearing designer items do have different brands that do not all originate from the same designer, regardless of whether the brands are Western or Japanese. They would generally mix their whole outfit of different brands to create a gyaru look.

Common styles

A gyaru, probably an agejō gyaru wearing MA*RS in 2007

Gyaru is a spectrum style. There are various subcategories of gyaru fashion depending on the choice of apparel and gender. The style as a whole is referred as a Gyaru kei (Template:Lang-ja); in Japanese or in romaji (gyaru kei). It consists of the most common way to name someone who is in gyaru style. As gyaru is not a singular style, it is an umbrella term for its many subcategories, sub styles or themes of gyaru since it is a spectrum style. The Japanese word for 系 (kei) translates to the English word type; meaning its usage refers to the fact that this fashion has so many subcategories and sub styles that it is indeed akin to a type or system of styles, in terms of fashion.

The most common styles of gyaru are:

• アゲ嬢 Japanese pronunciation: [aꜜɡeʑoɯː] (Agejō): a style that was highly active, agejō was mostly inspired by, and its aesthetic referenced in, the magazine Koakuma Ageha. It is a very foxy, ladylike, and mature style. It is generally worn by, but not always exclusive to, a hostess. The intention is to be flawlessly glamorous and desirable. The agejō style has an emphasis on the eyes, often enlarging and enhancing them with circle lenses and several sets of false eyelashes in an alluring way. The hair is always styled in an updo, resembling hime gyaru, with curls or hair that is crimped in the sujimori hair style, and sometimes includes extensions and wigs. It is common for those participating in the agejō style to wear multiple wigs at the same time. The agejō style is similar to hime gyaru, except for being more skimpy and with the intention to be classy. Japanese fashion brands most recognized in this substyle are DaTuRa, Jesus Diamante, La Parfait, MA*RS and Princess Melody.

Shibuya 109 COCO*LULU store staff who is wearing amekaji style

• アメカジ Japanese pronunciation: [amʲeꜜkadʑi] (Amekaji): A style that is heavily inspired by American culture; its name can be directly translated to American casual. It is usually a very bright, fun, flamboyant and generally multi colored style. Inspired by fictionalized images of America the clothes are generally looser than most of the other styles. They usually have many layers that overlap each other. It mostly involves sweaters, bomber jackets from the early 2000 and coats such as Letterman jackets. In the summer they would wear t-shirts, shorts, jeans, overalls and cargo pants. Also, they would sometimes wear their boyfriends clothing as there was a male counterpart to the brand COCO*LULU; which is one of the staple brands for this style. Shoes were mostly tennis shoes, sneakers, uggs or engineer boots. Japanese fashion brands most recognized in this substyle are ANAP, COCO*LULU, Roco nails and Wakatsuki Chinatsu.
• B-ギャル (B-gyaru): A gyaru style, consisting of not only being gyaru but also rejecting the Japanese standards of beauty to instead become black. As the letter B in this substyle directly refers to the word black. This style is synonymous with the gyaru store Baby Shoop. But even as a gyaru substyle it is now considered inappropriate and even appropriation of Black culture just as rasuta gyaru and even chola gyaru. Some or most of the western gyaru participants of this fashion do not see the appropriation of substyles such as ganguro or its other extreme substyle, that are derived from it but do have a distaste for this substyle in particular and express their distaste and anger on social networking services. This substyle has also been stated to be a joke in egg magazine and was expressing that this was not a serious style of gyaru to even gyaru participants despising other gyaru doing this style.

Japanese gyaru in 2006

• ガングロ (Ganguro): A gyaru with an artificial deep tanned skin and bleached hair, and makeup which tended to use white around the eyes and on the lips, and darker shades of color are sometimes seen on the eyes of ganguro. But white is most often used eyeshadow for this substyle. Also, decorations such as glitter or flowers, such as hibiscus flower stickers added under the eyes. This style was popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The name ganguro is the mix of both the Japanese words 顔 (Kao) and 黒 (Kuro), these Kanji translate to the words face and black but the term that gyaru use for this substyle is written in Katakana.
• ギャルセレブー Japanese pronunciation: [ɡʲa̠ꜜɾɯ̟ᵝseːɾʲeːbʲɯꜜ] (Gyaru serebū): This style of gyaru is referred to in English as gyaru celebrity or rather used as the shortened for that very same word; in Japanese being written as セレブ (serebu). It specifically targets the concept of either being an actual celebrity in the gyaru style or to achieve that aesthetic to the point of becoming someone with the celebrity status by achieving this through this substyle.

  

  Ayumi Hamasaki being photographed by paparazzi in 2007

  For most participants of this particular substyle, they could only first dream of living this substyle but have successfully achieved this feat through dedication, persistence and effort. Since it is probably one of the most expensive substyles to maintain if one would try to replicate it. This style at first might resemble onee gyaru but when looking at not only at which apparel pieces that are being used; from which these brands that are far above the average price of gyaru brands from 109. Also the general look that they would not be regarded as gyaru from passersby on the street in Japan unless the fake eyelashes were visible; due to price of apparel and confidence in their appearance by wearing these luxury items. These apparel pieces from clothes, accessories, shoes to even flip phones in order to be based on that time period are needed to achieve the celebrity appearance. Those who participated and contributed in this substyle have been others who started mostly without a celebrity status or any sort of exponential media recognition in Japan. What these gyaru tried to achieve is to replicate the whole look of a celebrity during the Heisei era or 1990s and 2000s; these celebrities were generally chosen for their luxury clothing choices which was always of a 'McBling' aesthetic at the time. Luxury and haute couture brands are a must; fast fashion, poorly made apparel, inauthentic luxury branded apparel to accessories or second hand pieces do not suffice. Unless these items are from an actual luxury or haute couture brand that were authenticated but then only by that standard; otherwise new and on trend haute couture fashion is a must. These brands do not have to be Japanese owned or Japanese based brands; most of these brands are actually western brands such as: Juicy Couture, Baby Phat, Betsey Johnson, Von Dutch, Ed Hardy, Chanel, Moschino, Michael Kors, Versace, Fendi, Louboutin, Balenciaga, Coach, Burberry, Gucci and even Givenchy when Alexander McQueen was the head designer and the same can be said for Dior especially when John Galliano was head designer of said haute couture brand. These brands were not a staple of gyaru fashion but were seen in other substyles such as onee gyaru or kogyaru but sparsely and not of this quantity in just one outfit. Most of its inspirations came from either Japanese gyaru celebrities such as Ayumi Hamasaki, Koda Kumi, Namie Amuro, egg magazine model Hiromi Endo and more recently Emiri Aizawa or Tsubasa Masuwaka aesthetically when she is going to Gucci's fashion events. Even western celebrities had a much larger influence such as: Paris Hilton, Nicole Richie, Britney Spears, Gwen Stefani, Christina Aguilera, Pamela Anderson, Lindsay Lohan, Victoria Beckham, Fergie, Jennifer Lopez, Beyoncé, Aaliyah, Lil' Kim and Foxy Brown.
• ギャルママ Japanese pronunciation: [ɡʲa̠ꜜɾɯ̟ᵝmʲamʲa] (Gyaru mama): Teenage gyaru or women who continued with this style even after having children. BBC News states: 'Gal mama are young mothers who refuse to shed their gal-ness'. They also would clothe their children in the same style, meaning a boy would look like a gyaru-o while girls would look like a gyaru, but the style would depend on the mother's personal choice of style or which subculture she belonged to. For example, Aki, a gyaru leader of her own gyarusa named 'Brillant Lab' reveals how these mothers dressed and how they chose their children's outfits, hair and hair color to correspond to their mother's outfit. In other words, the child became a gyaru mama's accessory. It is also telling when the leader of this gyarusa is a single mother which is generally how most of these gyaru mothers end up or are after being pregnant. These mothers might have different ways of being a parent than most in Japan; their parenting style can be quite contemporary for the Japanese societal norms, perceptions and it has been said that it is less stressful for their children.

A gyaru-o in 2007

• ギャル男 Japanese pronunciation: [ɡʲa̠ꜜɾɯ̟ᵝoː] (Gyaru-o): A male gyaru. Typically, gyaru-o have a similar style to gyaru, including high-volume styled hair, similar fashion, and tanned skin. Also wrote in Japanese as ギャルオ (gyaruo); as the Kanji in front of gyaru is the Japanese word for man, 男 (otoko).

Himena Ousaki, a hime gyaru influencer, taken on May 26, 2012

• 姫ギャル Japanese pronunciation: [çmeɡʲa̠ꜜɾɯ̟ᵝ] (Hime gyaru): also known as 姫系 (hime kei), is one of the more over the top and one of the most expensive styles of dress of all of the categories since it is considered to be essential to buy the brand names such as: MA*RS, Jesus Diamante, La Parfait or Princess Melody. The substyle hime gyaru is largely based on the Rococo era, as the Japanese word 姫 (hime) which in English is the word for lit. 'princess'. Gyaru who wear this style are often seen wearing dresses or skirts in pink or other pastel colors with many laces and bows. Rose patterns, rosettes, pearls, and crown motifs are also very common. Headpieces range from large bow clips with pearls to headbands with a rose accent, while the hair is either bleached in a specific color, crimped in a bouffant at the top and curled or wigs/extension are worn to create that スジ盛り or (sujimori) styled hair. This make-up style has even more exaggerated eyes than the typical gyaru. Hime gyaru does not only include clothes, but many girls see it as a way of life and make or buy custom made decor for their homes. The style blossomed in the early 2000 but has since declined or turned more casual; this version is referred to as hime kaji, but this style mostly uses the Japanese fashion brand Liz Lisa which have more of a casual looking appearance and clothes than hime gyaru. Hime gyaru participants rather use the obsolete brands such as: Princess Melody, La Parfait or Jesus Diamante. Though this substyle can still be present today in some of these fashion groups or in their circles. Not to be confused with Japanese street fashion of Lolita fashion.
• 姫カジ (Hime kaji): The toned down version of the hime gyaru style. As stated above, it is referred as hime kaji due to being not only a toned down version of this already pre-existing style that existed at that time but the Japanese term カジ (kaji) is a shortened version of the word casual in Japanese Katakana. There is an obvious focus on comfort, cuteness and being effortless. This is why this style and roma gyaru are most often lumped and mistaken together. Even today with being confused with the fashion of Cottagecore. The hair styles often resembling roma gyarus; in the sense of them having curled hair which would often be either long or short in length. The hair would be often worn down and the color would mostly be from completely bleached blonde to lighter shades of brown. Clothing wise, this style would be on the more comfortable spectrum of gyaru but still remaining as flattering as gyaru could be. Common motifs are roses and hearts and patterns that are the most often seen are ginghams, florals and plaid. Colors most often used would be pink and most outfits who were or are using this style would always feature something in a pink shade. As for the relation with hime gyaru there are less accessories present than that style and nails are still somewhat long but not as ostentatiously decorated as hime gyaru. But if they were they would not be as excessive as hime gyaru. The style now is most ubiquitous with the use of the fashion brand Liz Lisa; rather than any other brand which had the similar feel such as Ank Rouge, TraLaLa or Titty&Co.

Loose socks

• 女子高校ギャル (Joshi kōkō gyaru): Joshi kōkō gyaru, also known as high school gyaru, are best known as the previous iteration of kogyaru.
• コギャル (Kogyaru): Is a term that generally defines present gyarus that dress in this manner; they wear Japanese high-school student uniforms as a form or way to represent the past kogyaru who wore them. These uniforms would be either similar in appearance to them but with slight alterations such as color or presentation of the garment. Or they would be an exact replica of an actual highschool uniform which could be purchased at a burusera. But the term itself did not first start as a pass time to pretend or dress as a high school student but from actual female Japanese high schoolers in the late 1980s and early 1990s, around the Heisei era; they wore this style during or after school sessions. They would shorten their skirts from their high school uniform protocol length to give them a miniskirt appearance and length and wear loose socks. These socks are from an American brand called E.G. Smith, they are the sock brand of actual origin to these socks. That made them longer and appear larger by loosening them to the point of almost arriving at the level of their shoes. They also had dyed hair, accessorized their high school bags with danglers or mixed educational material with cosmetic products and a portable mirror. Although some of these were prohibited in Japanese high schools, some would wear it mostly after school but some would still do it even in school and be warned for doing so. Namie Amuro is said to be not only the one who popularized the tanned appearance, but also as having started the kogyaru trend during the Heisei era. The term kogyaru is derived from the mixing of the Japanese word 子 (ko) which means child in English and the word gyaru A thing to note about kogyaru is that due to the Japanese education system on uniform and their regulations, the uniforms depending on which school being either of higher standards in terms of grades or wealth is also a fashion standpoint in kogyaru fashion. The term of kogyaru is closely related to 女子高校生 (joshi kōkōsei) or in English would be directly translated to a female high schooler. It uses the word 女子 (joshi) which is girl and 高校生 (kōkōsei) highschooler in English. The importance of these two words is that often seen on social network services, were these Kanji would be abbreviated to JK; due to the fact that the first letters used in these Kanji are the letters J and K. In this case, these letters combined are not used to convey or be internet speech to refer to joking but is a direct abbreviation for the word joshi kōkōsei. This subculture of kogyaru fashion is closely related to JK business and compensated dating or enjo kōsai.

A kogyaru in 2013

• 黒ギャル (Kuro gyaru): Kuro gyaru is the over exaggeration of the gyaru fashion that has gone over the top. It is too expensive to maintain and is too dangerous too participate as it is a working with the Black Diamond gyarusa or ブラック ダイヤモンド that is run by a pimp. The words kuro are made together by the numbers just as shiro gyaru being 46 as these ones make kyu roku as in 96. In Japanese being 九 六.
• マンバ (Manba): Manba is even darker than yamanba, but also wilder than yamanba. Manba would wear sexy outfits from very short to very long dresses, or shorts to long skirts. Accessories (such as bangles, beads, etc.) would also include the motif of flowers such as leis or hibiscus, of which these patterns would appear on their clothes. Colorful clothing was considered to be essential. They would sometimes wear sweatshirts, pants, and leg warmers. Disney characters made an appearance as a choice of fashion apparel such as characters from Lilo & Stitch and also characters from the Mickey Mouse franchise. The white lips remained and white eye shadows were applied. A manbas eye shadow can also be placed on a different place around the eyes. The amount of eye shadow could vary greatly. Some manbas also used a different eye shadow color on their eyelids. The use of glitter was acceptable as well. Stickers were not used under the eyes anymore, instead, they were replaced with rhinestones (however they did not necessarily put them on). Common hairstyles featured big hair, bouffant, high ponytails with hair partly down, synthetic dreads, ribbons braided in, teased, side swept, fringe, braids, curled, simply straight, or very colorful. Popular hair accessories included leis and other types of flowers/bows, straw cowboy hats, or straw hats. Flip flops, sandals, platform sandals, slippers, crocs, boots or leg warmers could also be worn.

Two manbas in 2006

• お姉ギャル (Onee gyaru): The name of this substyle refers to the older sister of gyaru as a substyle derives from Japanese word that is used to describe an older sister. お姉 (onee); translating only its beginning will give an exact translation of these two words for lit. 'sister' in English. The substyle is named after its participants, who are usually older gyaru or have matured from their style but still want to remain a gyaru. Instead of refusing or changing their current style they adapt it to their age, from their more alluring appearance to the apparel they day to day wear; they are referred are the mature version of gyaru in the substyles of this fashion.
• 悪羅悪羅ギャル (Ora ora gyaru): The style of ora ora gyaru is one that is most often compared or confused with ane gyaru due to the fact that both styles were brought to the Japanese public's eye attention through the bōsōzoku, yankī and Japanese biker gang culture with gyaru makeup and style. The gyaru magazine of choice is Soul Sister. This style can be understood by its style choice of apparel, such as track suits, a larger use of denim and a generally more masculine look. The style is also known as オラオラギャル (ora ora gyaru) and 悪羅系 (ora kei). These girls were often seen driving as a couple, were or are mechanics and sometimes ride bikes. They tend to have tattoos and piercings. This not only done to look rebellious but the style caters to girls who live on the edge.
• ロマギャル (Roma gyaru): Roma gyaru come from two words: romantic and gyaru. The aesthetic is commonly mistaken for Cottagecore due to its use of colors, patterns and motifs. It has many similarities today in the style hime kaji but instead is considered a style of its own. The colors are more subtle and muted, patterns range from floral to gingham and sometimes polka dots. The style is considered one of the more relaxed and accessible styles of gyaru. It is also one of the more 'casual' gyaru substyles of this fashion. The style consisted of having hair color ranging from darker browns to strawberry blonde tones. The hair was often curled, wispy or had fly away hairs but retained the constrained gyaru hairstyles or was simply worn down but slightly curled at the ends. The makeup is considered too simple for the most experienced gyaru; in terms of style and it is less use of overtly longer nails or false lashes. As mentioned earlier, the nails are just a plain color that matches the clothing worn or are French manicured. Motifs would include fruits; mostly strawberries, cherries or when going towards a different primary color such as blue; blueberries. Textile prints are mostly ginghams, polka dots, florals and sometimes plaids. Other fabrics found are lace on some apparel pieces but not as prevalent as the hime gyaru style. In terms of accessories boots with heels and are mostly knee-high length, are most often seen and worn in this style.
• 白ギャル (Shiro gyaru): This substyle of gyaru is not what it appears to those unfamiliar with gyaru. Only thinking that gyaru is depicted by the ganguro substyle and its subcategories with the thought that only the most participants having tanned skin is gyaru even if it is not necessary for all of its substyles. Shiro gyaru is an example of this: one who would participate gyaru would not tan their skin and would most likely try to achieve a clear complexion to return to the Japanese tradition and standard look of bihaku. Using the Japanese Kanji 白 written in romaji as (shiro) and is the English word for lit. 'white'. This gyaru substyle is generally a way to denote participants of the gyaru substyle who do not sport a tan. They still usually wear a number of different substyles. But this substyle was most often seen in the early 2010s. Mostly sweeter styles and punkish styles of appareal and gyaru fashion substyles would be seen having this type of skintone. The multiple problems that arose from the issue of skintone, is with that previous participants of gyaru substyles such as ganguro who already have or had artificially tanned skin, with the use of tanning lotions or through excessive amounts of sun light; will resort to bleaching their skin to achieve this look. This can be also said the same to those that wanted to achieve the appearance of pearly white skin texture but being already pale by nature, yet they would still use these dangerous products. In both cases, tanning and bleaching the skin is dangerous. The word for shiro is also abbreviated to the numbers 46, as in four for shi as in 四 and six for 六 roku, making for the sound shi ro.
• ツヨメギャル (Tsuyome gyaru): Tsuyome gyaru or 強めギャル is a form of gyaru derived another form of gyaru such as ane gyaru ora ora gyaru and kuro gyaru. The term of comes from the word strength in Japanese, 強 and one of the reason that this style is based on this term is the masculine empowering look and less feminine appeal towards men this style has.
• ヤマンバ (Yamanba): An exaggerated style characterized by an extremely dark artificial tan, messy bleached-white hair, and white makeup. Yamanba is said to be inspired by the Japanese yōkai Yama-uba (山姥) lit. 'mountain witch woman', an unkempt old woman with dark skin, white hair, and a dirty, unkempt appearance, who would disguise herself as a beautiful young woman to lure male victims. Like ganguro, the style was often considered to be a joke and deliberately unattractive, with some yamanba saying they liked the trend "because it looked stupid." Yamanba fashion attracted a reputation as being "unclean" or delinquent.

A yamanba in 2016

Micro styles

Micro styles of gyaru are styles which are less common, have declined in popularity or become obsolete.

• 姉ギャル (Ane gyaru): Ane gyaru is a tougher version of onee gyaru, and is for more mature and virile, yet effeminate for the gyaru subculture. This style is often confused with due to their similarities but are two separate styles.
• バンバ (Banba): Banba is a lighter form of manba. They wear less white makeup than manba, use more feminine and glittery makeup and have less colorful hair but neon colored hair can be seen at times. Banbas wear more extreme types of false eyelashes and the use of more dolly colored contact lenses is seen. Banba's also often wear darker colors than manbas and dress in club wear or feminine outfits. They are toned down compared to their predecessors ganguro, manba and yamanba but are still connected to those styles.
• ビビンバ (Bibinba): This look usually includes much gold and jewelry. It is similar to B-gyaru. As stated above, egg magazine did not consider this a serious style or even a style at all, but more of a joke. This might be the case since the name of this substyle might refer to the Italian word 'bimbo', which is derogatorily applied to women in English.
• ボヘミアンギャル (Bohemian gyaru): A gyaru substyle which is rarely worn and is considered less of an actual style and more of a seasonal outfit for those who participate in broader gyaru fashion. It is less of a substyle restrained by rules, being mostly worn in the spring and summer seasons or for those that live in warmer climates. Since the clothing pieces are of a lighter textile, only a jacket is used for layering, and woven leather accessories such as a belt and shoes are more often seen than in other styles. Sandals are often used in this style. Unlike most of the other substyles which use more apparel that hold warmth easily, such as apparel with thicker textile or woollen materials and multiple different layers of clothes for one outfit, this style is also denoted by its use of very airy, denim, flower patterned, tie-dyed and nomadic textile motifs in most of its outfits within it. Most apparel pieces are either maxi dresses or knee length dresses. The style seems to be heavily inspired to even emulate the late 1960s hippie fashion and takes its name from the Bohemian style of fashion.
• チョーラギャル (Chola gyaru): Just as the styles of B-gyaru, rasuta gyaru, bibinba and even ganguro are or can be somewhat frowned upon by most people who have the actual respective origin of these styles or those who suffered through what these styles can represent to the actual person of that ethnicity; such as rasuta gyaru being so heavily influenced by the appearance of Rastafari; the question always remains, is it appropriation or appreciation of another countries culture? For chola-gyaru the same can be said for its substyle, as this comes from the Chicano culture that even in its own history has connotations of its own; the book Comentarios Reales de los Incas has a quote that describes, evokes, shows how the actual word came to be and how it was utilized then in 1609: 'The child of a Black male and an Indian female, or of an Indian male and Black female, they call mullato and mullata. The children of these they call cholos. Cholo is a word from the Windward Islands. It means dog, not of the purebred variety, but of very disreputable origin; and the Spaniards use it for insult and vituperation.' The style itself takes enormous influence from Chicano as many chola-gyaru wear apparel clothes that are more often than not the same as Chicano apparel or street wear. A combination of tartans, flannels, oversized t-shirts and tank tops. Accessorized with bandanas, a baseball cap, dark sunglasses, gold chains and even tattoos; which still in present-day Japan is still considered a taboo due to its past connotations. Baggy jeans are a must. There is also a Japanese music artist that exemplifies both gyaru and Chicana culture, MoNa. She has been interviewed and documented in the series from Refinery29: Style out there and also by The New York Times YouTube channel.
• ギャル電 (Gyaru den): a style of gyaru consisting of reviving gyaru through technology. It takes aspects of the gyaru fashion substyle and then makes use of technology as a way to revamp the style. The creators of this style have created all of their items themselves, which can be LED lights or synthesizers which are used on accessories such as necklaces, loose socks which are those mostly seen on kogyarus. They would create new and different apparel pieces from the regular gyaru clothing pieces since they are mixed with technological enhancements. The creators of this fashion substyle are both Kyoko from Japan and Mao from Thailand, who immigrated to Japan, and has a degree in engineering.
• ゴシックギャル (Goshikku gyaru): This substyle in gyaru is one that is most often confused with another gyaru substyle, rokku gyaru, as they share a similar look and use the same apparel style or motifs at first glance. However, goshikku gyaru draws from Gothic fashion as its main inspiration. This substyle does not require the participant to tan themselves, unlike most of the other gyaru substyles. The makeup retains the same over exaggerated and dramatic false eyelash appearance but the makeup colors are more in line with Gothic fashion, as the colors are darker or even black, and white is more predominant then in the other substyles. The fashion motifs and pieces are generally studded, leather, ripped denim, mesh or fishnet apparel pieces with the most prominent apparel colors being black, white, red, purple and any color used in actual Gothic fashion.
• ハーディギャル (Haady gyaru): To understand the substyle haady gyaru, one must first understand its origin in its name. The Japanese word 派手 or written in romaji as (hade) which in English can translate to either the word flashy or vulgar. This substyle is the epitome of this; simply by its name alone this can be already understood; the difference of spelling is simply for youth factor, by accentuating the vowels and adding the letter 'Y' to also not be too obvious about it. Examples of this gyaru fashion substyle resemble the work of artist Lisa Frank due to their use of motifs and color, with bright neon colors from across the entire spectrum. Leopard, cheetah, zebra or anything in printed patterns to early 1990s to 2000s hip hop inspired fashion such has 'McBling'. Clothing shape varies from very loose fitting to tight but the colors are never toned down. In terms of makeup, this gyaru substyle and the substyles that range from ganguro to further are the only ones with the use of more pop in terms of color while most gyaru substyles use either muted to seemingly girly colors. Most of these would be pastel colors, such as pastel pink. The creator of this gyaru substyle has been credited to the egg model Kaoru Watanabe as she not only created this substyle but also her own brand to supply for this fashion JSG, the acronym for Japanese Super Girl.
• 異色肌ギャル (Ishoku hada gyaru): Is a gyaru style that consists of taking ganguro to an even higher level than manba or yamanba. Instead of someone making their skin twice as dark than their actual skin color, it involves the use of face paint to seem as if the participant had physically dipped themselves in a colorful paint, to resemble something of an extraterrestrial, but with the same essential style of gyaru makeup. This micro style can be seemingly placed as a form of body art. The translation of this substyle is unique skin gyaru in English. The creator of this style, Miyako Akane states in an Arte interview: 'I decided to create this style since the fact that westerns have different hair and skin colors compared to the stereotypical Japanese features of pale clear skin and black hair, so when we want to do this we have to do something drastic. So, by changing our skin color or painting it we get to liberate ourselves; it is like a therapy from makeup, we are allowed to choose our hair color and skin color'. She also states that 'There are many mixed marriage children that are subject to a number of prejudices because of their skin color or their hair color; that is why I want to help by saying loud and strong that everyone is allowed to be whom they want to be.' She also stated in an online interview that: 'I decided to create this style based upon by many things apart from gyaru, but also Harajuku fashion and of course the idea of extraterrestrials; of course it is かわいいギャル (kawaii gyaru).' In a Kotaku interview she stated that she has 'longed for the interesting skin tones seen in video-games, anime, and movies'. This fashion substyle in gyaru has been promoted in egg magazine.
• キグルミン (Kigurumin): Kigurumin is a micro style of gyaru or rather it is derived from the manba substyle. These gyaru wear the kigurumi outfits as apparel or the mascot apparel of Japan but still apply and wear the same makeup and have tanned skin as the participants of manba. The name could also be seen as 着ぐるみギャル (ki-gurumi gyaru).
• モードギャル (Mode gyaru): Mode gyaru is the use of gyaru that tries to look seductive with less expansive materials.
• ラスタギャル (Rasuta gyaru): Rasuta gyaru is separate from B-gyaru and bibinba but it is still considered under the same style umbrella or spectrum in terms of style due to the heavy influence of African culture as a style resource. Especially rasuta gyaru would most often take influence of Rastafari culture; even though it would be mostly used to resemble the appearance of a Rastafari, which would effectively seem more as cultural appropriation then actual culture appreciation. Rasuta gyaru is most often characterized by its use of Jamaican flag as an accessory, leisure wear to sport clothing sporting a Cannabis plant symbol or Rastafari colors, handbags made of straw or anything that would resemble with the idea of what Rastafari would wear. Colors would be predominantly green, yellow and red just as the Jamaican Rastafari flag. The hair is very similar to B-gyarus; meaning going from extensions to cornrows, micro-braids except dreadlocks, an afro and dreads would rarely appear in the B-gyarus hair choices. Even though both styles have to try to replicate these hairstyle but effectively cannot. Also B-gyaru's do not appear often wearing a Cannabis symbol in their accessories. The reoccurring colors of the Jamaican Rastafari flag would also be often seen in their hair of rasuta gyaru as well. A somewhat obsession with Bob Marley; the participants of this style would immediately recognize this singer but they do listen to other Reggae music too.
• ロックギャル (Rokku gyaru): Rokku gyaru is the punk version of gyaru but without the counter culture against fascism as punk.
• ロマンバ (Romanba): The name of romanba derives from the same as roma gyaru; both are based around romantic overtones and aesthetics, but romanba keeps the manba makeup, the deep tan, style and aesthetic to a great effect, adding a romantic aspect to their apparel. Their choice of apparel pieces vary and manba, as they would replace the colors worn with dolly pastels, pink lace and sundresses that are frilled. Romanba gyarus instead of accessorizing with Lilo & Stitch, they instead accessorise mostly with characters from Disney's The Aristocats with the character Marie often used as a motif. Romanba fashion brands primarily are: Pinky Girls and Liz Lisa. Tanning is achieved mainly through make-up and deep colored tanning lotions or bronzer; sunbeds are not used in as they try to keep their complexion deep but not darker than intended. They appreciate more toned down things in life than just clubbing.
• サイケギャル (Saike gyaru): Saike gyaru or psychedelic gyaru; it is a fashion substyle of gyaru that is meant to emulate Bohemian style fashion and 60s hippie fashion but with no implementation of the peace movement of the hippies during the 1960s in the United States of America during the Vietnam war.

Styles with gyaru origin and influence

Shibuya 109, Rady store front

• キャバ嬢 (Kyabajō): The style kyabajō is similar to agejo as it has been inspired since the publication of koakuma ageha, which enticed and engrossed women to work in Kabukichō as a hostess or a kyabajō, which the Japanese society is still trying to disregard even though this magazine influenced young women to make that choice. They dress in a particular style that makes them mostly wear dresses that are revealing but said to be not as much, from the Japanese brand MA*RS or from the Jesus Diamante. As stated before, this style is similar to agejo as the participants have the same attire and also have unbelievably long fake decorative nails. The most exceptional about this style is a gyaru known both from the magazine koakuma ageha and as a hostess who worked in multiple hostess clubs in Kabukicho and is now known from her title as 元No.1キャバ嬢 (Moto nanbā 1 kyabajō) or Former No.1 Miss kyabajō; Emiri Aizawa (愛沢えみり). She should be noted as she is a hostess who has amassed a total sum of 200 million yen or approximately 1,8 million dollars annually as a hostess. In her lifetime as a kyabajō and as producer of her own brand Emira Wiz; she has made 44 billion yen or 400 million dollars. Due to certain health circumstances she cannot drink alcohol. She has since retired from both being a hostess and a model for koakuma ageha. But in return for her astounding efforts she had been gifted by her hostess club a champagne tower of 100 million yen or 910 thousand dollars. Before her retirement, she had written a semi-autobiographical novel about her teenage life and her path to becoming the leading kyabajō titled キャバ嬢社長 歌舞伎町No.1嬢王 愛沢えみりとしての生き方 (Kyaba jō shachō Kabukichō nanbā 1 jō Ō Aizawa Emiri to shite no ikikata) or Miss Kyaba: Boss of Kabukicho No.1 miss Emiri Aizawa's way of life. A market researcher named (暑し三浦) Miura Atsushi, did research on the women or young ladies who participated in kyabajō, he wrote a book about the whole situation that Japan had to go through with these women, called in Japanese 女はなぜキャバクラ嬢になりたいのか? in romaji would be (Onna ha naze kyabakurajō ni naritai no ka?) translated to English: 'Why do women want to become kyabajō?'
• 孫ギャル (Mago gyaru): Mago gyaru is used to define middle schoolers who follow gyaru or kogyaru fashion. The phrase literally translates to grandchild gyaru. It is sometimes referred to as 中学校ギャル (chūgakkō gyaru, lit. 'junior high school gyaru').
• ネオギャル (Neo gyaru): This is the name that was coined for gyaru that wanted to revitalize the style during the 2010s during its decline. By the time the style reached popularity and people had noticed its existence, the community of gyaru reacted to it differently than expected; what came was an antiquated, radical and older or more fanatical gyaru accustomed to seeing gyaru in a different ideal and some have even shunned the style. This reaction can also be connected with the creator of the style and magazine for this substyle neo gyaru being the known as #N. This substyle and magazine has gotten backlash due to appropriation of black, Latino and Hindu culture and culturally exclusive accessories such as the Bindi. Yet Alisa Ueno herself, has stated in an interview, on her own blog that herself, her own brand FIG&VIPER and the style she is representing within that brand has nothing to do with the gyaru subculture or fashion as a whole and the style was a probable misconception from magazines and Japanese television programs implying that it was. Even though she participated in the gyaru subculture when she was young, as a model; she has stated in her own blog, 'The fashion has nothing to do with her brand.' But those who were wearing said fashion were not using the same fashion style as before or in its traditional form as a substyle; from its apparel to their makeup. To previous, older and newcomers to the gyaru fashion substyle perceived it as not following the traditional gyaru look or values of the gyaru subculture. To them it looked more western or even resembling grunge wear. Even though the style may resemble SeaPunk more than the actual grunge fashion it is said to resemble. The makeup was also considerably darker in terms of lipstick and the eyeshadow using more metallic or holographic textures and colors compared to earlier styles of gyaru and their use of makeup which did not use these textures.
• 清楚ギャル (Seiso gyaru): This substyle was coined during the decline of gyaru subculture and new gyaru looks during the 2010s. The naming of this substyle derives from the Japanese word 清楚 (seiso) which in English can be translated as 'neat', 'polished' and 'clean'. This style is also interchangeable with shiro gyaru as they are both formed through the resurgence of the Japanese bihaku within the gyaru subculture.

Western gyaru or gaijin gyaru

Often referred to as foreign gyaru or western gyaru and online as 外人ギャル (gaijin gyaru). Women and even men who have found gyaru fashion outside Japan and have decided to participate in said fashion subculture; western gyaru includes countries also outside of the West, such as the Middle East. With the women who have gravitated towards this fashion by going or doing gyaru and its multiple substyles. While men gravitate to gyaru-o. Western gyaru or gaijin gyaru created their own communities or groups and forums which they communicate amongst one another. They also had lists of tutorials or YouTube playlists to help beginners to gyaru with their application of makeup and how to create the appropriate hairstyles. Gyaru got its popularity outside of Japan due to the help of bookstores selling gyaru magazines in western countries and social media networks also helped the spread this Japanese fashion style further than its origin to other parts of the world.

That is not to say that during its popularity online in the past and even now that there is only positivity within its community.

Outside of Japan, most western participants have been subjected to websites dedicated to criticism of gyaru participants. Some of these website are currently active. These websites ridicule people's looks or appearance by giving them advice on how to better wear the style. A documentary has been made on YouTube, about three different Japanese street fashion styles and the journeys of these three participatants and how they navigated their way with these styles and the negative influences each of members of differing styles can come across online in their own style of choice. Even so, in 2011, these western or gaijin gyaru held their first event the 'Gaijin Gyaru Awards' which was created by an English gaijin gyaru with the online username Lhouraii Li. It was done to spread awareness of this style and to bring positivity back into the western gaijin gyaru community. These events lasted until 2014 with Lhouraii Li and these events were mostly done online. They were stopped in 2014 by the creator of the event, Lhouraii Li, due to online backlash against her online award show. Since 2014 there would not be another contest until 2016 where they were made into an event in the Netherlands and was broadcast through a livestream. Three years would pass until this community award ceremony would be brought back in 2019 in the United Kingdom, just as in 2016 this was an in-person event and was only made into a live broadcast online for those not able to join the event. These contests were made so that one could vote for contestants within categories or subcategories of this fashion and gain Internet attention from peers by winning within a category.

During the early 2000s, most anime conventions saw a glorification of gyaru and gaijin gyaru presence as they held gatherings, meetings or events usually organized by their gyarusā and fellow peers in these conventions in their country of residence or where the actual gathering would be held in. International and national meetings among members of the gaijin gyaru community were held on an almost annual basis.

As of late 2018, early 2019 there was a big boom in activity for the gaijin gyaru community caused by the comeback of egg magazine as well as a resurgence of gyaru in Japan. This has affected the gaijin gyaru community as well, as a new gaijin gyaru magazine had gotten published named Papillon in October 2019. The foreign magazine Gyaru-go also made a comeback.

In 2021, the gaijin gyaru magazine 'GAL VIP' had gotten an article written about their magazines from Japanese website; it is the oldest gaijin gyaru magazines addressed and not the latest. Also in August 2021 a six-minute documentary on western gyaru or gaijin gyaru has been made discussing the substyle of manba and had been made viewable to the public through YouTube.

Gaijin gyaru magazines

As stated before, the gaijin gyaru magazine Papillon was published in 2019, but there were two predecessors of magazines for gaijin gyaru before being Gyaru-go who only published on April 12, 2016, and Gal-VIP on September 1, 2012. They are both online magazines while Papillon has online and purchasable issues.

• Gal VIP
• Gyaru-go
• Papillon

Related media

Shibuya 109 staff from an onee-gyaru brand

Clothing brands

• Alba Rosa
• ANAP
• Ank Rouge
• Ash & Diamonds
• Baby Doll
• Baby Shoop
• Barak
• Black Queen
• Blue Moon Blue
• Cecil McBee
• COCO*LULU
• DaTuRa
• Delyle Noir
• D.I.A.
• Diavlo
• DURAS
• Egoist
• Emoda
• EmiriaWiz
• ENVYM
• FIG&VIPER
• Galaxxxy
• GALEO
• GALSTAR
• GALSVILLE
• Garula
• Ghost of Harlem
• GILFY
• Glad News
• Glavil TutuHA
• GOLDS Infinity
• GYDA
• Ingni
• Jesus Diamante
• JSG
• Jury Black
• Kiss Kiss
• La Carte
• Laguna Moon
• La Pafait
• LB-03
• LDS
• Lip Service
• Liz Lisa Doll
• Love Boat
• MADSTAR
• MAJORENA
• MA*RS
• MarpleQ
• Me Jane
• Miauler Mew
• Michell Macaron
• Moussy
• MURAUA
• One spo
• Parfereine
• Penderie
• Pinky Girls
• Pink Latte
• Princess Melody
• Rady
• RESEXXY
• Rienda
• Roco nails
• Rodeo Crowns
• Rose fan fan
• Roxy
• Ruby rose
• SBY
• Sex Pot ReVeNGe
• Shake Shake
• SLANGY
• SLY
• Sneep Dip
• Snidel
• SpiralGirl
• Sugar gloss
• Titty&Co
• THIRTEEN XIII
• TraLaLa
• ValenTine's High
• Vanquish
• Vence
• Wakatsuki Chinatsu

Magazines

Three gyaru models being photographed.

• AneAgeha
• Betty
• Blenda
• Blenda Black
• Cawaii!
• Decolog Paper
• DoCoMo Girls Style
• Edge Style
• egg
• egg's beauty
• Ego system
• ES POSHH!
• Gal's beauty
• GLiA
• Happie Nuts
• Hair Make Nuts
• Hime!
• I LOVE MAMA
• JELLY
• Katy
• KiLaLa
• Koakuma Ageha
• LOVEggg
• Mama Jelly
• MensEGG
• Men's Knuckle
• Men's spider
• Nicky
• PopSister
• Popteen
• Ranzuki
• Ranzuki Shibu*suna!
• Rose
• Serve!! Ranzuki
• Scramble egg
• Shibuya 109 Book
• Soul Sister
• Vanilla GiRL

Gyaru scandals in Japan

A yamanba styled gyaru

In 2012 the gyaru model Jun Komori committed fraud and helped with said fraud on an online auction website in Japan. She worked with Ryusuge Suzuki, who was the penny orders section owner of the 'World Auction' website in Japan. She had to close her official web blog due to the backlash of her actions.

In 2016, a gaijin gyaru from Canada with Chinese background who is known online from her alias as Sheina or Ningyosama had gotten arrested and sent home; due to her actions to procure a residency permit for extending her stay in Japan. Yet knowing her travel visa for Japan had expired, she had thought that marrying someone she knew would enable her to stay longer. She worked as masseuse, a kyabakura and a fuzoku or a prostitute. But this is considered a breach of promise in marriage as she and her then partner were both in aggrement to get married for money (700,000 yen as initial payment to him) and residency. At the same time that this news came out to the public eye varying news outlets that interviewed her were all lied to, telling her side of the arrest story and skewing her reasons; this is called a providing a false statement to the law instead of following the legal information retrieval law. Her deceptive method also left a sour taste to other Japanese fashion and enthusiasts of Japanese styles such as lolita fashion and cosplayers. She was later deported from Japan for these actions.

On February 3, 2015, in Shinjuku 'Lumine EST' mall three gyaru Rady shop staff were arrested and charged with both stealing apparel which amounted to 1,100,000 yen or 10,000 dollars when adjusting for inflation from various stores and selling it. This was calculated to be the equivalent of 5,000,000 yen which is 46,000 dollars; a grand total of 6,100,000 yen or 56,000 dollars of both theft and money laundering when calculated with inflation. It is stated that the crime occurred due to shop staff only getting paid about 880 yen an hour; the equivalent of 8 dollars. The gyaru brand Rady, closed its store within the same month in that very same mall in Shinjuku.

In 2014 a gyarusā was arrested due to multiple cases of rape to gang rape happening within its gyarusā and this would not be the last of these malicious gyarusā; in 2019 another was found with the same criminal delicts acted towards the members of their group.

In 2021, egg magazine created a video on their official YouTube channel by making a prank video and using domestic violence as the joke. They used makeup to create fake wounds or damage that can be created from the domestic violence and by the end of the video laughing at the prank video they made. All of the participants, models and the egg magazine model herself participated in the creation of the video, the decision to make it or complied in the creation of the video. The video shows the participants and models not taking domestic violence at serious face value. The date of the video's release was on International Women's Day as well as Women's History Month, which attracted even more criticism. Even though the video was supposed to be considered a prank; some of their Japanese and Western fans have shown their disdain for this video in the comment section. Foreign gyaru or gaijin gyaru community have come out and demanded other participants of this fashion subculture to report the video from YouTube. They also expressed shame that their favorite magazine, egg, had created this video without any forethought towards the actual subject matter or victims of domestic violence.

オヤジギャル (Oyaji gyaru): is not a style, rather it is a title that gyaru have garnered themselves over the years because of their manner of showing and acting out towards others on the street, these gyaru have carried as the over prevailing years of its existence of as a subculture of Japanese street fashion. Especially when this title has been given by the Japanese population when asked in a survey of the most used words of the decades or buzzword rather which are used on a daily basis. Because of their rudeness towards others, masculine character: such as drinking beer, smoking in public places, swearing, and overtly sexual manner of dress. Oyaji gyaru lit. 'old man gyaru' and is used as slang to describe the most revolting gyaru.

Charity and fundraising events

Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, gyaru clothing brand GALSTAR launched a fundraising event where they donated a percentage of their revenue to the Japanese Red Cross Society.

Activities

Dancing

A regular pastime for gyaru is パラパラ (parapara), a dance performed mostly with hands and legs going back and forth from left to right. When performed in a group, everyone should be evidently synchronized with each other. It is mostly danced with Eurobeat music or covers of other song but with the aforementioned Eurobeat remix. Such a remix is for example songs from Japanese singer ICHIDAI being a famously remixed into eurobeat and danced to.

The one of the most famous parapara song and its tagline being 'GET WILD & BE SEXY' is synonymous with gyaru culture which was of a famous eurobeat song of the same name, by the group called Eurocker-Girlz also abbreviated to E-Girlz. There is a diverse choice number of songs that can be danced to parapara.

There are people performing parapara on YouTube in the past and even today; but the most dedicated channel to perform parapara on YouTube is the YouTube channel パラパラ遊楽町@香港 (Parapara yūraku machi@Honkon) or 'Para Para Yurakucho@Hong Kong', they are still active to this day. Another active platform with eurobeat has its own website that is being regularly updated by enthusiasts of Eurobeat on the website eurobeat-prime.

Hobbies

2007 purikura stylus pen screen

A common gyaru hobby is Purikura, or known in Japan as プリクラ. These photo booths are often used by groups, couples, or individuals to capture ridiculous poses depending on the preferences of the participants. Purikura booths are mostly located in the electronic district of Tokyo, Akihabara, where they are a popular activity for both casual gyaru enthusiasts and professional gyaru models. In addition to being a hobby, purikura booths can be used as a way into magazines. Photos taken in these booths are used by magazines to scout for amateur models (who are often readers of these gyaru magazines themselves), referred to as 読者モデル (dokusha moderu) or ドクモモデル (dokumo moderu) in Japanese.

デコ電 (Decoden), also known as 携帯芸術 (keitai art), is another gyaru associated hobby. Decoden is a compound of 'deco', a shortened form of decorative and 'den', a shortening of denwa (電話), the word for 'phone' in Japanese. Originating from Japan, decoden involves the decoration of mobile phones and other electronic devices with materials such as acrylic, rhinestones, Swarovski crystals, silicone and polymer clay. Denwa decoration is often ostentatious and makes use of 3D motifs as well as media influences. Decoden has also been used for events. Acer Inc. held a decoden contest for the release of their Acer Aspire One netbook laptops in 2009. The contest involved three contestants presenting their different decoden designs for the netbooks in addition to a popularity poll.

Events and meetings

A group of gyaru, probably a gyaru circle

A group of gyaru who often meet together to hang out is called a gyaru circle or a ギャルサークル (gyarusākuru), but can also be shortened to ギャルサー (gyarusā). Gyarusā differ depending upon their membership criteria, such as gender, fashion style, region of origin, and age. There are two types of circles: なごーさ (nago-sa), small groups based around casual gatherings, and イヴェーさ (ivuē-sa), which plan, host, and have events with each other. The Japanese word イヴェー (ivuē) is a direct reference to the English word events. These events typically consist of clubbing, karaoké, purikura, going out to eat at fast food chains or restaurants, and showing their outfits off to one another.

One of the most famous gyarusā groups is Angeleek, which consisted of at least twelve members who predominantly wore ganguro. They have been promoted numerous times in egg magazine and on national Japanese television. Another prominent gyarusā in the same district of Tokyo is Shibuya's НЯК, also known by their Japanese gyarusā name, 渋谷ギャルサー 「НЯК」. It boasted Shibuya's largest gyarusā, with over a thousand members. As of 2021, Nachu, the leader of this gyarusā, still has a website. НЯК has also made their own music. Gyarusā have seen a recent revival as of the 2010s with the creation of the newer group, Black Diamond.

A keepsake of Swarovski crystal beads

Cafés

Gyaru have their own themed cafés. Similar to maid cafés, waitresses wear gyaru attire and exhibit exaggerated personas in addition to other gyaru themed rituals. For instance, a general rule in gyaru cafés is the prohibition of polite honorific speech 敬語 (keigo). Other gyaru cafés, such as galcafé 10sion, offer services such as the chance to wear gyaru makeup or receive a full gyaru makeover. Another notable café targeted towards the gyaru subculture is Beauty Café by GirlsAward. Created by the prominent fashion event GirlsAward, this café employs gyaru reader models 読者モデル (dokusha moderu) as an additional draw.

The Ganguro Café in Shibuya, once the home of the gyaru and ganguro style, was closed in July 2018.

Influence in media

Music

Koda Kumi performing at a convention in 2005

There are many genres of music that are popular for gyaru and are sung or made by or to gyaru. From eurobeat, to EDM, Trance and other genres of music or eurobeat remixes they are casually listened to by gyaru. Eurobeat remixes are regularly danced to as well with parapara written in Japanese as パラパラ (parapara).

Singers such as Koda Kumi, Namie Amuro and Ayumi Hamasaki are internationally famous, and regarded as inspiration for many gyarus. Other J-pop artists that were considered to be essential to listen to were LOVE to LOVE, GAL DOLL, KAHORI and Juliet. But these are far from the only musicians gyaru listen to there are many such as singer know by her stage name Sifow also known as Shiho Fujita who at the time, was not only a model but also a singer for J-Pop as she had been a solo artist when starting her music career as Sifow. She has already announced her retirement from the music industry back in 2008 and has now her own established a cooperation for the advocacy of health; which not only relates to food but also agriculture and dieting as a business, it is called: Office G-Revo Corporation.

Prominent Japanese gyaru models or members who have participated in gyaru fashion may also attempt to have a musical or acting career. Debuting egg magazine model and well known model from popteen magazine, Tsubasa Masuwaka, known by her stage name as Milky Bunny, koakuma ageha model Rina Sakurai also had a music career, using her given name Rina as her stage name. Debuting as a model for ranzuki, MensEGG and egg magazine and most known for her career in popteen magazine as a gyaru model, Hikari Shiina has also had a career in the J-pop industry as an idol under the stage name 'Pikarin Shiina'. She is under the management of music coorporation, AVEX Inc. Egg models Aina Tanaka and Yumachi Takahashi formed as a J-pop duo. Both Aina Tanaka and Yuma Takahashi have not only tried to achieve a musical career for themselves; they created in 2010 the idol group that consist of only gyaru with the objective to achieve the same amount of popularity as AKB48. At the time of auditioning there were at least four thousand applicants for this group. This was then narrowed to 24 members and then doubled, creating a group of 48 members. Including the creators who participated in the endeavour, there were fifty members. The idol group is called 渋谷GAL's (Shibuya GAL's). They have two songs in their discography with Aina Tanaka and Yuma Takahashi. In 2011 they also collaborated with girl group GAL DOLL to continue to achieve their endeavor of having an idol group with only gyaru members to have the same amount of fame as AKB48. A television program produced by egg magazine called GAL-TEN, which consisted of only models from that magazine, had their own J-pop single titled キラキラ-GAL or (Glitter-GAL) in English. Another Japanese idol group ギャルル (Gyaruru), which consisted of three members; being Ami Tokito, Gal Sone and Nozomi Tsuji. The group was produced by Tsunku by his label TNX Inc. and the Hello! Project. Natsuko Sone, better known as Gal Sone, is known not only as a J-Pop singer, but also as a Japanese competitive eater. Being the most gyaru member, most fans have gravitated towards her in the group. To this day, most enthusiasts of this style gravitate towards her, as she still wears the gyaru style. The group Gyaruru have only one hit song, 'Boom Boom Meccha Maccho', which was released on 20 June 2007. One of the older gyaru J-pop music that should be noted is ディープス (Dīpusu), lit. 'deeps'. It was the first J-pop group to be created from reader models from egg magazine. The J-pop group deeps, debuted in 1997 and lasted until 2007. Their debut single is 'Love is real'. Members of this group were Akiko Matsushita, Chikako Iwanuma and Hiroe Kabashima or known by their egg magazine nicknames as AKI, CHIKA and HIRO; they are gravure idols. Idol group YA-KYIM also have used a gyaru model such as in the music video [たぶんきっと] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (help) (Tabun kitto) with Kumiko Funayama.

Lil'B is a Japanese musical duo which consists of singer ミエ (Mie) and female rapper アイラ (Alia). They have created at least nine songs in four years; from 2008 until 2011. They should not be confused with the rapper Lil B despise the group and the rapper having the same stage name. J-pop artist 三宅宏実 in romaji (Miyake Hiromi), she is known by her stage name 宏実, she is an artist that is known for her R&B inspired J-pop songs These singer that has gyaru fans and used to have the appearance of a gyaru, is Miliyah Kato or better known from her stage name 加藤ミリヤ (Katō Miriya); considered a J-pop artist with urban influences who not only made pop and J-pop music but also R&B. Japanese rapper WISE is known to have both worked with gyaru models and other notable Japanese artist that have a following with gyaru enthusiasts. He has been featured in the past with two different Japanese artist with fame, even for gyaru enthusiasts, being Kana Nishino and Japanese R&B singer デアール (Deāru) lit. 'Dear'. With Dear he had a notable gyaru model perform in his music video, Yuka Obara. WISE and Dear would also make a music video with Yuka Obara and other models such as Nicole Fujita for the song ふたりで、ひとつだから (Futari de, hitotsudakara). This was not the last time that WISE worked with Kana Nishino since in 2013, together they would create a song called: [遠くても] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (help) (Tōkute mo). Another gyaru duo are Sakurako and Kaede from Sweet Licious. Another group of idols gyarus listen to is Rhythmic; they had also a music video with Natsumi Saito. Katy magazine gyaru model Izuoka Misaki made a music debut in 2011 with her song mirror. Another music video that contains footage of Kumiko Funyama is the song [片想い] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (help) (Kataomoi) from KG and singer Jamosa.

A gyarusā with a notoriety in music for gyaru are from the gyaru circle or gyarusā Angeleek. They produced a eurobeat song that was made for parapara. It is on the album メロラバ デジタルアルバム (Meroraba dejitaru arubamu) or read as Meloraba lit. 'Digital Album' with an album that multiple gyaru such as famous gyaru Tsubasa Masuwaka and a gyaru fashion brand known as 'Rady' had produced their own music on said album. Another gyarusā, that of black diamond, are among the very few prominent gyaru to have built a career outside of being a gyarusā. They were the previous owners of the ganguro café, black diamond and have created music in the past. They also have tried to reform their gyarusā as an idol group again when the new generation of black diamond began. This endeavour, Black Diamond -from 2000- has created music as well, but they later disbanded.

In 2011 the Japanese musician サンプラザ中野くん Sanpurazanakanokun lit. 'Sunplaza' Nakano; performed an album with a eurobeat DJ, DJよっしー DJ yosshii. ̄They worked together on the album 爆宴〜コールアンセム Bakudan En 〜 Kōruansemu lit. 'Bomb banquet ~ Call Ansem', this album's singles would also be remixed into eurobeat tracks as well. When this album had been made, two of their songs from said album had gotten produced into a music videos; these were also performed with gyaru models. The song 爆宴虹花火〜日本から世界へなう〜 Bakudan Niji hanabi 〜 Nihon kara sekai e nau 〜 lit. 'Bomb banquet Rainbow Fireworks ~ From Japan to the World~' is still available to see on YouTube. In 2020 gyaru model Yuki Kimura had a collaboration with DJ Hello Kitty for a seven-hour livestream.

Most of the aforementioned gyaru are or have been musicians; some are still artists with a cult following, while others are remembered by the gyaru community because of their music. But most of those mentioned no longer participate as musicians. They have either stopped creating music or have never finished an album since their debut, but still are, have or had a gyaru aesthetic and influence on the gyaru media during their musical careers. Some have had no success outside the subculture during their careers, especially those debuting as a musical act but having a small fan base or being only known within the gyaru subculture. Therefore, most of these artists have only single song in their discography.

Gyaru have recently been resurfacing within the music industry and in multiple music genres in Japan since 2019, most notably within the rap genre.

In 2019 Japanese rap group 'Zoomgals' debuted their career into the Japanese music industry; their group consist of six members with some already having notoriety within the Japanese music industry. Their name is based on the video conferencing program Zoom; as their first music video debuted their group with the use of the program. The group consists of rappers Haruko Tajima, Akko Gorilla, ASOBOiSM, Valknee, Marukido and Namichie. As stated, some of these members within the group have already been already present within the music industry such as Haruko Tajima and Akko Gorilla already being present since 2017. Rapper Valknee has also debuted her own career apart from being in the rap group 'Zoomgals'. 2019 was the year were J-pop and R&B singer, Thelma Aoyama released her song 世界の中心～We are the world～ or (Sekai no chūshin)～We are the world～. The gyaru magazine egg has been recently debuting multiple of their models from their magazine into the Japanese music industry; four of these models being 鈴木綺麗 (Suzuki Kirei), 瀬戸ももあ (Seto Momoa), 古川優奈 (Furukawa Yūna) and 小田愛実 (Oda Aimi). All four are also most known by their magazine nicknames being: きぃりぷ (Kīripu), まぁみ (maami), ももあ (momoa) and ゆうちゃみ (YU-chami). Kirei Suzuki debuting into the J-pop industry as an J-pop artist while Momoa Seto, Yūna Furukawa and Ami Oda have debuted as their own rap group called 半熟卵っち (Hanjuku tamago tchi) in English translates to lit. 'soft-boiled egg'; a reference to their magazine they work for. They have also collaborated with singers and rapper Doja Cat and SZA by covering their song Kiss Me More.

Some artists have also created popular songs about gyaru subculture, such as MANON's "GALCHAN MODE". The Japanese music company AVEX Inc. has pushed towards a new artist within the gyaru style, being 安斉かれん (Anzai Karen) or pronounced Kalen Anzai. She debuted with her song 世界の全て敵に感じて孤独さえ愛していた (Sekai no subete teki ni kanjite kodoku sae itoshite ita). She was later first recognized by the gyaru style from her song 'GAL-TRAP'. She did not recognize herself as a gyaru or even what is now called pos-gyaru; this is a term for gyaru that are still participating post Heisei era. She is currently producing music.

Western music has also seen and has given use to gyaru within their music videos. Such as British indie pop band Kero Kero Bonito's lead singer Sarah Bonito being featured in Filipino artist Zeon Gomez or known from his stage name Ulzzang pistol or U-pistol. With their 2014 collaboration song titled 'Kawaii Pink 2'. Within that music video one can see multiple magazine flip throughs of multiple popteen magazines.

Anime and manga

Gyaru at Shibuya crossing

Gals! was a manga that had much influence on gyaru fashion, it is a manga that centers completely on the gyaru subculture. This manga has become once again renowned in the subculture of gyaru. Though it is said that a reboot of the series may be impossible. Other mangas having ties to gyaru subculture are for example: Gal Japon, a slice of life manga surrounding the gyaru subculture published in 2010. The 2018 manga called My Roomie Is a Dino and has received an anime adaptation in 2020. The manga with deep rooted relations to the gyaru subculture and is an ongoing series is the manga Super Baby; it features a protagonist named Tamao, who lives near gyaru locations or near locations representing or are influenced by gyaru, such as the mall 109. This manga centers on gyaru fashion and subculture it started publishing in 2017. Debuting in 2017 and is still being published today, the series Yancha Gal no Anjou-san. Debuting manga from 2019, Hokkaido Gals Are Super Adorable! and is still being published as of 2021. In January 2018, the manga My Dress-Up Darling had received publishing and is presently still an on-going series; this manga received an anime adaptation, which aired from January 2022. Citrus, a yuri manga and anime, has a gyaru protagonist who is befriended by a character who describes themselves as a "gyaru in disguise".

My Dress-Up Darling cosplayers of Marin Kitagawa and Shizuku Kuroe (2022)

Many other mangas have characters in or related to gyaru. For example, Peach Girl, a manga that started publication in 1997. The 2003 manga Bijinzaka Private Girls High School or Shiritsu! Bijinzaka Joshi Koukou, had a titular gyaru character named Nonomiya En, she is in a shōjo romance as well a comedy manga. In 2005 Galism: Renai Joutou 3 Sanshimai or in English Galism: Love Supreme Sisters manga was released. A shōjo, romance, high school and comedy manga. In 2009, the manga KECHONPA was published, instead of being a shōjo manga, it had a drama driven plot. Also in 2009 the anime Hime Gal Paradise ran on Japanese televisions and revolves around a main character who is initially ordinary but enters a high school where every student is a gyaru. In 2014, the manga and anime series Please Tell Me! Galko-chan is published. It mostly discusses topics ranging from gender differences, sexual behavior or body complexes and differences in both the female and male bodies. Galko-chan is the protagonist of this manga and she is a gyaru herself but she also has an older sister; who is also a gyaru. The manga and anime After the rain has a gyaru on chapter six of the manga and on episode 3 of the anime named "Raining Tears" or Ame Shizuku as an AV Idol on a VHS.

A stop motion anime series named Milpom was created to promote the gyaru lifestyle, especially in its television pilot. Notably, the mall of Shibuya 109 is shown as the first shot as the scene in the pilot and is present during its entirety. But it eventually drifted towards other Japanese fashion subcultures instead of only centering on the gyaru subculture. It was released in 2015 and lasted until 2017, due to lack of interest and bad reviews from both Japanese and foreign viewers. The voice actresses of this series consist of magazine models, especially within its series such as Anna Yano who appeared in mer and KERA magazines and Saki Shibata from the magazine mer as well. But the most notable and gyaru voice actresses for this anime are the popteen models Hikari Shiina and Ai Matsumoto, they are also the very first characters to appear since the pilot and remain until the last airing of Milpom. Hikari Shiina voice-acting Milpom and Ai Matsumoto voicing the secondary lead, Pon-pon; after the pilot her name had been changed to Silky.

There are mangas that feature a gyaru or are characters influenced by this style but they are not considered gyaru by gyaru fans. These mangas are Gal Gohan which was published in 2016, the 2017 series My First Girlfriend Is a Gal, Don't Toy with Me, Miss Nagatoro and Gyaru Cleaning published in 2018. They have gyaru characters within its series, have the archetypes of a gyaru or are dressed and addressed as a gyaru within its series. But due to the nature of its manga, the romance subplot having an age gap between characters, the actual plot going to unconsenting actions towards the gyaru character or simply the participants of this fashion regarding these as not being the proper representation of what they want or want to be seen as gyaru representation. Most of these gyaru readers resent these manga series or their depiction of its fashion subculture.

Other manga that have ties to the gyaru subculture but do not have it as their main plot point include the manga Komi Can't Communicate which debuted in 2015. Its ties to the gyaru subculture is the side-character Rumiko Manbagi. She is introduced as a ganguro in the manga. In 2021, the manga Bleach had a one-shot where they introduced a character named YuYu Yayahara, a lieutenant under Lisa of 8th division. She is portrayed as a gyaru.

Non gyaru orientated series have also seen the appearances of gyaru characters. A non-gyaru anime, being the well known series Pokémon has also had a gyaru representation; first in the original anime within the first season on episode 15 called Battle aboard the St. Anne or in Japanese サントアンヌごうのたたかい! (Santo Annu-gō no Tatakai!); by the team rocket members, Jessie and James. They are both disguised as a mix that might now resemble to kogyaru and ganguro respectively; but it is simply an early representation of kogyaru at that time. The recent representation is in the 2018 movie Pokémon the Movie: The Power of Us a gyaru character would be present within the movies story; the gyaru in question is Risa. But the Pokémon series already had a gyaru representation; rather a ganguro representation by the actual Pokémon, Jynx. The only issue is that this is still in debate within fans and Pokémon company themselves since the appearance of this Pokémon in 1996 for Pokémon Red and Blue on the Game Boy and the series since. Another serie can be exemplified by the comedy anime Mr. Osomatsu, which has a gyaru character called Jyushiko Matsuno. She is the female counterpart to one of the sextuplets. Another being the series Skull-face Bookseller Honda-san which has also had appearances of characters who are of gyaru influence; being two gyaru and one gyaru-o that are customers. The first gyaru being a customer that is also a Fujoshi looking for books of her liking; she appeared in the second chapter of the manga, named: 'Yaoi girls from overseas'. She also appears in the first episode of the anime; the other two characters appearing within later episode of the series as clients as well. Another non gyaru orientated series is the shōnen series Sgt. Keroro with the character Angol Mois. In her human form she takes the appearance of a kogyaru. The anime series Great Teacher Onizuka has a group of ganguro students.

When episode 6 of the mini anime series of the smartphone rhythm game Hatsune Miku: Colorful Stage! named レオニードスタイル (Reonīdo Sutairu) or Leo/need Style first premiered on YouTube in 2022, it was accused by American or Western viewers of "doing/promoting blackface" and "cultural appropriation" due to a scene inspired by gyaru fashion substyle of ganguro perceived as being blackface. The next day, the episode was withdrawn indefinitely and a public apology in both English and Japanese was uploaded on the official Twitter account. The removal of the episode is controversial and many fans of the game and show, either Japanese and American, were disappointed with the company's decision, with some blaming SEGA for its "bending the knee" and "listening to outraged Twitter users who insist that everyone should respect foreign cultures while applying and imposing their own Western prejudices, views, puritanism and imperialism against foreign media and subcultures". The episode was reuploaded to YouTube on March 15, 2022, with some modifications.

Movies

Some movies either center around or have a gyaru influence to give it either a cult following or for a nostalgic factor for those who participated in gyaru.

In 2009, Japanese model Rina Sakurai from the magazine koakuma ageha had a role starring in her own film and debuting as the protagonist of the movie 'GIRL'S LIFE', the protagonist in the movie Haruka Ichinose is also a gyaru just as Rina Sakurai. A renowned scene in the movie is Haruka having to choose a name for herself since she started working as a hostess in a kyabakura and after a minor disagreement with the hostess bar's manager regarding the nickname she originally proposed, she reluctantly decides to be nicknamed Ageha; a reference to the magazine for which she models.

Colourful, the 2010 anime movie; does not have a gyaru as the protagonist but does have one as a predominant secondary character who is and has the issues that stem from being gyaru. Being the character Hiroka Kuwabara, not only from her appearance to her nonchalant attitude but enjo kōsai, forms a major part to her role as a character and in her arc in the plot.

Flying Colors, a Japanese coming of age film released in 2015, has a gyaru protagonist, Sayaka Kudo, and examines her hardships as a gyaru and her attempts to conform to Japanese expectations and to succeed academically, such as being accepted into university. In Japan, this movie was well received in terms of cinema viewing and box-office revenue. But the foreign gyaru community, on social network services and in their written reviews, they indicate a dislike of this movie. It stems from focus on personal growth and its divergence from what gyaru enthusiasts expected to see from this film.

The Japanese movie Sunny:Tsuyoi Kimochi Tsuyoi Ai a movie that came out in 2018, has the plot of a group of Japanese female high school students who are now adults reminiscing about their youth in the 1990s and during their time being gyaru. The thing about this Japanese centric movie is that it never happened or started in Japan; well the origin of this movie. Sunny from 2011 is a movie that has beats in term of the plot line instead taking place in South Korea during the 1980s. While having heavier implications such as the Gwangju Uprising and the democratization of South Korea as a country. As for the Japanese 2018 recirculation it is entirely about the whole 1990s gyaru, gyarusā conflicts and just Japanese high schooler dilemmas.

Products and commercial media

There are many commercial based products for gyaru or endorsed by them or their companies such as magazines.

Food and daily items

Among the many magazine ads were the advertisements for popteen magazine which had a partnership with the Japanese food company Ezaki Glico with their snack Pocky. These advertisements were called 'Deco-Pocky' which were sponsored by the magazine themselves to promote Pocky but by either creating new desserts or decorating the Pockys themselves into gaudy snacks. Pocky has also made Japanese television commercials with Tsubasa Masuwaka. Another Japanese brand that collaborated with Tsubasa Masuwaka but this time a Japanese candy brand for a commercial for chewing-gum. The Japanese chewing-gum brand ストライド (sutoraido), lit. 'Stride' from the company Kraft Heinz; made a commercial debuting their new flavor at the time. Other noteworthy commercial collaboration would be for the Japanese tea and coffee brand UCC Ueshima Coffee Co. for the commercial of their product of 'Paradise Tropical Tea'. The Japanese McDonald's company has created an advertisement with Tsubasa Masuwaka for a marketing tie-in with Sanrio characters, being the Sugarbunnies. These were for a line of Happy Meal toys, that are hair accessories such as scunchies and plastic rings with their likeness. In 2019, a Japanese restaurant and café made use of the gyaru subculture to promote its location with the use of desserts that are catered to the Heisei era demographic by having a parfait titled ganguro.

Japanese fashion brands have also had a way to create commercials to promote their own brand. For example, the gyaru brand Rady created their own J-pop and eurobeat-esque song to promote their brand.

Other commercials where Tsubasa Masuwaka participated in were for example, a Valentine's Day-related commercial for Universal Music Japan, a commercial that is for at the time a streaming service or digital music distributing platform to purchase particular songs curated for Valentine's Day from Universal Music Japan. Japanese general merchandise and department store Ito-Yokado made an umbrella commercial with Tsubasa Masuwaka for their subsidiary company Seven & I Holdings. The Japanese fast fashion brand Uniqlo made a brand deal with many famous Japanese entertainers or either people to act positively about their new puffer-jacket; it is to note that Tsubasa Masuwaka herself makes an appearance for her endorsement of the clothing product.

Make-up and beauty accessories

Varying fake eyelashes

Various endorsement of cosmetic products, ranging from different makeup products to false eyelashes from non gyaru owned cosmetic companies to gyaru created and owned cosmetic companies were immense during the Hesei era.

A gyaru owned cosmetic company would be Tsubasa Masuwaka's cosmetic line of キャンディドール (kyandidōru) 'lit. 'candy doll'' and false eyelash brand ドーリーウインク (dōrīuinku) 'lit. 'dolly wink''. Both of these cosmetic brands are manufactured and sold by the Japanese company コージー本舗 (Koji Honpo Co. Limited.). Both of these brands still exist but with a different packaging and for a different clientele. The cosmetic company メイコー化粧品 (Meiko cosmetics Incoroprated) also known by its license name 粧美堂 (SHOBIDO); best known for their false eyelash brand ダイヤモンドラッシュ (daiyamondorasshu) lit. 'diamond lash' released many commercials during the 2010s with many gyaru models from that time period. Out of many models used in these commercials most notably are: 若槻千夏 (Chinatsu Wakatsuki), 斉藤夏海 (Natsumi Saito), 八鍬里美 (Satomi Yakuwa), 黒瀧まりあ (Kurotaki Maria) and 武藤静香 (Muto Shizuka).

Japanese fashion brands have also had a way to create commercials to promote their own brand. For example, the gyaru brand Rady created their own J-pop and eurobeat-esque song to promote their brand. Their song is featured on an album featuring various gyaru artists. and the brand LADYMADE often used gyaru models in their music videos at the time, such as koakuma ageha model Yuka Obara. Another gyaru brand COCO*LULU also creating a J-Pop girl group called COCO-GIRL, to promote their very own brand as well. This J-pop group consisted of notable gyaru models of that time; such as: 中嶋杏理 (Nakajima Anri), 飯田志穂 (Īda Shiho), 太田郁美 (Ōta Ikumi) and 藤田ニコル (Fujita Nikoru) or better known from their magazine nicknames as あんあん (Anan), ちゃむ君 (Chamu-kun), いくちゃむ (Ikuchiyamu) and にこるん (Nikorun). They do not participate in the same magazine, Anri Nakajima and Nicole Fujita are from popteen, Shiho Īda is from egg and Ikumi Ōta is from ranzuki magazine.

There are many advertisements for wigs from varying Japanese companies with promotional endormsent from various gyaru models.

There are three notable wig brands, アクアドール (Akuadōru), ラブズウィッグ (Rabuzuuwiggu) and プリシラ (Purishira); in English they are written as Aquadoll, LOVES WIG and Prisila. Aquadoll made a commercial with the use of many gyaru models to even actresses participating within its commercial to promote their various wigs. LOVES WIG made multiple commercials for wigs created with popteen model Kumiko Funayama's endorsement. While Prisila made a commercial with the endorsement of popteen model Nana Suzuki for a smaller array of wigs such as clip-on bangs and clip-on extensions. Prisila is also known for its tagline that has not only been present in commercials on Japanese television but in various gyaru magazines as well, such as 'No wig, no life!'.

Japanese hair dye products have also had a variety of advertisements based on the gyaru subculture that were also present during that time and can still be seen through YouTube. There are two notable hair dye brands noted in the gyaru subculture being パルティー (Parutī) and ビューティーン (Byūtīn); in English being Palty and Beauteen. These two brands have been endorsed by two known gyaru models, Tsubasa Masuwaka and Kumiko Funayama. They had been the endorsers for these brands but one being the promotional model for Palty while the other for Beauteen. Kumiko Funayama appearing in Beauteen commercials while Tsubasa Masuwaka having appeared multiple times in these commercials, with some commercials having appearances of popteen model Yui Kanno for Palty. Tsubasa Masuwaka has even appeared in the advertisements for its male hair dye variant of Palty. Even South Korean Pop group KARA have participated in 2011 for a commercial for the Palty brand with Tsubasa Masuwaka as the one placing the hair dye on her hair while KARA singing since the begin of the advertisement by promoting their new J-Pop at the time song, ガールズビーアンビシャス (Gāruzubīanbishasu) lit. 'Girls be ambitious'.

Among the amount of wig products and hair dye-based advertisements produced for gyaru there have also been electronic hair tools or accessories created during the popularity of the gyaru subculture for gyaru enthusiasts. Tsubasa Masuwaka has participated as the endorser for a portable hair straightener collection called: TsuyaGla Perfect. They were produced by the brand CJプライムショッピング (CJ puraimu shoppingu) lit. 'CJ Prime Shopping', it is a hair straightener including accessories such as plastic covers to create curls with them to almost the same effect as a hair curl with a hair curler. They were produced in candy pink, midnight navy and virgin white. CJ Prime shopping also made a professional version of the TsuyaGla Perfect hair straightener with the endorsement of Jun Komori as gyaru model. This version being simply called: TsuyaGla Pro. The very same Japanese company have also made a wave hair curling iron and regular curling iron with Kumiko Funayama as the model who endorses this product, this time the product is called TsuyaGla Wave and TsuyaGla Curl.

Toys and mascot items

West entrance of Shibuya 109

In 2021 a selection of gashapon had been released to the market, that are made to resemble various folded origami paper cranes which are made by gyaru. They have been under scrutiny from the Japanese public for its poor appearance. But these origami have been made to have this appearance from the very beginning due to the artificial nails of the gyaru who made them. To add to these gashapons variety and rarity of these gashapon is the fact that though the set is only five different colored variations, they are all even the duplicates entirely different from each-other due to the fact that they are made by hand and aren't factory made gashapon; each one also comes with a philosophical question or phrase when collecting one of these gyaru hand-made origami cranes. In 2022 gyaru magazine egg produced a series of capsule toys for both gyaru, those who want to rekindle their love for gyaru or collectors. The selection of these capsule toys range from six different magazine covers made into keychains, plastic pins with gyaru slang and new models from the magazine in metal pin with the added bonus of all of these variants having an added magazine logo as a sticker. On September 14 2022, Sanrio made a collection of 17 items based on kogyaru subculture. What is available are four mascots in keychains, accessory cases and hair clips. A collaboration commercial between Russia and Japan was made with a photoshoot with model Natsuko Matsumoto the Russian mascot Cheburaska. The reasoning between the photoshoot is unknown but there is at least evidence of it.

Electronics

In a competition for the Japanese music company, AVEX Inc.; Kumiko Funayama won a special background for Japanese flip phones with Sanrio and ミュゥモ (Myuumo), AVEX's digital music distribution company to create a specific Hello Kitty character that resembles Kumiko Funayama herself. Another Japanese electronic brand Fujitsu that made a collaboration with both Kumiko Funayama and three brands from the Shibuya department store 109; these being Cecil McBee, COCO*LULU and Pinky Girls. This collaboration was made through the use of their flip phones products from the line of NTT Docomo. The electronics company Panasonic produced in 2011 the Panasonic Lumix FX77, a camera praised for its use of face altering functions such as adding makeup onto a photographed bare face. This was commercialized with the use of at the time gyaru model Yuka Obara; it was presented by the American news broadcasting television program CBS News on their YouTube channel. The Japanese company フリュー (Furyū), written FuRyu that produces purikura machines has made a collaboration at the time popteen model Tsubasa Masuwaka for their new machine in 2011. In 2011 Yuka Obara made a commercial for an iOS 3 application called iinurepublic; an application to recreate your dog as an avatar and discuss with other dog owners. Another iOS 3 application from 2011 is no make-up application The [すっぴん。ギャル編] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (help) or The [スッピン。ギャル編] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (help) Suppin. Gyaru-hen lit. 'The No make-up gyaru edition'. It is an application that does the inverse of most photography applications for selfies it removes make-up instead of adding it. There is also a kyabajō version as well. The corporation Heiwa which produces pachinko machines is also had collaborations with gyaru such as Muto Shizuka and Momoka Eri for making a kyabajō pachiko machine; called [パチンコCRラブ嬢小悪魔] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (help) Pachinko CR rabu jō shōakuma.

Even SEGA have used gyaru as participants to promote a product, a commercial for the 1999 video-game Seaman on the Dreamcast with gyaru discussing the product. Another video-game company; that being Nintendo themselves have used three gyaru models from the magazine popteen such as Kumiko Funayama, Jun Komori and Yui Kanno to act in a commercial for the Nintendo DS game titled Threads of Destiny which was produced by Alchemist and released in 2008. The only difference being that Nintendo used models established from popteen magazine or well-known gyaru at the time, while SEGA opted for unknown gyaru to actual citizens who participate in the gyaru substyle who auditioned to act as these characters solely for this commercial or they could just be actresses. A recent video game commercial can be the promotion with the browser and mobile phone game Candy Crush Saga for their Japanese promotion with a gyaru from the gyaru circle Black diamond; who by promoting said game was wearing 3D decorated artificial nails that appeared as candy. A smartphone application game that have featured gyaru models, singers that have a or had influence on gyarus or characters that are from gyaru or are often used as motifs by gyarus is from the Naver corporation and Line corporation from their software application line of Line games being known as the free-to-play application Line Play. Which is a social networking and avatar virtual community application that is not only used by gyaru but does have gyaru influences within the game and commercial partnerships. The use of these would be through in-game gashapon machines through either in-game currency or by microtransactions where items of virtual furniture or clothes could be acquired by playing them. The ones to note are from J-pop singers Ayumi Hamasaki (浜崎あゆみ) and Koda Kumi (倖田來未); model Kumiko Funayama (舟山久美子), Hikari Shiina (椎名ひかり) and characters from the Sanrio or San-X line or the character Kumatan by Chinatsu Wakatsuki (若槻千夏).

Manga

Manga had also its fair share of commercials dedicated to the gyaru subculture. A manga that had an ad on Japanese television during the Heisei era and during its publication would be Gals! with its commercial not only created to serve as a marketing strategy to bring new readers to the quarterly shoujo manga magazine Ribon, the publisher of Gals! at the time. It was not necessarily targeting the gyaru demographic but due to its story, the origins of the manga itself and the merchandise available for purchase at the time. It is likely that past gyaru have purchased this exclusive merchandise from Ribon or current gyaru now seek these accessories for themselves out of nostalgia. This would not be the only commercial created for and featuring characters from Gals!, as Tomy made multiple commercials dedicated to electronic devices with the Gals! branding. Also gyaru have also had a part in commercializing or making a wider audience interested in manga or anime; such an example can be found from gyaru magazine koakuma ageha which had a partnership with the manga Attack on Titan.

Other

Gyaru models for the magazine Ranzuki have also held an event in the department store Shibuya 109. The models were Natsumi Saito, Arisa Kamada and Rena Igo. One such example of commercial marketing centering or entirely base on the premise of having gyarus to promote a brand's product, would be for a tampon commercial that happened in Tokyo were a hundred gyarus of either famous, who have notoriety in Japanese magazines or online through social networking services to simply gyaru enthusiast. They participated to display their approval for a brand of tampons by walking through Tokyo with fans that would have the tampon's brand name on it. The car dealership サコダ車輌 (Sakoda sharyō) or lit. 'Sakoda vehicles' made a commercial in 2020 using an actress with the appearance of a gyaru. The Japanese car-licensing service 勝田車両センター (Katsuta sharyō) or lit. 'Katsuta vehicle center' also made an advertisement with a gyaru actress.

Web

On the Internet, there are many makeup tutorials and event videos of gyaru meeting each other on YouTube. Many videos discuss this fashion subculture, such as article videos, history videos, makeovers and questionnaire videos. Also the only way to take a look into the Heisei era gyaru period and how Shibuya's famous mall, Shibuya 109 looked like then from the inside and out. Is through the YouTube channel: TokyoFashionMoEStyle; a YouTube channel established in August 2012. From September to December 2012, it posted a series of videos examining Shibuya's gyaru fashion style and publicising the stores that were then in Shibuya 109. It was presented by Japanese JELLY magazine model Mana Honda. Another YouTube channel dedicated to gyaru culture, especially towards the gyaru mama subculuture, would be the Japanese YouTube channel 'kaorimama1'. This channel was established in June 2010, and published videos from 2010 until 2012. It had many and a series of episodes dedicated to the gyaru mama lifestyle called BeMamaTV. This series had a show that would be published online in three parts and it debuted in 2010 and lasted until 2012. It is unclear if this YouTube channel had any commercial ties with the gyaru magazine I LOVE MAMA or if it was its own channel. Also another channel that has a multitude of content on gyaru is Travel i TV; it consist of reuploads of a Japanese television program about traveling abroad with gyarus. The gyaru duo gyaru den have a YouTube channel all about LED and sometimes ASMR about electric use. There is also a video that has been uploaded by the YouTube channel of the older women's magazine Josei Jishin as the Jinsin channel; that has the twins Guri and Gura Yoshikawa giving a make-over to an elderly women to resemble them.

There are also many parody videos of this style and even Japanese television program fragments remain viewable on YouTube, making a farce of gyarus and gyaruos. One of the most famous is the 2011 GAL男宣言 (GAL O sengen), lit. 'Gyaru O declaration' created by the Japanese music group 'Policeman' ポリスマン, (porisuman), which achieved brief popularity outside of Japan as an Internet meme. A recent parody that can be also interpreted as an honoring of every notable gyaru that has appeared in manga, anime and hentai is the YouTube video Gyaru Sushi. It is a reference to an actual sushi restaurant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Video-games

Cosplay of Junko Enoshima from Danganronpa at Katsucon in 2014

There are also many characters from various Japanese media who have a gyaru connection. For example, in the Yakuza series, especially in its third iteration, Yakuza 3. It debuted a side-mission which would then be included with its gameplay and features in later sequels. Where in fictional Kabukichō or as the game refers to it as Kamurocho, the player would need to recruit women to join a hostess club. These women were actual gyaru from the magazine Koakuma Ageha. These models are used as actual character models in the game; their whole appearance was replicated to the smallest detail to have them created and placed as 3D characters. These models from Koakuma Ageha are Sayaka Araki, Nemu, Rina Sakurai, Eri Momoka, Riho Nishiyama, Rina Aikawa and Shizuka Muto. They have even been compared to their replicated three-dimensional counterparts. These characters would become hostess of these fictional hostess clubs; if the player chooses to do this side-mission and complete it. But the hostess club section of the game first appeared in Yakuza 2; in the sense of visiting the clubs themselves and not in the similar way as in the third game where the player recruited actual members for the clubs. They even have their own magazine in the games called Kamutai Magazine which is also replica of the actual magazine Koakuma Ageha. This content however was cut in the Western releases of Yakuza 3.

In Danganronpa the character of Junko Enoshima is inspired by gyaru subculture; she is called a super high school level gyaru. The Persona series also has a gyaru. In Revelations: Persona, there is a kogyaru named Yuka Ayase. No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle has a kogyaru enemy as a character. The player must defeat her to proceed in-game; she is known as Shinobu Jacobs who is encountered later in the game.

The Wagamama Fashion: Girls Mode series, known as Style Savvy and Style Boutique in North America and the PAL region respectively; is based on multiple Japanese street fashion subcultures and has a main focus on brands and selling apparel. The video-game has a variety of different brands and styles but also some of these that can be interpreted as mimicking or representing some gyaru fashion brands. For example, the in-game apparel brand AZ*USA (AZ-USA in the West) has a striking resemblance to the gyaru brand D.I.A.; another one would be the brand CherryBerry (April bonbon in the West) also having its own representation of the amekaji style. Most probable inspiration would be the gyaru brand COCO*LULU. The Nintendo DS was the first to introduce this series by the developers syn Sophia and then later got three sequels on the console's successor the Nintendo 3DS. In the West the word new would be added to the pre-existing title of Style Savvy and Style Boutique. In total this franchise would make at least three games on the Nintendo 3DS for this series but with the addition of the Nintendo DS in total the series would be at least a quadruple series.

The video-game franchise Animal Crossing by Nintendo also had a gyaru, but she only appeared in a spin-off game of this series. Specifically the Animal Crossing: Happy Home Designer on the Nintendo 3DS, the character named Lottie appears in that video-game for the first time, she is a character represented as an otter. After multiple encounters with her; there will be an in-game event on the third day of gameplay, where her uncle Lyle will state himself that she wears too much makeup in a game dialogue and in a later in-game event she can even be found without her makeup. She will state to the player character, that it was due to the fact she woke up too late for work but would often wear her makeup to impress a male colleague by wearing makeup; the colleague's name in game is Digby. She also appears in Animal Crossing: amiibo festival on the Wii U. Here are her looks on in-game. This character has recently been added to the Nintendo Switch version of Animal Crossing; Animal Crossing: New Horizons through the paid downloadable content of Animal Crossing: Happy Home Paradise. Another video-game franchise with a gyaru character is in the Dragon Quest series. On the Nintendo DS game Dragon Quest IX has a gyaru being the fairy character, Sandy. The video-game company, Nintendo did not only cater to gyaru by the use of video-game promotions with gyaru or video-games related to the gyaru subculture. They have a series of applications that can be used for both the Nintendo DSi and Nintendo 3DS, they can be found on the Nintendo DSiWare and on the Nintendo eShop. It is a purikura applications for both video-game consoles developed by the company Atlus. In Japan this series of applications are known as いつでもプリクラ キラデコプレミアム (itsudemo purikura kiradekopuremiamu) and abroad as the 'Sparkle Snapshots' series. Nintendo has also made with the use of amiibo a costume for the Wii U game Splatoon a kogyaru outfit for female inkling characters. Also in addition Splatoon 2 octoling idol Marina voice actress is a gyaru; known as Alice Peralta and has also her own group with the voice actress of Pearl as the LAIDBACKS.

The Super Gals! anime series had its own video-game, it is a series of threequels published in 2001 and 2002; produced by Konami for the Game Boy color and the PlayStation. The anime series Hime Gal Paradise also had its own video-game on the Nintendo 3DS published by Nippon Columbia-games.

Another video-game that had popularity amongst gyaru, is the as avatar fashion web browser game and virtual community which later became a series on the Nintendo DS as a sequel series is Poupéegirl.

Television

Japanese television

Exhibit at Edo Tokyo Museum on December the 3rd of 2021

Japanese television have a had an enormous amount of gyaru based television broadcasting during the Heisei era. These television programs could be centering around gyaru to even commercials being made by using gyarus that would be famous or not, as actresses to popularize and market a multitude of products. For Japanese television broadcasting these shows at the time, these varied from being shows that are made by gyaru for gyaru, that were not only to boost their popularity and moral as a Japanese fashion style and to do the same for the participating models in these programs as well. But also to either market, popularize the magazines or the stores in Shibuya 109 that were shown in these programs since they were either producing or had a contract with a television program or station for these shows to be made. Most of the models did not have a problem with these shows either since they were probably contracted by their magazines to participate in them. By using these models; the magazines would also to get more notoriety and marketability by doing these shows and so would these models.

For example, some television programs would make a single segment about current trends that were happening at the time. Such as in the Kantō region, that being of Tokyo; there were many small segments of programming sometimes dedicated to the gyaru subculture. One being in its earliest form about ganguro and their love for tropical clothing and a new type of thigh-high socks that looked like bell-bottoms that had at the time been released in Shibuya 109. Another is during the 2010; looking for the latest trends then that were happening with the gyaru subculture. A show created by gyaru for gyaru is GAL-TEN, a show produced by egg magazine and broadcast by TBS Television in the 2010s. Other television segments used gyaru or gyaru models to promote the show and the models themselves; such as this segment promoting koakuma ageha model Rina Sakurai. Another example of television segments about gyaru could be about make-up application. Such as the big eye trend of the early 2010s called デカ目メイク dekame meiku; These make-up techniques are said to make one's eyes resemble one of a child. One could also take the example of a television segment on parapara competitions with gyaru and even ganguro participating all around Japan who are all from a certain gyarusā; from the Kantō region of Tokyo all the way to Osaka. Other examples are a television segment about three joshi kōkō gyaru and their way of making money through being a Sugar baby by the means of using older men with the older internet system of Japan for enjo kōsai; while doing so one of the participants explains having made 200,000 yen and when adjusting for inflation made about 1,400 dollars with three dates in one day.

Shows that have relevancy to the actual lifestyle or subculture of gyaru, that would appear during the Heisei era; would be the television special about the gyarusā or gyarus in general. For example, the gyarusā Angeleek had its very own episode on Japanese television, fully dedicated to their events, general outings with each-other and how they made a younger generation than them participate or join their group to continue its legacy. Western gyaru have been also featured on Japanese television, the Spanish gyarusā Hysterical have appeared twice. They have appeared in Spain and while visiting Japan. Other gyarusā that have also been featured were the American gyarusā Diamond Gal for a segment on a Nippon TV program. This segment had been created with over exaggerated situation, acted or staged moments to provide the show with a sort of drama. Western gyaru have already had an appearance on Japanese television as early as 2013, with footage of a Japanese variety broadcast having a whole segment dedicated to various western gyaru that were either in Japan at the time or from around the world. Others that reflected and tried to capture the daily lifestyle of gyaru on Japanese television would also be the Japanese FashionTV segments known as "Tokyo Girls". The first episode of this series would be of following a day in a shop-staff one spo daily custom. The only proof of this episode existing since FashionTV deletion of these episodes is a tumblr with gifs of this episode. There is also on that very same tumblr the proof in gif; of the episode of the shop staff Miauler Mew being followed for that episode.

But there were also shows that would have nothing to do with the gyaru subculture but would have gyarus or gyaru-os for one episode or a segment in an episode and they would use these gyarus as either a popularity stunt for the program or to be participants to become a farce of that episode in a show. Some of these program segments can be made as a light hearted prank; for example the actress Yumiko Shaku, has to disguise herself as a ganguro to see the reaction of her dog, a chihuhua. But due to the loyalty and great sense of smell of her dog, it is already able to recognize that it is her. Even if some were there to educate the Japanese masses on the gyaru fashion subculture, the harsh comedy applied to the style or participants by the hosts of these shows is apparent. An example of either a full segment or episode to degrade gyaru participants from a Japanese television program can be seen on YouTube titled as 日本のゲームショー！ (Nihon no gēmushō!) lit. 'Japanese game show!'. It is uncertain if this was the name of the actual show or that it is entirely different.

International television

South Korea has also had influences from the gyaru subculture but it was not used in a way that both Japanese or gyaru participants would have recognized. South Korean comedian Korean: 박성호; RR: Park Seong-ho depicted a gyaru or kogyaru in 2012 in its most comical and borderline insulting way towards gyaru. This was made for the KBS Entertainment Awards which was shown on KBS2; a sketch-comedy show called Gag Concert. In the character of Korean: 갸루상; RR: Gyaru Sang, he depicted someone that is so self absorbed that she barely takes notice of those that are speaking directly to her and is portrayed as an idiot. This depiction was created with barely any knowledge of the actual gyaru culture or how most participants thought it should be represented. Park Seong-ho, stating himself in an interview that: 'He did not know the gyaru style, in any sense. He did not even know what it exactly meant from the start. He just created the character from what little knowledge he had, such as the heavy makeup and their way of speaking Japanese'. It is most probable that this sketch alone caused an outrage online due to how it was interpreted as offensive towards a Japanese audience from his representation of gyaru or most likely Japanese people; due to it being a blatant farce. But KBS2 have also made a report on the ganguro substyle in Japan with a gyarusā. The famous ganguro to gyaru Kanae Watanabe has had an episode on her life on the Polish show Kobieta na krańcu świata broadcast on Polish channel network TVN.

Western media has also seen appearances by gyaru. The English gaijin gyaru known by her online alias 'Lhouraii li' appeared on BBC Three's Snog Marry Avoid? in 2010. Other appearances have also been on Televisión Pública of the gyarusā Sugar Queen for a broadcasting of a Matsuri in a park in Argentina.

See also

• AV idol
• Bullying
• Burusera
• Cosplay restaurant
• Ecchi
• Enjo kōsai
• Gravure Idols
• Kogal
• gyaru-moji, a type of lettering used in Japanese mobile phone texting to secretly send messages
• Gyaruo, a term referring to the male subculture
• Host and hostess clubs
• JK business
• Materialism
• Panchira
• Pimping
• Sun tanning
• Uniform fetishism
• Zettai ryōiki

External links

• Gyaru – Subcultures and Sociology
• » The History of the Gyaru – Part One:: Néojaponisme » Blog Archive
• » The History of the Gyaru – Part Two:: Néojaponisme » Blog Archive
• » The History of the Gyaru – Part Three:: Néojaponisme » Blog Archive
• Defining The Gyaru Girl: A Look Into Japan's Gyaru Culture | YABAI - The Modern, Vibrant Face of Japan
• Cultural Anthropology of Gyarus and Gyaru-os (Yusuke Arai) | bookmeter (in Japanese)
• The Japanese Gyaru: Popular Culture, Globalization and the Reflection of a Trend | academia
• Fashioning Japanese Subcultures
• Think Global, Fear Local: Sex, Violence, and Anxiety in Contemporary Japan
• Tokyo Fashion City: A Detailed Guide to Tokyo's Trendiest Fashion Districts
• What are gyaru? (About the Slang, Fashion and History of Japan's Gyaru/Gal) | Japankyo
• Global Asian American Popular Cultures
• Fashion Theory, Volume 1 Berg Pub., 1997
• A look through the era of gyaru style for women | jprime (in Japanese)