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==The ship==
==The ship==
''Antarctic'' was a [[barque]] with three masts and equipped with a [[steam engine]], built in 1871 at Holmen in [[Drammen]] in Norway under the name ''Cap Nor''.<ref name=A>[http://runeberg.org/polexp1898/0017.html], Alfred Nathorst, ”Två Somrar i Norra Ishafvet”, first part (in Swedish), 1900, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name=BB>[https://archive.today/20130223012136/http://www.nb.no/utlevering/contentview.jsf?&urn=URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2008121110001%23&struct=DIV44], Henrik Bull, ”The cruise of the "Antarctic" to the South Polar regions”, 1896, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name="B">{{cite web|url=http://www.geo.uu.se/default.aspx?pageid=213&lan=0|title=Axel Hamberg på Nathorstexpeditionen 1898|language=sv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725113619/http://www.geo.uu.se/default.aspx?pageid=213&lan=0|archive-date=2011-07-25|url-status=dead|access-date=2010-12-11}}, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (in Swedish), accessdate=2010-12-10</ref>
''Antarctic'' was a [[barque]] with three masts and equipped with a [[steam engine]], built in 1871 at Holmen in [[Drammen]] in Norway under the name ''Cap Nor''.<ref name="A">[http://runeberg.org/polexp1898/0017.html], Alfred Nathorst, ”Två Somrar i Norra Ishafvet”, first part (in Swedish), 1900, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name="BB">[https://archive.today/20130223012136/http://www.nb.no/utlevering/contentview.jsf?&urn=URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2008121110001%23&struct=DIV44], Henrik Bull, ”The cruise of the "Antarctic" to the South Polar regions”, 1896, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name="B">{{cite web|url=http://www.geo.uu.se/default.aspx?pageid=213&lan=0|title=Axel Hamberg på Nathorstexpeditionen 1898|language=sv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725113619/http://www.geo.uu.se/default.aspx?pageid=213&lan=0|archive-date=2011-07-25|url-status=dead|access-date=2010-12-11}}, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (in Swedish), accessdate=2010-12-10</ref>


Initially ''Antarctic'' was used for [[seal hunting]] around [[Svalbard]], [[Jan Mayen]] and [[Greenland]].<ref name=AA>[http://runeberg.org/nfba/0622.html], Nordisk Familjebok, Project Runeberg, Linköping University (in Swedish), accessdate=2010-12-10</ref> During that period the ship was captained by Gullik Jensen.
Initially ''Antarctic'' was used for [[seal hunting]] around [[Svalbard]], [[Jan Mayen]] and [[Greenland]].<ref name="AA">[http://runeberg.org/nfba/0622.html], Nordisk Familjebok, Project Runeberg, Linköping University (in Swedish), accessdate=2010-12-10</ref> During that period the ship was captained by Gullik Jensen.


In the early 1890s Norwegian ship-owner [[Svend Foyn]] wanted to expand his business to the Antarctic Ocean thereby needing capable ships. Foyn then purchased ''Cap Nor'', made extensive repairs and after completion renamed the ship ''Antarctic''.<ref name=A/><ref name=B/><ref name=AA/> From 1893 the ship was deployed to the [[Antarctic ocean]] for [[whale hunting]].
In the early 1890s Norwegian ship-owner [[Svend Foyn]] wanted to expand his business to the Antarctic Ocean thereby needing capable ships. Foyn then purchased ''Cap Nor'', made extensive repairs and after completion renamed the ship ''Antarctic''.<ref name=A/><ref name=B/><ref name=AA/> From 1893 the ship was deployed to the [[Antarctic ocean]] for [[whale hunting]].
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In 1893 ''Antarctic'' captained by [[Leonard Kristensen]] set off on a whaling expedition to Antarctica led by [[Henrik Johan Bull]] and financed by Foyn. The ship was equipped with 11 harpoon guns, an arsenal of explosives, 8 whaleboats and 31 men and left [[Tønsberg]] on September 20, 1893. The first summer was spent around the [[Kerguelen Islands]] with winter camp in [[Melbourne]]. On September 28, 1894, the ship went off to sea heading for the [[Ross Sea]].
In 1893 ''Antarctic'' captained by [[Leonard Kristensen]] set off on a whaling expedition to Antarctica led by [[Henrik Johan Bull]] and financed by Foyn. The ship was equipped with 11 harpoon guns, an arsenal of explosives, 8 whaleboats and 31 men and left [[Tønsberg]] on September 20, 1893. The first summer was spent around the [[Kerguelen Islands]] with winter camp in [[Melbourne]]. On September 28, 1894, the ship went off to sea heading for the [[Ross Sea]].


On January 24, 1895, a boat was put ashore at [[Cape Adare]] at the northern extremity of [[Victoria Land]] with six men including Bull, [[Carsten Borchgrevink|Borchgrevink]], Kristensen and [[Alexander von Tunzelmann|Tunzelmann]]. The party performed the first confirmed landing on the continent of Antarctica, exactly who went ashore first was never cleared as all members claimed the honor (possibly British-American sealer [[John Davis (sealer)|John Davis]] had already made a landing on the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] on February 7, 1821, this claim can, however, not be confirmed).<ref name=XX>[https://archive.today/20130112163351/http://www.nb.no/utlevering/contentview.jsf?urn=URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2008121110001%23&struct=DIV204], Norska Nasjonalbiblioteket-National Library of Norway (in Norwegian), accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name=XXX>[http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Henrik_Bull/utdypning_%E2%80%93_2], Norsk biografisk leksikon-Norwegian Biografical encyclopedia (in Norwegian), accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name=YY>[http://www.south-pole.com/p0000052.htm], South-Pole.com, An Antarctic Timeline, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name=Y1>[http://www.antarctic-circle.org/rosove.htm], Antarctic-Circle.org, Antarctic voyages and expeditions, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name=Y2>[http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/first-landing-antarctica], New Zealand History online, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name=Y3>[http://www.norwaysforgottenexplorer.org/english/first-landing/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727130838/http://www.norwaysforgottenexplorer.org/english/first-landing/ |date=2011-07-27 }}, Norway's Forgotten Explorer.org, Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name=Y4>[http://www.antarctica.org.nz/02-history/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113012639/http://antarctica.org.nz/02-history/index.html |date=2015-01-13 }}, Antarctica.org, Antarctic History, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref>
On January 24, 1895, a boat was put ashore at [[Cape Adare]] at the northern extremity of [[Victoria Land]] with six men including Bull, [[Carsten Borchgrevink|Borchgrevink]], Kristensen and [[Alexander von Tunzelmann|Tunzelmann]]. The party performed the first confirmed landing on the continent of Antarctica, exactly who went ashore first was never cleared as all members claimed the honor (possibly British-American sealer [[John Davis (sealer)|John Davis]] had already made a landing on the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] on February 7, 1821, this claim can, however, not be confirmed).<ref name="XX">[https://archive.today/20130112163351/http://www.nb.no/utlevering/contentview.jsf?urn=URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2008121110001%23&struct=DIV204], Norska Nasjonalbiblioteket-National Library of Norway (in Norwegian), accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name="XXX">[http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Henrik_Bull/utdypning_%E2%80%93_2], Norsk biografisk leksikon-Norwegian Biografical encyclopedia (in Norwegian), accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name="YY">[http://www.south-pole.com/p0000052.htm], South-Pole.com, An Antarctic Timeline, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name="Y1">[http://www.antarctic-circle.org/rosove.htm], Antarctic-Circle.org, Antarctic voyages and expeditions, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name="Y2">[http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/first-landing-antarctica], New Zealand History online, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name="Y3">[http://www.norwaysforgottenexplorer.org/english/first-landing/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727130838/http://www.norwaysforgottenexplorer.org/english/first-landing/|date=2011-07-27}}, Norway's Forgotten Explorer.org, Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name="Y4">[http://www.antarctica.org.nz/02-history/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113012639/http://antarctica.org.nz/02-history/index.html|date=2015-01-13}}, Antarctica.org, Antarctic History, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref>


In 1898 ''Antarctic'' captained by Emil Nilsson carried Nathorst's polar expedition to [[Bear Island (Norway)|Bear Island]], [[Svalbard]] and [[Kong Karls Land]].<ref name=A/> Among the participating scientists were [[Axel Hamberg]], [[Otto Kjellström]], [[Gustaf Kolthoff]] and [[Henrik Hesselman]].<ref name=B/>
In 1898 ''Antarctic'' captained by Emil Nilsson carried Nathorst's polar expedition to [[Bear Island (Norway)|Bear Island]], [[Svalbard]] and [[Kong Karls Land]].<ref name=A/> Among the participating scientists were [[Axel Hamberg]], [[Otto Kjellström]], [[Gustaf Kolthoff]] and [[Henrik Hesselman]].<ref name=B/>


In 1899 the ship left on an expedition also under the command of Nathorst to [[Avannaa|North Greenland]] with the dual purpose of searching for survivors of the 1897 [[S. A. Andrée's Arctic Balloon Expedition of 1897|Andrée's Arctic Balloon Expedition]] and geographical mapping the area.<ref name=C>[http://runeberg.org/polexp1899/0020.html], Alfred Nathorst, ”Två Somrar i Norra Ishafvet”, second part (in Swedish), 1900, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref>
In 1899 the ship left on an expedition also under the command of Nathorst to [[Avannaa|North Greenland]] with the dual purpose of searching for survivors of the 1897 [[S. A. Andrée's Arctic Balloon Expedition of 1897|Andrée's Arctic Balloon Expedition]] and geographical mapping the area.<ref name="C">[http://runeberg.org/polexp1899/0020.html], Alfred Nathorst, ”Två Somrar i Norra Ishafvet”, second part (in Swedish), 1900, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref>


Later the same year ''Antarctic'' carried Amdrup's expedition to [[Tunu|East Greenland]].<ref name=AA/>
Later the same year ''Antarctic'' carried Amdrup's expedition to [[Tunu|East Greenland]].<ref name=AA/>


In 1901 the ship, then on loan from Nordenskjöld, carried the second season of the [[Swedish-Russian Arc-of-Meridian Expedition]] under the command of [[Gerard De Geer]] to [[Svalbard]].<ref name=AA/><ref name=T>[http://gupea.ub.gu.se/dspace/bitstream/2077/10635/1/gupea_2077_10635_1.pdf], Department of Earth Sciences, Lisbeth Levander, Uppsala University (in Swedish), accessdate=2010-12-10</ref>
In 1901 the ship, then on loan from Nordenskjöld, carried the second season of the [[Swedish-Russian Arc-of-Meridian Expedition]] under the command of [[Gerard De Geer]] to [[Svalbard]].<ref name=AA/><ref name="T">[http://gupea.ub.gu.se/dspace/bitstream/2077/10635/1/gupea_2077_10635_1.pdf], Department of Earth Sciences, Lisbeth Levander, Uppsala University (in Swedish), accessdate=2010-12-10</ref>


On October 16, 1901 ''Antarctic'' now captained by [[Carl Anton Larsen]] left [[Gothenburg]] harbor on Nordenskjold's [[Swedish Antarctic Expedition|Antarctic expedition]].<ref name=X>[http://www.south-pole.com/p0000091.htm], South-Pole.com, Nordenskjöld article, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name=Y>[http://runeberg.org/hvar8dag/3/0406.html], Hvar 8 dag, Project Runeberg, Linköping University (in Swedish), accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name=V>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjerrang.no/aq/ |title=Antarctic Quest |access-date=2010-12-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713223627/http://www.bjerrang.no/aq/ |archive-date=2011-07-13 }}, Bjerrang, Antarctic quest, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref> This would become the ship's last voyage.
On October 16, 1901 ''Antarctic'' now captained by [[Carl Anton Larsen]] left [[Gothenburg]] harbor on Nordenskjold's [[Swedish Antarctic Expedition|Antarctic expedition]].<ref name="X">[http://www.south-pole.com/p0000091.htm], South-Pole.com, Nordenskjöld article, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name="Y">[http://runeberg.org/hvar8dag/3/0406.html], Hvar 8 dag, Project Runeberg, Linköping University (in Swedish), accessdate=2010-12-10</ref><ref name=V>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjerrang.no/aq/ |title=Antarctic Quest |access-date=2010-12-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713223627/http://www.bjerrang.no/aq/ |archive-date=2011-07-13 }}, Bjerrang, Antarctic quest, accessdate=2010-12-10</ref> This would become the ship's last voyage.


==The ship wrecking==
==The ship wrecking==
Line 100: Line 100:
In 1944 Johan Gunnar Andersson published a commemorative book ''Antarctic :Stolt har hon levat Stolt skall hon dö – Antarctic: proud she lived proud she shall die''.
In 1944 Johan Gunnar Andersson published a commemorative book ''Antarctic :Stolt har hon levat Stolt skall hon dö – Antarctic: proud she lived proud she shall die''.


The [[Antarctic Sound, Greenland|Antarctic Sound]], [[Antarctic Bay (Greenland)]] and [[Antarctic Haven]] in [[Greenland]], as well as [[Antarctic Bay]] in [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia]] and the [[Antarctic Sound]] in Antarctica, were named after the ship.<ref name="GEUS">''Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland'', Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland</ref><ref>{{usgs-gazetteer|id=486}}</ref>
The [[Antarctic Sound, Greenland|Antarctic Sound]], [[Antarctic Bay (Greenland)]] and [[Antarctic Haven]] in [[Greenland]], Antarcticberget in [[Jan Mayen]] as well as [[Antarctic Bay]] in [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia]] and the [[Antarctic Sound]] in Antarctica, were named after the ship.<ref name="GEUS">''Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland'', Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland</ref><ref>{{usgs-gazetteer|id=486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Placenames |url=https://data.npolar.no/placename/#!/7a54293c-4d12-520d-a4f5-3c127cb353a3 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=data.npolar.no}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 22:08, 23 June 2023

Antarctic in Tromsø harbor, 1898
History
NameAntarctic
Port of registry Sweden
Launched1871, in Drammen, Norway
FateSank 12 February 1903
General characteristics
TypeSteamship
Tonnage226 netto
Length41.5 m (136 ft)
Height33.5 m (110 ft)
PropulsionSails, 45 hp (34 kW) auxiliary steam engine
Sail planBarque
Speed6 knots (11 km/h)
Capacity346 brutto

Antarctic was a Swedish steamship built in Drammen, Norway, in 1871. She was used on several research expeditions to the Arctic region and to Antarctica from 1898 to 1903. In 1895 the first confirmed landing on the mainland of Antarctica was made from this ship.

The ship

Antarctic was a barque with three masts and equipped with a steam engine, built in 1871 at Holmen in Drammen in Norway under the name Cap Nor.[1][2][3]

Initially Antarctic was used for seal hunting around Svalbard, Jan Mayen and Greenland.[4] During that period the ship was captained by Gullik Jensen.

In the early 1890s Norwegian ship-owner Svend Foyn wanted to expand his business to the Antarctic Ocean thereby needing capable ships. Foyn then purchased Cap Nor, made extensive repairs and after completion renamed the ship Antarctic.[1][3][4] From 1893 the ship was deployed to the Antarctic ocean for whale hunting.

In 1897 the ship was purchased by Alfred Gabriel Nathorst for his planned expedition to Svalbard. Again extensive repairs were made prior to the expedition in 1898.[1][3][4]

In 1899 Nathorst sold the ship to Georg Carl Amdrup for his expedition to East Greenland.[4]

In 1900 Amdrup sold Antarctic to Otto Nordenskjöld who needed the ship for his Antarctic expedition.

The expeditions

Antarctic leaving Gothenburg harbor, 1901

In 1893 Antarctic captained by Leonard Kristensen set off on a whaling expedition to Antarctica led by Henrik Johan Bull and financed by Foyn. The ship was equipped with 11 harpoon guns, an arsenal of explosives, 8 whaleboats and 31 men and left Tønsberg on September 20, 1893. The first summer was spent around the Kerguelen Islands with winter camp in Melbourne. On September 28, 1894, the ship went off to sea heading for the Ross Sea.

On January 24, 1895, a boat was put ashore at Cape Adare at the northern extremity of Victoria Land with six men including Bull, Borchgrevink, Kristensen and Tunzelmann. The party performed the first confirmed landing on the continent of Antarctica, exactly who went ashore first was never cleared as all members claimed the honor (possibly British-American sealer John Davis had already made a landing on the Antarctic Peninsula on February 7, 1821, this claim can, however, not be confirmed).[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

In 1898 Antarctic captained by Emil Nilsson carried Nathorst's polar expedition to Bear Island, Svalbard and Kong Karls Land.[1] Among the participating scientists were Axel Hamberg, Otto Kjellström, Gustaf Kolthoff and Henrik Hesselman.[3]

In 1899 the ship left on an expedition also under the command of Nathorst to North Greenland with the dual purpose of searching for survivors of the 1897 Andrée's Arctic Balloon Expedition and geographical mapping the area.[12]

Later the same year Antarctic carried Amdrup's expedition to East Greenland.[4]

In 1901 the ship, then on loan from Nordenskjöld, carried the second season of the Swedish-Russian Arc-of-Meridian Expedition under the command of Gerard De Geer to Svalbard.[4][13]

On October 16, 1901 Antarctic now captained by Carl Anton Larsen left Gothenburg harbor on Nordenskjold's Antarctic expedition.[14][15][16] This would become the ship's last voyage.

The ship wrecking

Antarctic trapped in pack ice
Antarctic sinking

After exploring parts of the South Shetland Islands the expedition continued through the Antarctic Sound towards the Antarctic Peninsula. On January 15, 1902 Hope Bay was discovered. In February Nordenskjöld chose Snow Hill Island as winter camp for part of the expedition. After all preparations were completed Antarctic left for the Falkland Islands.

After the winter the ship left the Falklands on November 5 heading back to the Antarctic Peninsula by way of Ushuaia for supplies. On December 29 Antarctic was trapped in pack ice near Hope Bay, and some of the crew was put ashore.[14]

Antarctic later broke free and continued towards Paulet Island; on the way the ship once again was trapped in pack ice on January 3, 1903. On February 3 the ship again broke free but was now damaged and leaking. Captain Larsen now intended to beach Antarctic on Paulet Island, but the ship was too damaged and sank about 40 km (25 mi) off the coast on February 12, 1903.[13][14][16][17]

In November all crewmembers (including Carl Skottsberg, Johan Gunnar Andersson, José María Sobral and Frank Wilbert Stokes) were rescued by the Argentine corvette Uruguay captained by Julián Irízar.

Epitaph

When Nathorst heard about the ship wrecking he commented "seems to me more glorious than if she had gone to meet the usual fate of vessels to slowly rot in some port, or to be used for something far off from her designation and purposes as an icy seas and research vessel".[3]

In 1944 Johan Gunnar Andersson published a commemorative book Antarctic :Stolt har hon levat Stolt skall hon dö – Antarctic: proud she lived proud she shall die.

The Antarctic Sound, Antarctic Bay (Greenland) and Antarctic Haven in Greenland, Antarcticberget in Jan Mayen as well as Antarctic Bay in South Georgia and the Antarctic Sound in Antarctica, were named after the ship.[18][19][20]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d [1], Alfred Nathorst, ”Två Somrar i Norra Ishafvet”, first part (in Swedish), 1900, accessdate=2010-12-10
  2. ^ [2], Henrik Bull, ”The cruise of the "Antarctic" to the South Polar regions”, 1896, accessdate=2010-12-10
  3. ^ a b c d e "Axel Hamberg på Nathorstexpeditionen 1898" (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2010-12-11., Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (in Swedish), accessdate=2010-12-10
  4. ^ a b c d e f [3], Nordisk Familjebok, Project Runeberg, Linköping University (in Swedish), accessdate=2010-12-10
  5. ^ [4], Norska Nasjonalbiblioteket-National Library of Norway (in Norwegian), accessdate=2010-12-10
  6. ^ [5], Norsk biografisk leksikon-Norwegian Biografical encyclopedia (in Norwegian), accessdate=2010-12-10
  7. ^ [6], South-Pole.com, An Antarctic Timeline, accessdate=2010-12-10
  8. ^ [7], Antarctic-Circle.org, Antarctic voyages and expeditions, accessdate=2010-12-10
  9. ^ [8], New Zealand History online, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, accessdate=2010-12-10
  10. ^ [9] Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine, Norway's Forgotten Explorer.org, Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage, accessdate=2010-12-10
  11. ^ [10] Archived 2015-01-13 at the Wayback Machine, Antarctica.org, Antarctic History, accessdate=2010-12-10
  12. ^ [11], Alfred Nathorst, ”Två Somrar i Norra Ishafvet”, second part (in Swedish), 1900, accessdate=2010-12-10
  13. ^ a b [12], Department of Earth Sciences, Lisbeth Levander, Uppsala University (in Swedish), accessdate=2010-12-10
  14. ^ a b c [13], South-Pole.com, Nordenskjöld article, accessdate=2010-12-10
  15. ^ [14], Hvar 8 dag, Project Runeberg, Linköping University (in Swedish), accessdate=2010-12-10
  16. ^ a b "Antarctic Quest". Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2010-12-11., Bjerrang, Antarctic quest, accessdate=2010-12-10
  17. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2010-12-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), Chalmers Magazine, Chalmers University of Technology (in Swedish), accessdate=2010-12-10
  18. ^ Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland
  19. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Antarctic (ship)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  20. ^ "Placenames". data.npolar.no. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
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