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| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1862|10|30}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1862|10|30}}
| birth_place = [[Salzwedel]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]
| birth_place = [[Salzwedel]], [[Province of Saxony|Saxony]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1954|2|6|1862|10|20}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1954|2|6|1862|10|20}}
| death_place = [[West Berlin]]
| death_place = [[West Berlin]], [[West Germany]]
| nationality = German
| nationality = German
| other_names =
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Historism]]<ref>Beiser 2014, p. 133.</ref>
| known_for = [[Historism]]<ref>Beiser 2014, p. 133.</ref>
| occupation = Nationalist historian <br> Archivist (1887–1901) of the German State Archives <br> Editor (1896–1935) of the ''[[Historische Zeitschrift]]'' <br> Chairman (1928–1935) of the ''Historische Reichskommission''
| occupation = Nationalist historian <br/> Archivist (1887–1901) of the German State Archives <br/> Editor (1896–1935) of the {{lang|de|[[Historische Zeitschrift]]}}<br/> Chairman (1928–1935) of the {{lang|de|Historische Reichskommission}}
}}
}}
[[File:Grab Friedrich Meinecke.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Grab Friedrich Meinecke.jpg|thumb]]


'''Friedrich Meinecke''' (October 20, 1862 – February 6, 1954) was a German historian, with [[national liberal]] and [[Antisemitism|antisemitic views]], who supported the Nazi [[invasion of Poland]]. After [[World War II]], as a representative of an older tradition, he criticized the Nazi regime, but continued to express antisemitic prejudices.<ref>Germany: The Long Road West: Volume 2: 1933–1990
'''Friedrich Meinecke''' (October 20, 1862 – February 6, 1954) was a German historian, with [[national liberal]] and [[antisemitism|antisemitic views]], who supported the Nazi [[invasion of Poland]]. After [[World War II]], as a representative of an older tradition, he criticized the Nazi regime, but continued to express antisemitic prejudices.<ref>''Germany: The Long Road West: Volume 2: 1933–1990'', Heinrich August Winkler: "But when it came to the Jews, Meinecke's thoughts reflected the same old anti-Semitic prejudices"</ref><ref>''The anti-Enlightenment tradition'', Zeev Sternhell Yale University 2010 Press, page 383</ref>
Heinrich August Winkler "But when it came to the Jews, Meinecke's thoughts reflected the same old anti-Semitic prejudices"</ref><ref>The anti-Enlightenment tradition, Zeev Sternhell Yale University 2010 Press, page 383</ref>


In 1948, he helped to found the [[Free University of Berlin]] in [[West Berlin]], and remained an important figure to the end of his life.
In 1948, he helped to found the [[Free University of Berlin]] in [[West Berlin]], and remained an important figure to the end of his life.


==Life==
==Life==
⚫
Meinecke was born in [[Salzwedel]] in the [[Province of Saxony]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]]. He was educated at the [[University of Bonn]] and the [[University of Berlin|Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin]]. In 1887–1901 he worked as an archivist at the German State Archives. A professor at the [[University of Strasbourg]], he served as editor of the journal {{lang|de|Historische Zeitschrift}} between 1896 and 1935 and was the chairman of the {{lang|de|Historische Reichskommission}} from 1928 to 1935. As a nationalist historian, Meinecke had little regard for the wishes of peoples in Eastern Europe,<ref>''East European Quarterly'', Tom 1 page 269. University of Colorado, 1967</ref> and he went as far as writing about "raw bestiality of the south Slavs",<ref>''Friedrich Meinecke and German politics in the twentieth century'' – Page 20. Robert A. Pois</ref> while favoring [[Lebensraum|German expansionism into the East]].<ref>''The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970'', page 73</ref>


⚫
During the [[First World War]], he advocated removing Polish landowners from the Prussian provinces of [[West Prussia]] and [[Province of Posen|Posen]], which had been acquired from Poland during the [[Partitions of Poland]], to [[Congress Poland]]. In addition, he proposed the German colonization of [[Courland]] after the expulsion of its Latvian population.<ref>''Globalisation and the Nation in Imperial Germany'', Sebastian Conrad, page 175</ref> Some authors have likened his views to [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref>''Telos'' – Issues 94–97 – Page 159. State University of New York at Buffalo. Graduate Philosophy Association – 1994</ref> When the [[German Empire]] formulated the so-called [[Polish Border Strip]] plan, which called for the annexation of a large swathe of land from Congress Poland and the removal of millions of Poles and Jews to make room for German settlers, Meinecke welcomed the idea with contentment.<ref>''The German Empire, 1871–1918'', Hans-Ulrich Wehler page 112–113.</ref>
⚫
Meinecke was born in [[Salzwedel]] in the [[Province of Saxony]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]]. He was educated at the [[University of Bonn]] and the [[University of Berlin]]. In 1887–1901 he worked as an archivist at the German State Archives. A professor at the [[University of Strasbourg]], he served as editor of the journal ''Historische Zeitschrift'' between 1896 and 1935 and was the chairman of the ''Historische Reichskommission'' from 1928 to 1935. As a nationalist historian, Meinecke had little regard for the wishes of peoples in Eastern Europe,<ref>East European Quarterly, Tom 1 page 269
University of Colorado, 1967</ref> and he went as far as writing about "raw bestiality of the south Slavs",<ref>Friedrich Meinecke and German politics in the twentieth century – Page 20
Robert A. Pois</ref> while favoring German expansionism into the East.<ref>The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970 page 73</ref>


⚫
Meinecke was best known for his work on 18th- and 19th-century German intellectual and cultural history. The book that made his reputation was his 1908 work {{lang|de|Weltbürgertum und Nationalstaat}} ('Cosmopolitanism and the National State'), which traced the development of national feelings in the 19th century. Starting with {{lang|de|Die Idee der Staatsräson}} (1924), much of his work concerns the conflict between {{lang|de|Kratos}} (power) and {{lang|de|Ethos}} (morality) and how to achieve a balance between them.
⚫
During the [[First World War]], he advocated removing Polish landowners from the Prussian provinces of [[West Prussia]] and [[Province of Posen|Posen]], which had been acquired from Poland during the [[Partitions of Poland]], to [[Congress Poland]]. In addition, he proposed the German colonization of [[Courland]] after the expulsion of its Latvian population.<ref>Globalisation and the Nation in Imperial Germany Sebastian Conrad, page 175</ref> Some authors have likened his views to [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref>Telos – Issues 94–97 – Page 159 State University of New York at Buffalo. Graduate Philosophy Association – 1994</ref> When the [[German Empire]] formulated the so-called [[Polish Border Strip]] plan, which called for the annexation of a large swathe of land from Congress Poland and the removal of millions of Poles and Jews to make room for German settlers, Meinecke welcomed the idea with contentment.<ref>The German Empire, 1871–1918 Hans-Ulrich Wehler page 112-113.</ref>


⚫
One of his students was [[Heinrich Brüning]], the future Chancellor. Under the [[Weimar Republic]], Meinecke was a {{lang|de|Vernunftsrepublikaner}} (republican by reason), someone who supported the republic as the least bad alternative. In 1918 he had been one of the founders of the [[German Democratic Party]].
⚫
Meinecke was best known for his work on 18th- and 19th-century German intellectual and cultural history. The book that made his reputation was his 1908 work ''Weltbürgertum und Nationalstaat'' (Cosmopolitanism and the National State), which traced the development of national feelings in the 19th century. Starting with ''Die Idee der Staatsräson'' (1924), much of his work concerns the conflict between ''Kratos'' (power) and ''Ethos'' (morality) and how to achieve a balance between them.


⚫
Under the [[Third Reich]], Meinecke had some sympathy for the regime, especially in regard to its early [[antisemitic]] laws. After 1935, Meinecke fell into a state of semi-disgrace, and was removed as editor of the {{lang|de|Historische Zeitschrift}}. Though Meinecke remained in public a supporter of the regime, he privately became increasingly bothered by what he regarded as the violence and crudeness of the Nazis. Nevertheless, he openly described himself as "anti-Semitic",<ref>''The bourgeois Democrats of Weimar Germany'', page 12
⚫
One of his students was [[Heinrich Brüning]], the future Chancellor. Under the [[Weimar Republic]], Meinecke was a ''Vernunftsrepublikaner'' (republican by reason), someone who supported the republic as the least bad alternative. In 1918 he had been one of the founders of the [[German Democratic Party]].
⚫
Robert A. Pois – 1976 "Friedrich Meinecke, in his Erinnerungen, confessed to being a "rugged anti-Semite"</ref> and while he was willing to have Jewish friends and colleagues, the Nazi persecution of Jews never bothered him much.<ref>''Militarism, Imperialism, and Racial Accommodation: An Analysis and Interpretation of the Early Writings of Robert E. Park'', by Stanford M. Lyman page 146 University of Arkansas Press</ref>


⚫
After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, he praised it on a letter to Siegfred August Kaehler: "You will also have been delighted by this splendid campaign".<ref>''The Quest for the Lost Nation: Writing History in Germany and Japan in the American Century'' (California World History Library) Sebastian Conrad page 48</ref>
⚫
Under the [[Third Reich]], Meinecke had some sympathy for the regime, especially in regard to its early [[antisemitic]] laws. After 1935, Meinecke fell into a state of semi-disgrace, and was removed as editor of the ''Historische Zeitschrift''. Though Meinecke remained in public a supporter of the regime, he privately became increasingly bothered by what he regarded as the violence and crudeness of the Nazis. Nevertheless, he openly described himself as "anti-Semitic",<ref>The bourgeois Democrats of Weimar Germany page 12
⚫
Robert A. Pois – 1976 "Friedrich Meinecke, in his Erinnerungen, confessed to being a "rugged anti-Semite"</ref> and while he was willing to have Jewish friends and colleagues, the Nazi persecution of Jews never bothered him much.<ref>Militarism, Imperialism, and Racial Accommodation: An Analysis and Interpretation of the Early Writings of Robert E. Park by Stanford M. Lyman page 146 University of Arkansas Press</ref>


⚫
One of Meinecke's best-known books, {{lang|de|Die Deutsche Katastrophe}} ('The German Catastrophe') of 1946, sees the historian attempting to reconcile his lifelong belief in authoritarian state power with the events of 1933–45. His explanation for the success of [[Nazism]] points to the legacy of Prussian militarism in Germany, the effects of rapid industrialisation and the weaknesses of the middle classes, but Meinecke also asserts that Hitlerism benefited from a series of unfortunate accidents, which had no connection with the earlier developments in German history. Meinecke interpreted Nazism as an "alien force occupying Germany",<ref>''Thinking about the Holocaust: After Half a Century'', Alvin H. Rosenfeld – 1997, page 169</ref> and he also expressed prejudice against Jews.<ref>''Germany: The Long Road West: Volume 2: 1933–1990'', Heinrich August Winkler "But when it came to the Jews, Meinecke's thoughts reflected the same old anti-Semitic prejudices"</ref> Meinecke claimed that [[Self-hating Jew|Jews were responsible for antisemitism]] and blamed them for the fall of liberalism. The German catastrophe represented two classic themes of antisemitism: resentment based on Jewish economic activities and their alleged "character".<ref>''The anti-Enlightenment tradition'', Zeev Sternhell Yale University 2010 Press, page 383</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ó Dochartaigh |first1=Pól |title=Germans and Jews Since The Holocaust |date=2015 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |isbn=978-1-137-57028-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8w0CwAAQBAJ |language=en |chapter=Jews and West Germany I (1949–1967)}}</ref>
⚫
After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, he praised it on a letter to Siegfred August Kaehler: "You will also have been delighted by this splendid campaign".<ref>The Quest for the Lost Nation: Writing History in Germany and Japan in the American Century (California World History Library) Sebastian Conrad page 48</ref>

⚫
One of Meinecke's best-known books, ''Die Deutsche Katastrophe'' (The German Catastrophe) of 1946, sees the historian attempting to reconcile his lifelong belief in authoritarian state power with the events of 1933–45. His explanation for the success of [[Nazism]] points to the legacy of Prussian militarism in Germany, the effects of rapid industrialisation and the weaknesses of the middle classes, but Meinecke also asserts that Hitlerism benefited from a series of unfortunate accidents, which had no connection with the earlier developments in German history. Meinecke interpreted Nazism as an "alien force occupying Germany",<ref>Thinking about the Holocaust: After Half a Century Alvin H. Rosenfeld – 1997, page 169</ref> and he also expressed prejudice against Jews.<ref>Germany: The Long Road West: Volume 2: 1933–1990, Heinrich August Winkler "But when it came to the Jews, Meinecke's thoughts reflected the same old anti-Semitic prejudices"</ref> Meinecke claimed that [[Self-hating Jew|Jews were responsible for antisemitism]] and blamed them for the fall of liberalism. The German catastrophe represented two classic themes of antisemitism: resentment based on Jewish economic activities and their alleged "character".<ref>The anti-Enlightenment tradition, Zeev Sternhell Yale University 2010 Press, page 383</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ó Dochartaigh |first1=Pól |title=Germans and Jews Since The Holocaust |date=2015 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |isbn=978-1-137-57028-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8w0CwAAQBAJ |language=en |chapter=Jews and West Germany I (1949–1967)}}</ref>


In 1948, Meinecke helped to found the [[Free University of Berlin]].
In 1948, Meinecke helped to found the [[Free University of Berlin]].


British historian [[E. H. Carr]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Carr, E. H.|year=1961|title=What is History?|publisher=Macmillan/Penguin|isbn=0-14-020652-3}}</ref> cites him as an example of a historian whose views are heavily influenced by the ''[[Zeitgeist]]'': liberal during the German Empire, discouraged during the interwar period and deeply pessimistic after [[World War II]].
British historian [[E. H. Carr]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Carr, E. H.|year=1961|title=What is History?|publisher=Macmillan/Penguin|isbn=0-14-020652-3}}</ref> cites him as an example of a historian whose views are heavily influenced by the {{lang|de|[[Zeitgeist]]}}: liberal during the German Empire, discouraged during the interwar period and deeply pessimistic after [[World War II]].


==Works==
==Works==
*''Das Leben des Generalfeldmarschalls Hermann von Boyen'' (2 volumes, 1896–1899) (The Life of Field Marshal Hermann von Boyen)
* {{lang|de|Das Leben des Generalfeldmarschalls Hermann von Boyen}} (2 volumes, 1896–1899) (''The Life of Field Marshal [[Hermann von Boyen]]'')
*''Das Zeitalter der deutschen Erhebung, 1795–1815'' (1906) (The Coming of Age of Germany). Translated into English by [[Peter Paret]] as ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6R1pcdQsKTIC The Age of German Liberation, 1795–1815]'' (full view on Google Books), based on the 6th German edition, 1957. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977, {{ISBN|0-520-03454-6}}
* {{lang|de|Das Zeitalter der deutschen Erhebung, 1795–1815}} (1906) (''The Coming of Age of Germany''). Translated into English by [[Peter Paret]] as ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6R1pcdQsKTIC The Age of German Liberation, 1795–1815]'' (full view on Google Books), based on the 6th German edition, 1957. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977, {{ISBN|0-520-03454-6}}
*''Weltbürgertum und Nationalstaat: Studien zur Genesis des deutschen Nationalstaates'' (1908) (Cosmopolitanism and the Nationstate: Studies in the Beginning of the German Nationstates)
* {{lang|de|Weltbürgertum und Nationalstaat: Studien zur Genesis des deutschen Nationalstaates}} (1908) (''Cosmopolitanism and the Nationstate: Studies in the Beginning of the German Nationstates'')
*''Radowitz und die deutsche Revolution'' (1913) (Radowitz and the German Revolution)
* {{lang|de|Radowitz und die deutsche Revolution}} (1913) (''[[Radowitz]] and the German Revolution'')
*''Die Idee der Staatsräson in der neueren Geschichte'' (1924) (The Idea of Reason of State in Modern History)
* {{lang|de|Die Idee der Staatsräson in der neueren Geschichte}} (1924) (''The Idea of Reason of State in Modern History'')
*''Geschichte des deutsch-englischen Bündnisproblems, 1890–1901'' (1927) (The History of German-English Partnership Problems)
* {{lang|de|Geschichte des deutsch-englischen Bündnisproblems, 1890–1901}} (1927) (''The History of German–English Partnership Problems'')
*''Staat und Persönlichkeit'' (1933) (State and Personality)
* {{lang|de|Staat und Persönlichkeit}} (1933) (''State and Personality'')
*''Die Entstehung des Historismus'' (2 volumes, 1936) (Historism: The Rise of a New Historical Outlook)
* {{lang|de|Die Entstehung des Historismus}} (2 volumes, 1936) (''Historism: The Rise of a New Historical Outlook'')
*''Die deutsche Katastrophe: Betrachtungen und Erinnerungen'' (1946) (The German Catastrophe: Contemplations and Recollections)
* {{lang|de|Die deutsche Katastrophe: Betrachtungen und Erinnerungen}} (1946) (''The German Catastrophe: Contemplations and Recollections'')
*''1848: Eine Säkularbetrachtung'' (1948) (1848: The Year in Review)
* {{lang|de|1848: Eine Säkularbetrachtung}} (1948) (''1848: The Year in Review'')
*''Werke'' (9 volumes, 1957–1979) (Works)
* {{lang|de|Werke}} (9 volumes, 1957–1979) (''Works'')


==Notes==
==Notes==
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* [[Frederick C. Beiser|Beiser, Frederick C.]], ''After Hegel: German Philosophy, 1840–1900'', Princeton University Press, 2014.
* [[Frederick C. Beiser|Beiser, Frederick C.]], ''After Hegel: German Philosophy, 1840–1900'', Princeton University Press, 2014.
* [[Andreas Daum|Daum, Andreas]], [[Hartmut Lehmann]], [[James J. Sheehan|James Sheehan]] (eds.), ''The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide''. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, {{ISBN|978-1-78238-985-9}}.
* [[Andreas Daum|Daum, Andreas]], [[Hartmut Lehmann]], [[James J. Sheehan|James Sheehan]] (eds.), ''The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide''. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, {{ISBN|978-1-78238-985-9}}.
* Erbe, Michael (editor), ''Friedrich Meinecke heute: Bericht über ein Gedenk-Colloquium zu seinem 25. Todestag am 5. und 6. April 1979'', Berlin: Colloquium Verlag, 1981.
* Erbe, Michael (editor), {{lang|de|Friedrich Meinecke heute: Bericht über ein Gedenk-Colloquium zu seinem 25. Todestag am 5. und 6. April 1979}}, Berlin: Colloquium Verlag, 1981.
* Hofer, Walther, ''Geschichtsschreibung und Weltanschauung; Betrachtungen zum Werk Friedrich Meineckes'', Munich: Oldenbourg, 1950.
* Hofer, Walther, {{lang|de|Geschichtsschreibung und Weltanschauung; Betrachtungen zum Werk Friedrich Meineckes}}, Munich: Oldenbourg, 1950.
* Iggers, George, ''The German Conception of History: The National Tradition of Historical Thought from Herder to the Present'', Middletwon, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1968, revised edition, 1983.
* Iggers, George, ''The German Conception of History: The National Tradition of Historical Thought from Herder to the Present'', Middletwon, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1968, revised edition, 1983.
* Lehmann, Hartmut and James J. Sheehan (eds.), ''An Interrupted Past: German-Speaking Refugee Historians in the United States after 1933''. Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute, 1991.
* Lehmann, Hartmut and James J. Sheehan (eds.), ''An Interrupted Past: German-Speaking Refugee Historians in the United States after 1933''. Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute, 1991.
* Meineke, Stefan, ''Friedrich Meinecke: Persönlichkeit und politisches Denken bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges'', Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995.
* Meineke, Stefan, {{lang|de|Friedrich Meinecke: Persönlichkeit und politisches Denken bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges}}, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995.
* Pois, Robert, ''Friedrich Meinecke and German Politics in the Twentieth Century'', Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
* Pois, Robert, ''Friedrich Meinecke and German Politics in the Twentieth Century'', Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
* Schulin, Ernst, "Friedrich Meinecke", in ''Deutsche Historiker'', edited by [[Hans-Ulrich Wehler]], Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1971.
* Schulin, Ernst, "Friedrich Meinecke", in {{lang|de|Deutsche Historiker}}, edited by [[Hans-Ulrich Wehler]], Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1971.
* Sterling, Richard, ''Ethics in a World of Power: The Political Ideas of Friedrich Meinecke'', Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958.
* Sterling, Richard, ''Ethics in a World of Power: The Political Ideas of Friedrich Meinecke'', Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958.


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{{Commons}}
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/history/historian/Friedrich_Meinecke.html Friedrich Meinecke Cosmopolitanism and the National State].
*[http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/history/historian/Friedrich_Meinecke.html Friedrich Meinecke Cosmopolitanism and the National State].
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Meinecke,+Friedrich | name=Friedrich Meinecke}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Meinecke,+Friedrich |name=Friedrich Meinecke }}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Friedrich Meinecke}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Friedrich Meinecke}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/022103}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/022103}}

Revision as of 20:02, 25 June 2023

For the sculptor, see Friedrich Meinecke (sculptor).
Friedrich Meinecke
Born(1862-10-30)October 30, 1862
Salzwedel, Saxony, Kingdom of Prussia
DiedFebruary 6, 1954(1954-02-06) (aged 91)
West Berlin, West Germany
NationalityGerman
Occupation(s)Nationalist historian
Archivist (1887–1901) of the German State Archives
Editor (1896–1935) of the Historische Zeitschrift
Chairman (1928–1935) of the Historische Reichskommission
Known forHistorism[1]

Friedrich Meinecke (October 20, 1862 – February 6, 1954) was a German historian, with national liberal and antisemitic views, who supported the Nazi invasion of Poland. After World War II, as a representative of an older tradition, he criticized the Nazi regime, but continued to express antisemitic prejudices.[2][3]

In 1948, he helped to found the Free University of Berlin in West Berlin, and remained an important figure to the end of his life.

Life

Meinecke was born in Salzwedel in the Province of Saxony, Kingdom of Prussia. He was educated at the University of Bonn and the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. In 1887–1901 he worked as an archivist at the German State Archives. A professor at the University of Strasbourg, he served as editor of the journal Historische Zeitschrift between 1896 and 1935 and was the chairman of the Historische Reichskommission from 1928 to 1935. As a nationalist historian, Meinecke had little regard for the wishes of peoples in Eastern Europe,[4] and he went as far as writing about "raw bestiality of the south Slavs",[5] while favoring German expansionism into the East.[6]

During the First World War, he advocated removing Polish landowners from the Prussian provinces of West Prussia and Posen, which had been acquired from Poland during the Partitions of Poland, to Congress Poland. In addition, he proposed the German colonization of Courland after the expulsion of its Latvian population.[7] Some authors have likened his views to ethnic cleansing.[8] When the German Empire formulated the so-called Polish Border Strip plan, which called for the annexation of a large swathe of land from Congress Poland and the removal of millions of Poles and Jews to make room for German settlers, Meinecke welcomed the idea with contentment.[9]

Meinecke was best known for his work on 18th- and 19th-century German intellectual and cultural history. The book that made his reputation was his 1908 work Weltbürgertum und Nationalstaat ('Cosmopolitanism and the National State'), which traced the development of national feelings in the 19th century. Starting with Die Idee der Staatsräson (1924), much of his work concerns the conflict between Kratos (power) and Ethos (morality) and how to achieve a balance between them.

One of his students was Heinrich Brüning, the future Chancellor. Under the Weimar Republic, Meinecke was a Vernunftsrepublikaner (republican by reason), someone who supported the republic as the least bad alternative. In 1918 he had been one of the founders of the German Democratic Party.

Under the Third Reich, Meinecke had some sympathy for the regime, especially in regard to its early antisemitic laws. After 1935, Meinecke fell into a state of semi-disgrace, and was removed as editor of the Historische Zeitschrift. Though Meinecke remained in public a supporter of the regime, he privately became increasingly bothered by what he regarded as the violence and crudeness of the Nazis. Nevertheless, he openly described himself as "anti-Semitic",[10] and while he was willing to have Jewish friends and colleagues, the Nazi persecution of Jews never bothered him much.[11]

After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, he praised it on a letter to Siegfred August Kaehler: "You will also have been delighted by this splendid campaign".[12]

One of Meinecke's best-known books, Die Deutsche Katastrophe ('The German Catastrophe') of 1946, sees the historian attempting to reconcile his lifelong belief in authoritarian state power with the events of 1933–45. His explanation for the success of Nazism points to the legacy of Prussian militarism in Germany, the effects of rapid industrialisation and the weaknesses of the middle classes, but Meinecke also asserts that Hitlerism benefited from a series of unfortunate accidents, which had no connection with the earlier developments in German history. Meinecke interpreted Nazism as an "alien force occupying Germany",[13] and he also expressed prejudice against Jews.[14] Meinecke claimed that Jews were responsible for antisemitism and blamed them for the fall of liberalism. The German catastrophe represented two classic themes of antisemitism: resentment based on Jewish economic activities and their alleged "character".[15][16]

In 1948, Meinecke helped to found the Free University of Berlin.

British historian E. H. Carr[17] cites him as an example of a historian whose views are heavily influenced by the Zeitgeist: liberal during the German Empire, discouraged during the interwar period and deeply pessimistic after World War II.

Works

  • Das Leben des Generalfeldmarschalls Hermann von Boyen (2 volumes, 1896–1899) (The Life of Field Marshal Hermann von Boyen)
  • Das Zeitalter der deutschen Erhebung, 1795–1815 (1906) (The Coming of Age of Germany). Translated into English by Peter Paret as The Age of German Liberation, 1795–1815 (full view on Google Books), based on the 6th German edition, 1957. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977, ISBN 0-520-03454-6
  • Weltbürgertum und Nationalstaat: Studien zur Genesis des deutschen Nationalstaates (1908) (Cosmopolitanism and the Nationstate: Studies in the Beginning of the German Nationstates)
  • Radowitz und die deutsche Revolution (1913) (Radowitz and the German Revolution)
  • Die Idee der Staatsräson in der neueren Geschichte (1924) (The Idea of Reason of State in Modern History)
  • Geschichte des deutsch-englischen Bündnisproblems, 1890–1901 (1927) (The History of German–English Partnership Problems)
  • Staat und Persönlichkeit (1933) (State and Personality)
  • Die Entstehung des Historismus (2 volumes, 1936) (Historism: The Rise of a New Historical Outlook)
  • Die deutsche Katastrophe: Betrachtungen und Erinnerungen (1946) (The German Catastrophe: Contemplations and Recollections)
  • 1848: Eine Säkularbetrachtung (1948) (1848: The Year in Review)
  • Werke (9 volumes, 1957–1979) (Works)

Notes

  1. ^ Beiser 2014, p. 133.
  2. ^ Germany: The Long Road West: Volume 2: 1933–1990, Heinrich August Winkler: "But when it came to the Jews, Meinecke's thoughts reflected the same old anti-Semitic prejudices"
  3. ^ The anti-Enlightenment tradition, Zeev Sternhell Yale University 2010 Press, page 383
  4. ^ East European Quarterly, Tom 1 page 269. University of Colorado, 1967
  5. ^ Friedrich Meinecke and German politics in the twentieth century – Page 20. Robert A. Pois
  6. ^ The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970, page 73
  7. ^ Globalisation and the Nation in Imperial Germany, Sebastian Conrad, page 175
  8. ^ Telos – Issues 94–97 – Page 159. State University of New York at Buffalo. Graduate Philosophy Association – 1994
  9. ^ The German Empire, 1871–1918, Hans-Ulrich Wehler page 112–113.
  10. ^ The bourgeois Democrats of Weimar Germany, page 12 Robert A. Pois – 1976 "Friedrich Meinecke, in his Erinnerungen, confessed to being a "rugged anti-Semite"
  11. ^ Militarism, Imperialism, and Racial Accommodation: An Analysis and Interpretation of the Early Writings of Robert E. Park, by Stanford M. Lyman page 146 University of Arkansas Press
  12. ^ The Quest for the Lost Nation: Writing History in Germany and Japan in the American Century (California World History Library) Sebastian Conrad page 48
  13. ^ Thinking about the Holocaust: After Half a Century, Alvin H. Rosenfeld – 1997, page 169
  14. ^ Germany: The Long Road West: Volume 2: 1933–1990, Heinrich August Winkler "But when it came to the Jews, Meinecke's thoughts reflected the same old anti-Semitic prejudices"
  15. ^ The anti-Enlightenment tradition, Zeev Sternhell Yale University 2010 Press, page 383
  16. ^ Ó Dochartaigh, Pól (2015). "Jews and West Germany I (1949–1967)". Germans and Jews Since The Holocaust. Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN 978-1-137-57028-4.
  17. ^ Carr, E. H. (1961). What is History?. Macmillan/Penguin. ISBN 0-14-020652-3.

References

  • Beiser, Frederick C., After Hegel: German Philosophy, 1840–1900, Princeton University Press, 2014.
  • Daum, Andreas, Hartmut Lehmann, James Sheehan (eds.), The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, ISBN 978-1-78238-985-9.
  • Erbe, Michael (editor), Friedrich Meinecke heute: Bericht über ein Gedenk-Colloquium zu seinem 25. Todestag am 5. und 6. April 1979, Berlin: Colloquium Verlag, 1981.
  • Hofer, Walther, Geschichtsschreibung und Weltanschauung; Betrachtungen zum Werk Friedrich Meineckes, Munich: Oldenbourg, 1950.
  • Iggers, George, The German Conception of History: The National Tradition of Historical Thought from Herder to the Present, Middletwon, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1968, revised edition, 1983.
  • Lehmann, Hartmut and James J. Sheehan (eds.), An Interrupted Past: German-Speaking Refugee Historians in the United States after 1933. Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute, 1991.
  • Meineke, Stefan, Friedrich Meinecke: Persönlichkeit und politisches Denken bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995.
  • Pois, Robert, Friedrich Meinecke and German Politics in the Twentieth Century, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
  • Schulin, Ernst, "Friedrich Meinecke", in Deutsche Historiker, edited by Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1971.
  • Sterling, Richard, Ethics in a World of Power: The Political Ideas of Friedrich Meinecke, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958.
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