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'''Club de Madrid''' is an independent [[non-profit organization]] created to promote [[democracy]] and change in the [[international community]]. Composed of 121 regular members from 72 countries,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=https://clubmadrid.org/who/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Club de Madrid |language=en-US}}</ref> including 7 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureates and 20 first female heads of State or Government, the Club de Madrid is the world's largest forum of former [[Head of state|heads of state]] and [[Head of government|government]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Club de Madrid|url=https://epd.eu/communityofpractice/club-de-madrid/|access-date=2021-04-18|website=European Partnership for Democracy (EPD)|language=en-US}}</ref>
'''Club de Madrid''' is an independent, non-partisan, [[non-profit organization]] created to promote [[democracy]] and change in the [[international community]]. It is composed of 126 regular members from 73 countries,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=https://clubmadrid.org/who/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Club de Madrid |language=en-US}}</ref> including 7 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureates and 20 first female heads of State or Government. Club de Madrid is the world's largest forum of former [[Head of state|heads of state]] and [[Head of government|government]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Club de Madrid|url=https://epd.eu/communityofpractice/club-de-madrid/|access-date=2021-04-18|website=European Partnership for Democracy (EPD)|language=en-US}}</ref>


Among its main goals are the strengthening of democratic institutions and counseling on the resolution of political conflicts in two key areas: democratic leadership and governance, and response to crisis and post-crisis situations.<ref name=":0" />
Among its main goals are the strengthening of democratic institutions and counseling on the resolution of political conflicts in two key areas: democratic leadership and governance, and response to crisis and post-crisis situations.<ref name=":0" />

Club de Madrid works together with governments, inter-governmental organizations, civil society, scholars, and representatives from the business world, to encourage dialogue to foster social and political change. The Club de Madrid also searches for effective methods to provide technical advice and recommendations to nations that are taking steps to establish democracy.


== Actions ==
== Actions ==

Revision as of 11:00, 27 June 2023

Club de Madrid
Formation2001
HeadquartersMadrid, Spain
President
Vice Presidents
Websitewww.clubmadrid.org

Club de Madrid is an independent, non-partisan, non-profit organization created to promote democracy and change in the international community. It is composed of 126 regular members from 73 countries,[3] including 7 Nobel Peace Prize laureates and 20 first female heads of State or Government. Club de Madrid is the world's largest forum of former heads of state and government.[4]

Among its main goals are the strengthening of democratic institutions and counseling on the resolution of political conflicts in two key areas: democratic leadership and governance, and response to crisis and post-crisis situations.[4]

Actions

The Club de Madrid pushed for a constitutional reform in Haiti[5] and promoted the adoption of a National Pact in 2014 to reach a democratic consensus.[6]

In June 2022, the Club de Madrid called on the Tunisian President Kais Saied to release the politician Hamadi Jebali.[7]

Composition

As of April 2023, there are 128 full members, all of whom are previous government officials with full voting rights. The club also has institutional members and foundations – private and public organizations that share similar democratic objectives, including FRIDE, the Gorbachev Foundation of North America (GFNA), both original sponsors of the founding conference in 2001, the Madrid City Council, the Regional Government of Madrid, and the Government of Spain. Additionally, there are six honorary members (e.g. Kofi Annan, Aung San Suu Kyi) and several fellows, who are experts on democratic change.

The club is based in Madrid (Spain), although meetings are held worldwide. Currently, Danilo Türk, the former President of Slovenia (2007-2012), is the organization's president, and it has two vice presidents: Han Seung-soo (Korea) and Laura Chinchilla (Costa Rica). A former president of the Club of Madrid is Vaira Vike-Freiberga (2014–2019).

The club was created from an event that was held in October 2001 in Madrid, a four-day Conference on Democratic Transition and Consolidation (CDTC). This event brought together 35 world leaders, over 100 academics, and policy specialists from Europe, the Americas, Asia, and Africa to discuss ideas and a means of implementation from both objective and subjective perspectives. The conference discussed eight main topics:

  • Constitutional design
  • The Legislative branch and its relation with the Executive branch
  • The Judicial branch and its relation with the Executive branch
  • Anti-corruption procedures
  • The role of the armed forces and security forces
  • Reform of the state bureaucracy
  • Strengthening of political and social pluralism and political parties
  • Economic and social conditions

Structure and organization

The Club de Madrid's primary asset is its membership, which includes 95 distinguished former heads of state and government of democratic nations. The comparative advantage of the Club de Madrid is based on the following key assets:

  • Personal experience and status of its Members.
  • Access to the world's leading experts on democracy.
  • Specialization in democratic transition and consolidation issues.
  • Practical approach to its activities, through the implementation of projects with tangible results.

Full Members are members of the Club de Madrid who provide their personal and political experience as former Heads of State and Government. Their appointment, based on a proposal from the Board of Directors, is approved by the General Assembly.

Direct exchanges with current leaders of countries in the process of democratic transition on a peer-to-peer basis, and the Member's ability to deliver the right message at the right time, are two of the major assets of the Club de Madrid.[4] In this sense, the Members of the Club de Madrid can also help focus much needed international attention on targeted countries and leverage the work of other institutions trying to promote democracy.

The club's members are supported by a network of world-class experts who work together to offer assistance on a range of democratic reform issues. The Club de Madrid is composed of four executive and advisory bodies:

  • General Assembly
  • Board of Directors
  • General Secretariat
  • Advisory Committee

Funding sources

The club is a non-profit organization and members offer their services on a pro bono basis. It relies financially on donations which are used to support a permanent secretariat and fund some specific project. The club's accounts are audited annually by an external organization.

The Club of Madrid Foundation (US)

The Club of Madrid Foundation Inc. (COMFI) is a grant-making foundation that has US 501(c)(3) tax exemption status.[8] It exists to raise funds in support of the club's charitable and educational activities.

COMFI is independent and not controlled by the Club itself, but solely by a four-person Board of Directors, all of whom reside in the US.

Members

Several members of the Club played prominent roles in the diplomatic and military proceedings aimed at ending the wars in the former Yugoslavia during the 1990s:

List of current members

List of members as of 30 April 2022.[16]

Name Age Nation Party Office(s) held
Valdas Adamkus 98  Lithuania None President of Lithuania (1998–2003, 2004–2009)
Esko Aho 70  Finland Centre Prime Minister of Finland (1991–1995)
Óscar Arias 84  Costa Rica PLN President of Costa Rica (1986–1990, 2006–2010)
José María Aznar 71  Spain PP President of the Government of Spain (1996–2004)
Michelle Bachelet 73  Chile Socialist President of Chile (2006–2010, 2014–2018)
Executive Director of UN Women (2010–2013)
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2018–2022)
Jan Peter Balkenende 68  Netherlands CDA Prime Minister of the Netherlands (2002–2010)
Joyce Banda 74  Malawi People's Party President of Malawi (2012–2014)
Rupiah Banda 87  Zambia MMD President of Zambia (2008–2011)
José Manuel Barroso 68  Portugal PSD Prime Minister of Portugal (2002–2004)
President of the European Commission (2004–2014)
Carl Bildt 75  Sweden Moderate Prime Minister of Sweden (1991–1994)
High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995–1997)
Valdis Birkavs 82  Latvia LC Prime Minister of Latvia (1993–1994)
Kjell Magne Bondevik 77  Norway Christian Democratic Prime Minister of Norway (1997–2000, 2001–2005)
Gordon Brown 73  United Kingdom Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2007–2010)
Gro Harlem Brundtland 85  Norway Labour Prime Minister of Norway (1981, 1986–1989, 1990–1996)
Director-General of the World Health Organization (1998–2003)
John Bruton 77  Ireland Fine Gael Taoiseach of Ireland (1994–1997)
EU Ambassador to the United States (2004–2009)
Jerzy Buzek 84  Poland Civic Platform Prime Minister of Poland (1997–2001)
President of the European Parliament (2009–2012)
Felipe Calderón 62  Mexico PAN President of Mexico (2006–2012)
Micheline Calmy-Rey 79  Switzerland Social Democratic Member of the Federal Council (2003–2011)
(President in 2007 and 2011)
Kim Campbell 77  Canada Progressive Conservative Prime Minister of Canada (1993)
Fernando Henrique Cardoso 93  Brazil Social Democracy President of Brazil (1995–2003)
Aníbal Cavaco Silva 85  Portugal Social Democratic Prime Minister of Portugal (1985–1995)
President of Portugal (2006–2016)
Laura Chinchilla 65  Costa Rica PLN President of Costa Rica (2010–2014)
Joaquim Chissano 85  Mozambique FRELIMO President of Mozambique (1986–2005)
Jean Chrétien 90  Canada Liberal Prime Minister of Canada (1993–2003)
Helen Clark 74  New Zealand Labour Prime Minister of New Zealand (1999–2008)
Bill Clinton 78  United States Democratic President of the United States (1993–2001)
Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca 66  Malta Labour President of Malta (2014–2019)
Dominique de Villepin 71  France RS Prime Minister of France (2005–2007)
Philip Dimitrov 69  Bulgaria SDS Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1991–1992)
Luísa Diogo 66  Mozambique FRELIMO Prime Minister of Mozambique (2004–2010)
Leonel Fernández 71  Dominican Republic PLD President of the Dominican Republic (1996–2000, 2004–2012)
José María Figueres 70  Costa Rica PLN President of Costa Rica (1994–1998)
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir 94  Iceland None President of Iceland (1980–1996)
Vicente Fox 82  Mexico PAN President of Mexico (2000–2006)
Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle 82  Chile Christian Democratic President of Chile (1994–2000)
Yasuo Fukuda 88  Japan Liberal Democratic Prime Minister of Japan (2007–2008)
César Gaviria 77  Colombia Liberal President of Colombia (1990–1994)
Secretary General of the Organization of American States (1994–2004)
Amine Pierre Gemayel 82  Lebanon Kata'eb President of Lebanon (1982–1988)
Felipe González 82  Spain PSOE President of the Government of Spain (1982–1996)
Dalia Grybauskaitė 68  Lithuania None President of Lithuania (2009–2019)
Alfred Gusenbauer 64  Austria Social Democratic Chancellor of Austria (2007–2008)
António Guterres 75  Portugal Socialist Prime Minister of Portugal (1995–2002)
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2005–2016)
UN Secretary-General (2016–present)
Tarja Halonen 81  Finland Social Democratic President of Finland (2000–2012)
Han Seung-soo 88  South Korea Saenuri Prime Minister of South Korea (2008–2009)
François Hollande 70  France PS President of France (2012–2017)
Osvaldo Hurtado 85  Ecuador Christian Democratic President of Ecuador (1981–1984)
Hamadi Jebali 75  Tunisia Ennahdha (until 2014)

None (since 2014)

Head of Government of Tunisia (2011–2013)
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 86  Liberia None President of Liberia (2006–2018)
Mehdi Jomaa 62  Tunisia None (until 2017)

Tunisian Alternative (since 2017)

Head of Government of Tunisia (2014–2015)
Ivo Josipović 67  Croatia SDP President of Croatia (2010–2015)
Alain Juppé 79  France UMP Prime Minister of France (1995–1997)
Horst Köhler 81  Germany Christian Democratic President of Germany (2004–2010)
Milan Kučan 83  Slovenia
 Yugoslavia		 Communist (until 1990)
None (since 1990)		 President of Slovenia (1991–2002)
John Kufuor 86  Ghana NPP President of Ghana (2001–2009)
Chairman of the AU (2007–2008)
Chandrika Kumaratunga 79  Sri Lanka SLFP President of Sri Lanka (1994–2005)
Aleksander Kwaśniewski 70  Poland None (since 1995) President of Poland (1995–2005)
Luis Alberto Lacalle 83  Uruguay PN President of Uruguay (1990–1995)
Ricardo Lagos 86  Chile PPD President of Chile (2000–2006)
Zlatko Lagumdžija 69  Bosnia and Herzegovina Social Democratic Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2001–2002)
Lee Hong-koo 69  South Korea NKP South Korea Prime Minister of South Korea (1994–1995)
Yves Leterme 58  Belgium CD&V Prime Minister of Belgium (2009–2011)
Enrico Letta 58  Italy PD Prime Minister of Italy (2013–2014)
Doris Leuthard 61  Switzerland CVP/PDC/PPD/PCD Member of the Federal Council (2006–2018)
(President in 2010 and 2017)
Thabo Mbeki 82  South Africa ANC President of South Africa (1999–2008)
Rexhep Meidani 80  Albania Socialist President of Albania (1997–2002)
Carlos Mesa 71  Bolivia FRI President of Bolivia (2003–2005)
James Michel 80  Seychelles US President of Seychelles (2004–2016)
Festus Mogae 85  Botswana BDP President of Botswana (1998–2008)
Mario Monti 81  Italy None Prime Minister of Italy (2011–2013)
Olusegun Obasanjo 87  Nigeria PDP Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria (1976–1979)
President of Nigeria (1999–2007)
Roza Otunbayeva 74  Kyrgyzstan Social Democratic (2007–2010) President of Kyrgyzstan (2010–2011)
Anand Panyarachun 92  Thailand None Prime Minister of Thailand (1991–1992)
George Papandreou 72  Greece Socialist Prime Minister of Greece (2009–2011)
Andrés Pastrana 70  Colombia Conservative President of Colombia (1998–2002)
Pratibha Patil 90  India INC President of India (2007–2012)
P.J. Patterson 89  Jamaica PNP (until 2011) Prime Minister of Jamaica (1992–2006)
Sebastián Piñera 75  Chile None President of Chile (2010–2014; 2018–2022)
Romano Prodi 85  Italy Democratic President of the European Commission (1999–2004)
President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1996–1998, 2006–2008)
Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat 82  Mongolia None President of Mongolia (1990–1997)
Jorge Quiroga 64  Bolivia PODEMOS President of Bolivia (2001–2002)
Iveta Radičová 68  Slovakia SDKÚ-DS
(2006–2012)		 Prime Minister of Slovakia (2010–2012)
Mariano Rajoy 69  Spain PP President of the Government of Spain (2011–2018)
José Manuel Ramos-Horta 75  East Timor None Prime Minister of East Timor (2006–2007)
President of East Timor (2007–2012)
Poul Nyrup Rasmussen 81  Denmark Social Democrats Prime Minister of Denmark (1993–2001)
Mary Robinson 80  Ireland None President of Ireland (1990–97)
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (1997–2002)
José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 64  Spain PSOE President of the Government of Spain (2004–2011)
Petre Roman 78  Romania FSN (1989–1991) Prime Minister of Romania (1989–1991)
Kevin Rudd 67  Australia ALP Prime Minister of Australia (2007–2010, 2013)
Julio María Sanguinetti 88  Uruguay PC President of Uruguay (1985–1990, 1995–2000)
Wolfgang Schüssel 79  Austria ÖVP Chancellor of Austria (2000–2007)
Jenny Shipley 72  New Zealand National Prime Minister of New Zealand (1997–1999)
Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir 82  Iceland Social Democratic Alliance Prime Minister of Iceland (2009–2013)
Fuad Siniora 81  Lebanon FM Prime Minister of Lebanon (2005–2009)
Alexander Stubb 56  Finland NCP Prime Minister of Finland (2014–2015)
Hanna Suchocka 78  Poland UD Prime Minister of Poland (1992–1993)
Boris Tadić 66  Serbia Social Democratic President of Serbia (2004–2012)
Jigme Thinley 72  Bhutan DPT Prime Minister of Bhutan (2008–2013)
Helle Thorning-Schmidt 58  Denmark Social Democrats Prime Minister of Denmark (2011–2015)
Martín Torrijos 61  Panama PRD President of Panama (2004–2009)
Aminata Touré 62  Senegal APR Prime Minister of Senegal (2013–2014)
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj 61  Mongolia Democratic Party Prime Minister of Mongolia (2004–2006)
President of Mongolia (2009–2017)
Danilo Türk 72  Slovenia None President of Slovenia (2007–2012)
Cassam Uteem 83  Mauritius MMM President of Mauritius (1992–2002)
Herman Van Rompuy 77  Belgium CD&V Prime Minister of Belgium (2008–2009)
President of the European Council (2009–2014)
Guy Verhofstadt 71  Belgium VLD Prime Minister of Belgium (1999–2008)
Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga 87  Latvia None President of Latvia (1999–2007)
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 75  Indonesia Democratic Party President of Indonesia (2004–2014)
Ernesto Zedillo 73  Mexico PRI President of Mexico (1994–2000)

Member statistics

Regional background of members:

  • Africa and the Middle East – 19
  • the Americas – 29
  • Asia-Pacific – 16
  • Europe – 57

The political affiliation of members:

Office held (some members have held both):

List of Secretary-Generals

Name Start End Nation Party Office(s) held
Fernando Perpiñá-Robert 2010[17]  Spain Spanish diplomat
Carlos Westendorp 2010[17]  Spain SSWP Minister of Foreign Affairs (1995-1996)

List of honorary members

Name Age Nation Party Office(s) held
Aung San Suu Kyi 79  Myanmar NLD State Counsellor of Myanmar (2016–2021)
Ban Ki-moon 80  South Korea None Secretary-General of the United Nations (2007–2016)
Jimmy Carter 100  United States Democratic President of the United States (1977–81)
Enrique V. Iglesias 94  Uruguay
 Spain		 (unknown) President of the Inter-American Development Bank (1998–2005)
Secretary General of the Iberoamerican General Secretariat (2005–13)
Jacques Delors 99  France Socialist President of the European Commission (1985–95)
Javier Solana 82  Spain Socialist Secretary General of NATO (1995–99) and High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (1999–2009)

List of members of the constituent foundations

Name Age Nation Party Office(s) held
Diego Hidalgo 82  Spain (unknown) Founder and President of, and donor to, Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE)
Founding Member and Senior Fellow of the Gorbachev Foundation of North America (GFNA)[18]
T. Anthony Jones (unknown) (unknown) (unknown) Vice-president and executive director of GFNA[19]
George Matthews (unknown)  United States (unknown) Chairman and co-founder of GFNA[20]
José Manuel Romero Moreno 84  Spain (unknown) Vice President of FRIDE[21]

List of former members (deceased)

Name Died Nation Party Office(s) held
Jorge Sampaio September 10, 2021(2021-09-10) (aged 81)  Portugal Socialist President of Portugal (1996–2006)
Òscar Ribas Reig December 18, 2020(2020-12-18) (aged 84)  Andorra AND Prime Minister of Andorra (1990–1994)
Tabaré Vázquez December 6, 2020(2020-12-06) (aged 80)  Uruguay PS President of Uruguay (2005–2010, 2015–2020)
Sadiq al-Mahdi November 26, 2020(2020-11-26) (aged 84)  Sudan Umma Prime Minister of Sudan (1966–1967, 1986–1989)
Benjamin Mkapa July 24, 2020(2020-07-24) (aged 81)  Tanzania CCM President of Tanzania (1995–2005)
Abdurrahim El-Keib April 21, 2020(2020-04-21) (aged 70)  Libya None Acting Prime Minister of Libya (2011–2012)
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar March 4, 2020(2020-03-04) (aged 100)  Peru UPP Secretary-General of the United Nations (1982–1991)
President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2000–2001)
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie September 11, 2019(2019-09-11) (aged 83)  Indonesia Golkar President of Indonesia (1998–1999)
Belisario Betancur December 7, 2018(2018-12-07) (aged 95)  Colombia Conservative President of Colombia (1982–1986)
Wim Kok October 20, 2018(2018-10-20) (aged 80)  Netherlands Labour Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1994–2002)
Kofi Annan August 18, 2018(2018-08-18) (aged 80)  Ghana None Secretary-General of the United Nations (1997–2006)
Álvaro Arzú April 27, 2018(2018-04-27) (aged 72)  Guatemala Unionist President of Guatemala (1996–2000)
Mayor of Guatemala City (2004–2018)
Ruud Lubbers February 14, 2018(2018-02-14) (aged 78)  Netherlands Christian Democratic Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982–1994)
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2001–2005)
Quett Masire June 22, 2017(2017-06-22) (aged 91)  Botswana BDP President of Botswana (1980–1998)
Helmut Kohl 20170616June 16, 2017(2017-06-16) (aged 87)  Germany
 West Germany		 Christian Democratic Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1990)
Chancellor of Germany (1990–1998)
James Mancham 20170108January 8, 2017(2017-01-08) (aged 77)  Seychelles Democratic President of Seychelles (1976–1977)
Mário Soares 20170107January 7, 2017(2017-01-07) (aged 92)  Portugal Socialist Prime Minister of Portugal (1976–1978, 1983–1985)
President of Portugal (1986–1996)
António Mascarenhas Monteiro 20160916September 16, 2016(2016-09-16) (aged 72)  Cape Verde MPD President of Cape Verde (1991–2001)
Patricio Aylwin 20160419April 19, 2016(2016-04-19) (aged 87)  Chile PDC President of Chile (1990–1994)
Abd Al-Karim Al-Iryani 20151108November 8, 2015(2015-11-08) (aged 81)  Yemen
 North Yemen		 GPC Prime Minister of North Yemen (1980–1983)
Prime Minister of Yemen (1998–2001)
Adolfo Suárez 20140323March 23, 2014(2014-03-23) (aged 81)  Spain
 MN (until 1977)
UCD (1977–82)		 President of the Government of Spain (1976–81)
Tadeusz Mazowiecki 20131028October 28, 2013(2013-10-28) (aged 86)  Poland
PR Poland		 KO "S" (1980–91)
UD (1991–94)		 Prime Minister of Poland (1989–91)
Inder Kumar Gujral 20121130November 30, 2012(2012-11-30) (aged 92)  India Janata Dal Prime Minister of India (1997–98)
Václav Havel 20111218December 18, 2011(2011-12-18) (aged 75)  Czech Republic
 Czechoslovakia		 OF (1989–93)
None (1993–2004)		 President of Czechoslovakia (1989–92)
President of the Czech Republic (1993–2003)
Ferenc Mádl 20110529May 29, 2011(2011-05-29) (aged 80)  Hungary None President of Hungary (2000–05)
Raúl Alfonsín 20090331March 31, 2009(2009-03-31) (aged 82)  Argentina UCR President of Argentina (1983–89)
Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo 20080503May 3, 2008(2008-05-03) (aged 82)  Spain UCD President of the Government of Spain (1981–82)
Lennart Meri 20060314March 14, 2006(2006-03-14) (aged 76)  Estonia
 Soviet Union		 Isamaa (since 1992) President of Estonia (1992–2001)
Valentín Paniagua 20061016October 16, 2006(2006-10-16) (aged 70)  Peru AC President of Peru (2000–01)
Fidel V. Ramos July 31, 2022 (age 94)  Philippines Lakas President of the Philippines (1992–1998)

See also

References

  1. ^ https://clubmadrid.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/List-of-members-brochure-CdM-2023-DIGITAL.pdf}}
  2. ^ https://clubmadrid.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/List-of-members-brochure-CdM-2023-DIGITAL.pdf
  3. ^ "Members". Club de Madrid. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  4. ^ a b c "Club de Madrid". European Partnership for Democracy (EPD). Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  5. ^ "Haïti - Politique : Le Club de Madrid en faveur du processus de réforme constitutionnelle - HaitiLibre.com : Toutes les nouvelles d'Haiti 7/7". HaitiLibre.com. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  6. ^ "Club de Madrid: « Un pacte national », la solution". Le Nouvelliste. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  7. ^ "Tunisia: Club of Madrid calls on Saied to release Hamadi Jebali". Middle East Monitor. 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  8. ^ Roberts, Andrea Suozzo, Ken Schwencke, Mike Tigas, Sisi Wei, Alec Glassford, Brandon (2013-05-09). "Club Of Madrid Foundation Inc - Nonprofit Explorer". ProPublica. Retrieved 2023-01-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "Milan Kučan". European Council on Tolerance and Reconciliation. 2020-03-16. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  10. ^ "Milan Kučan is the former President of Slovenia, club madrid member". Club de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  11. ^ Gelb, Leslie H. (1993-02-07). "Opinion | Foreign Affairs; Sarajevo, Dead and Alive". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  12. ^ "Zlatko Lagumdzija". www.culturaldiplomacy.org. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  13. ^ Warsaw Voice Poland Recognizes Kosovo Archived 2010-04-12 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "NATO Who's who?: Carl Bildt". www.nato.int. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  15. ^ "Dayton Accords | international agreement". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  16. ^ "These Are Our Members". clubmadrid.org. Club of Madrid. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  17. ^ a b EP (2010-04-21). "El Club de Madrid elige como secretario general al embajador Carlos Westendorp". Cadena SER (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  18. ^ "Diego Hidalgo". Club de Madrid. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  19. ^ "Anthony Jones". Club de Madrid. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  20. ^ "George Matthews". Club de Madrid. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  21. ^ "José Manuel Romero Moreno". Club de Madrid. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
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