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* [[Swish (slang)|swish]] – effeminate or effeminacy (US)<ref>{{cite web|title=swish definition, meaning|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/swish|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|publisher=Cambridge Dictionaries Online|access-date=20 February 2015|quote=swish noun [C] (LIKE A WOMAN) › US slang disapproving a man who behaves or appears in a way that is generally considered more suited to a woman, and who does not have traditional male qualities}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=swish - Gay Slang Dictionary|url=http://www.odps.org/glossword/index.php?a=term&d=8&t=11636|access-date=28 February 2015|quote=swish #n. To overplay or over do homosexual gestures; the traits of an effeminate male homosexual. Source: [1930's] #Passive homosexual. #To walk speak or move in the manner of an weak effeminate boy or man; the stereotype effeminate homosexual.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124519/http://www.odps.org/glossword/index.php?a=term&d=8&t=11636|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Swish (slang)|swish]] – effeminate or effeminacy (US)<ref>{{cite web|title=swish definition, meaning|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/swish|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|publisher=Cambridge Dictionaries Online|access-date=20 February 2015|quote=swish noun [C] (LIKE A WOMAN) › US slang disapproving a man who behaves or appears in a way that is generally considered more suited to a woman, and who does not have traditional male qualities}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=swish - Gay Slang Dictionary|url=http://www.odps.org/glossword/index.php?a=term&d=8&t=11636|access-date=28 February 2015|quote=swish #n. To overplay or over do homosexual gestures; the traits of an effeminate male homosexual. Source: [1930's] #Passive homosexual. #To walk speak or move in the manner of an weak effeminate boy or man; the stereotype effeminate homosexual.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124519/http://www.odps.org/glossword/index.php?a=term&d=8&t=11636|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Top, bottom, and versatile|switch]] – see vers
* [[Top, bottom, and versatile|switch]] – see vers
* slay - especially in [[Ball culture|Ball Culture]] to dress or be fashionable and flawless<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Did Slay Come To Describe Excellence? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/slang/slay/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Dictionary.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-26 |title=The origins of "slay" |url=https://dailycal.org/2022/06/26/the-origins-of-slay/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The Daily Californian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khemani |first=Nikhil |title=“Slay!” |url=https://theunisverse.com/2626/showcase/slay/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The UNISVerse}}</ref>
* [https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/slay slay] - especially in [[Ball culture|Ball Culture]] to dress or be fashionable and flawless<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Did Slay Come To Describe Excellence? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/slang/slay/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Dictionary.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-26 |title=The origins of "slay" |url=https://dailycal.org/2022/06/26/the-origins-of-slay/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The Daily Californian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khemani |first=Nikhil |title=“Slay!” |url=https://theunisverse.com/2626/showcase/slay/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The UNISVerse}}</ref>
* [[tomgirl]] – see femboy
* [[tomgirl]] – see femboy
* [[Top, bottom and versatile|top]] – the dominant or inserting sexual partner, usually in a homosexual relation or activity<ref name="SCRUFF" />
* [[Top, bottom and versatile|top]] – the dominant or inserting sexual partner, usually in a homosexual relation or activity<ref name="SCRUFF" />

Revision as of 08:06, 28 June 2023

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LGBT slang, LGBT speak, queer slang or gay slang is a set of English slang lexicon used predominantly among LGBTQ+ people. It has been used in various languages since the early 20th century as a means by which members of the LGBTQ+ community identify themselves and speak in code with brevity and speed to others.[1][2] The acronym LGBT was popularized in the 1990s and stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender.[3] It may refer to anyone who is non-heterosexual or non-cisgender, instead of exclusively to people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. To recognize this inclusion, a popular variant, LGBTQ, adds the letter Q for those who identify as queer or are questioning their sexual or gender identity.[4]

LGBT slang has played an integral part in LGBTQ+ culture for decades. Slang language initially emerged as a way for queer people to communicate with one another while avoiding detection by mainstream society.[5] Queer people have always existed,[6] but historically, they have had to be discreet about their identities and lives, particularly when being LGBTQ+ was illegal and or socially condemned.

LGBT slang is used as a way to signal one's identity and build solidarity within the community. When Queer people use these certain words and phrases, they demonstrate to others that they are part of the LGBTQ+ community and share a common experience. This connection can create a sense of belonging for those historically rejected and isolated by mainstream society.[7]

LGBT slang is also used by the community as a means of reclaiming language and deconstructing oppressive norms. Queer slang often includes playful references to sexual acts, which can serve as an assertion of sexual agency and a rejection of shame.[8]

History and context

Because of sodomy laws and threat of prosecution due to the criminalization of homosexuality, LGBT slang has served as an argot or cant, a secret language and a way for the LGBT community to communicate with each other publicly without revealing their sexual orientation to others.[2][9][10] Since the advent of queer studies in universities, LGBT slang and argot has become a subject of academic research among linguistic anthropology scholars.[11]

The Butch and Femme society

During the first seven decades of the 20th century, a specific form of Polari was developed by gay men and lesbians in urban centres of the United Kingdom within established LGBT communities. Polari was featured on the BBC radio programme Round the Horne in 1964, exposing the wider public to the secret language.[12][13] Although there are differences, contemporary British gay slang has adopted many Polari words.[1][14] The 1964 legislative report Homosexuality and Citizenship in Florida contains an extensive appendix documenting and defining the homosexual slang in the United States at that time.[15][16] SCRUFF launched a gay-slang dictionary app in 2014, which includes commonly used slang in the United States from the gay community.[17] Specialized dictionaries that record LGBT slang have been found to revolve heavily around sexual matters.[18]

Slang is ephemeral. Terms used in one generation may pass out of usage in another. For example, in the 1960s and 1970s, the terms "cottage" (chiefly British) and "tearoom" (chiefly American) were used to denote public toilets used for sex. By 1999, this terminology had fallen out of use to the point of being greatly unrecognizable by members of the LGBT community at large.[19]

Many terms that originated as gay slang have become part of the popular lexicon. For example, the word drag was popularized by Hubert Selby Jr. in his book Last Exit to Brooklyn. Drag has been traced back by the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) to the late 19th Century. Conversely, words such as "banjee", while well-established in a subset of gay society, have never made the transition to popular use. Conversations between gay men have been found to use more slang and fewer commonly known terms about sexual behavior than conversations between straight men.[20]

In the Philippines, many LGBT people speak with Swardspeak, or "gay lingo", which is a more extensive use of slang as a form of dialect or way of speaking. Other argots are spoken in southern Africa (Gayle language and IsiNgqumo) and Indonesia (Bahasa Binan). More specifically, in a country like Thailand, LGBT slang was always present in their history due to their religious, behavioral, and social nature. Though, before the term LGBT was introduced, the Thai community would use the terms Kathoey and Tom. The term Kathoey was used to describe transgender women who dress, act, or partake in surgery to become female, and the term Tom as well as "handsome girls" in Thai was used to describe women who liked women. Homosexuality and transgenderism has always existed throughout their history, as well as their behavioral nature did not align with heterosexual ideals.[21]

General slang terms

  • 100-footer – an obviously gay or lesbian person (as if visible from 100 feet away) (US)[22]
  • Achillean or MLM (man-loving-man) – an umbrella term for attractions and relationships between men, regardless of their sexual or romantic orientation, sometimes including non-binary androphiles[23][24][25]
  • baths – bathhouses frequented by gay men for sexual encounters (US)[26]
  • beach bitch – a gay man who frequents beaches and resorts for sexual encounters (US)[26]
  • beard – a person used as a date, romantic partner, or spouse to conceal one's sexual orientation[27]
  • beat – having or seeking anonymous gay sex (Australia)[citation needed]
  • bent – gay, as opposed to straight (UK)[26]
  • bender – someone who has homosexual intercourse (UK)[26]
  • binding – a technique in which individuals wear tight clothing, bandages, or compression garments, known as binders, to hide and flatten their breasts
  • bottom – a receptive male partner in intercourse; also used as a verb for the state of receiving sexual stimulation[26]
    • power bottom – someone who dominantly or energetically plays the receptive role in intercourse[28]
  • bussy – portmanteau of "boy pussy"; a male anus, in the context of anal sex. Also used to refer to a trans man's vulva.[29][30]
  • butch queen – a masculine-looking drag queen[31]
  • butchy femme – a gender expression between femme and futch[32]
  • camp, campy – exaggerated and amusing, in a way that is typically associated with gay men or femininity[33]
  • clone – a San Francisco or New York Greenwich Village denizen with exaggerated macho behavior and appearance (US)[26]
  • closeted – keeping one's sexuality or gender identity a secret from others (US)[26]
  • cocksucker – a person who practices fellatio, usually a gay male (US)[26]
  • come out (of the closet) – to admit or publicly acknowledge oneself as non-heterosexual/non-cisgender (US)[26]
  • cottaging – having or seeking anonymous gay sex in a public toilet, or 'cottage' (UK)[34]
  • cruising – seeking a casual gay sex encounter (historically from ancient Rome)[26][35]
  • down-low – homosexual or bisexual activity, kept secret, by men who have sex with men (US)[36][37][38][39]
  • en femme, en homme – the act of wearing clothes stereotypically of the opposite sex[40]
  • fag hag – a woman who associates mostly or exclusively with gay and bisexual men (US)[41]
  • femboy – a feminine or androgynous male[42][43]
  • femme – a feminine homosexual (US)[22]
  • folx – a shorter alternative to folks[44]
  • futch – a gender expression between femme and butch, or a feminine butch[32]
  • Game of Flats – an 18th century English term for sex between women[45]
  • gaydar – the supposed ability to detect someone's sexual orientation (from gay + radar). Corresponding terms include lesdar, bidar, transdar, and queerdar. Bidar is also called Bi-Fi, a jocular pun on Wi-Fi.[citation needed]
  • gaymer – an LGBT person who plays video games (from gay + gamer)
  • gaysian – a gay Asian person[46]
  • gold star – a homosexual who has never had heterosexual sexual intercourse (US)[22]
  • heteroflexible – to be mostly heterosexual[47]
  • homoflexible – to be mostly gay
  • Molly/Tommy – In 18th century England, the term "molly" was used for male homosexuals, implying effeminacy; "tommy", a slang term for a homosexual woman in use by 1781, and may have been coined by analogy. See Molly house.[48]
  • outsider – being "neither/nor" when it comes to normative taboos and self-centered communities[49]
  • platinum star gay – gay men who were born by a C-section procedure (US)[50]
  • poz – HIV-positive person (US)[51]
  • queer – originally a slur against homosexuals, transgender people, and anyone who does not fit society's standards of gender and sexuality; later reclaimed and used as umbrella term for sexual and gender minorities[35]
  • sapphic or WLW (woman-loving-woman) – synonymous with lesbian,[52] but used nowadays to encompass attractions and relationships between women, regardless of their sexual or romantic orientation, sometimes including non-binary gynephiles[53][54]
  • swish – effeminate or effeminacy (US)[55][56]
  • switch – see vers
  • slay - especially in Ball Culture to dress or be fashionable and flawless[57][58][59]
  • tomgirl – see femboy
  • top – the dominant or inserting sexual partner, usually in a homosexual relation or activity[51]
    • service top – a submissive top, someone who applies sensation or control to a bottom, but does so at the bottom's explicit instructions
  • tongzhi (同志, "comrade", lit. "same will, same purpose") – a term used to describe members of LGBTQ+ communities in some Chinese languages[60]
  • trade – a straight-passing male partner, commonly used by gay men or trans women (derived from Polari) (US)
  • vers – a person who enjoys both topping and bottoming, or being dominant and submissive, and may alternate between the two in sexual situations, adapting to their partner

Terms describing gay men

Bears at the 2009 Marcha Gay in Mexico City
  • artiste – a gay man who excels at fellatio[26]
  • auntie – an older, often effeminate and gossipy gay man[26]
  • bathsheba – a gay man who frequents gay bathhouses[26]
  • chicken – a youthful gay man
  • chubby chaser – a man who seeks overweight males[26]
  • daddy – a typically older gay man[51]
  • finocchio (from Italy, meaning fennel)[61]
  • flit[62]
  • flower – a typically effeminate gay man[63]
  • friend of Dorothy – a gay person. Historically used as a shibboleth to identify other LGBT people.[64] Likely a reference to Judy Garland,[64] who portrayed Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz (1939) and had a large gay fan-base.[65]
  • gaysian – a gay Asian[46]
  • light in the loafers / light in the pants / light in the fedora[66]
  • punk – a smaller, younger gay man who, in prison settings, is forced into a submissive role and used for the older inmate's sexual pleasure[35]
  • queen – a flamboyant or effeminate gay man.[35] Alternatively, short for drag queen.
    • bean queen (also taco queen or Salsa queen), gay man attracted to Hispanic men[67]
    • brownie queen – obsolete slang for gay man interested in anal sex (used by men who disliked anal sex)[68]
    • chicken queen – an older gay man interested in younger or younger appearing men[69]
    • grey queen – a gay person who works in financial services; grey flannel suits).[70]
    • potato queen – a gay Asian man attracted mainly to white men.[71]
    • rice queen – a gay man attracted mainly to East Asian men.[71]
  • twink − a youthful, flamboyant gay man with a slim physique

Slurs

Terms describing lesbians

A member of the Dykes on Bikes motorcycle club
  • baby butch – a young, boyish lesbian (US)[26]
  • baby dyke – a young or recently out lesbian (US)[22]
  • bambi lesbian – a lesbian who prefers cuddles, hugs, kisses, and other affectionate and sensual non-sexual acts over sexual acts[101]
  • bean flicker – Likening the clitoris to a bean[102]
  • boi – a boyish lesbian (UK)[103]
  • boydyke – a lesbian with male presentation[104][105]
  • bull dyke – a masculine lesbian, as opposed to a baby butch or dinky dyke (US)[26]
  • butch – a masculine lesbian[26][106][107]
  • Carpet muncher (or "rug muncher")[108][109]
  • dyke ("bull dyke", "bull dagger", alternatively "bulldagger", "bulldicker"[110]), from 1920s black American slang. A slur reclaimed by women who are attracted to women in the 1950s[35][111][112][113]
  • dykon – portmanteau of dyke + icon. A celebrity woman who is seen as an icon by lesbians; may or may not be a lesbian herself (US)[22]
  • gouine (in French)[citation needed]
  • kiki – a term used primarily from the 1940s until the 1960s to indicate a lesbian who was not butch or femme and did not have a preference for either butch or femme partners[117]
  • kitty puncher / pussy puncher – with both "kitty" and "pussy" referring to a woman's vagina, and "puncher" as a variation on various derogatory terms for gay men, such "donut puncher".[118]
  • lesbian until graduation (LUG) – a young woman who is assumed to be temporarily experimenting with same-sex behavior, but will ultimately adopt a heterosexual identity[119]
  • lipstick lesbian – a lesbian/bisexual woman who displays historically feminine attributes such as wearing make-up, dresses, and high heels[120]
  • muff-diver – a lesbian[121][122][123]
  • pillow princess – a lesbian who prefers to receive sexual stimulation (to bottom) (US)[22]
  • sapatão (Brazil)[124] or fufa (Portugal)
  • soft butch – an androgynous lesbian, in between femme and butch (US)[22]
  • stem, stemme – someone whose gender expression falls somewhere between a stud and a femme[125]
  • stone butch – a very masculine lesbian, or a butch lesbian who does not receive touch during intercourse, only giving (US)[22]
  • stud – a black butch[126][127]

Terms describing bisexual or pansexual people

  • AC/DC – reference to "swinging both ways" (US)[128]
  • ambisextrous – euphemism for bisexual, derived from ambidextrous[129][130]
  • bicon – portmanteau of bisexual + icon. Used to refer to a bisexual celebrity[131]
  • Gillette Blade – a 1950s era term for bisexual women, whose sexuality "cuts both ways"[132]
  • unicorn – a bisexual, usually female,[133] who desires multiple partners and is willing to join an existing couple and sexually satisfy both members of the couple.[134][135] So-named because bisexuals willing to enter to such an arrangement are considered rare or non-existent,[136] while couples seeking such a partner ("unicorn hunters") are common.[133]

Terms describing androgynous or intersex people

  • futanari (ふたなり, "to be of two kinds", seldom: 二形, 双形, lit. "dual form") – Japanese word for hermaphroditism, which is also used in a broader sense for androgyny.[137][138]: 79, 81  The term is also heavily associated with a genre of hentai defined by sexualization of characters simultaneously possesssing breasts, a penis and vagina.[139][140]
  • hermie – an androgynous or intersex person, often considered a slur.[141]
  • altersex – a term describing an alternative sex in fiction or a body plan that is usually inaccessible in real life.[142][143]

Terms describing transgender and non-binary people

Further information: Attraction to transgender people § Alternative terms
  • boymoder – a transgender woman who socially presents in a masculine gender role, typically in places where transgender individuals are discriminated against, or due to not being out as transgender.[144]
  • Copenhagen capon – a transsexual; someone who has undergone sex reassignment surgery. The term alludes to Christine Jorgensen, a trans woman who underwent sex reassignment surgery in Copenhagen in the 1950s.[26][145] A capon is a neutered rooster.
  • egg – a transgender person who has not yet realized they are trans;[146] used by transgender people when aspects of one's personality or behavior remind them of gender-related aspects of themselves before they realized they were trans
  • enby – a non-binary person. Derived from the abbreviation NB.[147][144]
  • lady boy – English translation of kathoey, similar or equivalent to transgender woman, but may refer to feminine gay men or intersex people.[148]
  • repressor – a person who is fighting the wish to change their gender expression.[144]
  • sapatrans or sapatrava (portmanteau of sapatão + trans) – a term used in Brazil for trans lesbians and lesbian travestis.[149]
  • t-girl – a trans woman (short for "trans girl"). Sometimes considered derogatory, due to its association with transgender pornography.[150]
  • tranarchist – transgender anarchism.[151]
  • transbian (portmanteau of trans + lesbian) – a transgender lesbian.[152] See also Trans woman § Sexual orientation.

Slurs

  • shemale – a trans woman with male genitalia and possibly female secondary sex characteristics.[153] Primarily a term used in pornography and often considered derogatory.[154]
  • hon – a non-passing transgender woman. This term is primarily used by trans women in online communities, especially 4chan. It is considered derogatory.[144]
  • tranny – slur used for transgender people.[155][156]
  • trap — slur for someone whose perceived gender is opposite their anatomical sex, particularly a trans woman or effeminate boy. Implies that others who are attracted to them (typically heterosexual men) are maliciously deceived (i.e. "trapped") regarding their "real" gender.[157] Considered derogatory and dehumanizing.[158]
  • cuntboy or pussyboy/dickgirl – a female-to-male (FtM) and male-to-female (MtF) transgender/transsexual person, respectively, who has not had genital surgery.[159][160]
  • chaser / tranny chaser – someone attracted to transgender people.[161] Often used in a pejorative fashion, chasers to value them for their trans status alone, rather than being attracted to them as a person[144]
  • clock – to recognize someone as transgender.[144][162]
  • deadname – as a noun, a transgender person's birth name. As a verb, to refer to someone by their deadname.[144]
  • girldick – a transfeminine person's penis, especially one changed by hormone use. Also known as girlcock or gock.[144]
  • malefail – typically of transmasculine people, to be gendered as feminine when trying to present in a masculine gender role.[144]
  • packing – the act of wearing padding or a phallic object to present the appearance of a penis[163]
  • passing – usually in relation to transgender individuals, to be perceived as your preferred gender.[164]
  • skoliosexual – to describe attraction to non-binary people.[165][166]
  • stealth – passing to the extent that most people do not know that you are trans.[144]
  • TERF – acronym for "trans-exclusionary radical feminist"; a feminist whose advocacy excludes or opposes the rights of trans women; more generally, anyone hostile to transgender people.[167] Such people typically prefer the term gender critical.[168]

Terms describing cisgender or heterosexual people

  • breeder – a heterosexual person, especially one with children[169][170]
  • cishet – Someone who is cisgender and heterosexual and/or heteroromantic.[171]
  • chaser – a cisgender person who has a sexual fetish for transgender people, usually transgender women.[172]
  • fag hag – a heterosexual woman who specifically associates with gay men.[173][174][175]
  • fag stag – heterosexual man who enjoys company of gay men.[176]
  • girlfag – a cisgender woman who identifies as a heterosexual woman except in the context of her attraction to gay/bisexual men; in these instances, she regards herself as a gay man too.[177][178]
  • guydyke or lesboy – a cisgender man who identifies as a heterosexual man except in the context of his attraction to lesbian/bisexual women; in these instances, he regards himself as a lesbian too.[179][180][178]

Terms describing asexuality or aromanticity

LGBT subgroups

Bears marching in San Francisco's pride parade in 2004

The following slang terms have been used to represent various types of people within the LGBT community:

  • bear – a larger and often hairier man who projects an image of rugged masculinity. The bear subgroup is among the oldest and largest of the LGBT community. Pride.com says "Bears are on the heavier side, either muscular, beefy, or chunky. They wouldn't dream of shaving their body hair (which comes in abundance) and they usually have a full beard to match. They exude masculinity, and are some of the kindest men you'll meet in your entire life."[189] Attitude magazine says bears are "typically older" with a big build, a belly, and lots of hair.[190] There are many bear subtypes, including the black bear (Black or African American men), the brown bear (Hispanic men), the grizzly bear ("dominant bears of extreme stature or hairiness"),[191] the koala bear (Australian men),[192] the panda bear (men of Asian descent),[193] and the polar bear, which represents an older bear with white hair.[189]
    • cub – a younger bear.[190] Pride.com describes cubs as "baby bears" or "large, hairy guys in their teens and 20's who are on their way to becoming a bear".[34][51][189]
    • bear chaser – a man who pursues bears[51]
    • otter – a man who is slender and hairy.[189][190][194]
    • wolf – Pride.com says, "Similar to an otter, a wolf has some hair and is in between a twink and a bear. However, there are some key differences between wolves and otters. Wolves typically have a lean, muscular build and are sexually aggressive."[189] Attitude says wolves are "typically older and masculine" with a "muscular/athletic build".[190][34]
  • bull – Pride.com says a bull is a "hunky, muscular" bodybuilder who weighs 200 pounds or more. The website says, "These men are big, strong and have muscles you didn't even know existed."[189] Attitude says bulls have a "super-muscular build" with any hair style, and can be any age.[190]
  • chicken – a young twink.[189] Attitude says chickens are "hairless and young" with a slim or skinny build.[190]
  • chickenhawk – a typically older man who seeks younger men. From chickenhawk, a designation for several birds which are thought to hunt chickens.[189]
  • pig – someone who is "more focused on sex than anything else, often into kinkier and somewhat seedier sexual practices", according to Pride.com.[189]
  • pup / puppy – in animal roleplay, someone who wants to be treated like a puppy, "with love and affection", by a handler.[189] Attitude says pups are "young and submissive" with a slender build and little hair.[190]
  • silver fox – an older man with gray hair[190]
  • twink – a young or young-looking gay man, with little body hair and a slender build[195][34][51]
  • twunk – a twink with well-developed physique (from twink + hunk)[196][197]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Baker, Paul (2002). Polari – The Lost Language of Gay Men. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 9780203167045. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  2. ^ a b Long, Daniel (1996). Formation Processes of Some Japanese Gay Argot Terms. Vol. 71. Duke University Press. pp. 215–224.
  3. ^ Vatjinda, Sutatta (January 2022). "A Study of Translation Strategies Used in the Diary Of Tootsie's LGBTQ Slang". Language in India. 22 (1): 116 – via EBSCOhost.
  4. ^ "Civilities, What does the acronym LGBTQ stand for?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  5. ^ Gill, Liz (14 July 2003). "Lavender linguistics". The Guardian. ProQuest 189144744.
  6. ^ "Queer People Have Always Existed—Teach Like It". Learning for Justice. 2021-03-12. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
  7. ^ Katz-Wise, Sabra L.; Rosario, Margaret; Tsappis, Michael (December 2016). "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth and Family Acceptance". Pediatric Clinics of North America. 63 (6): 1011–1025. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.005. PMC 5127283. PMID 27865331.
  8. ^ "A Former Slur Is Reclaimed, And Listeners Have Mixed Feelings". NPR.
  9. ^ Cage, Ken (2003). Gayle: The Language of Kinks and Queens: a History and Dictionary of Gay Language in South Africa. Jacana Media. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-919931-49-4.
  10. ^ Hamaida, Lena (2007). "Subtitling Slang and Dialect" (PDF). EU High Level Scientific Conference. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  11. ^ Proschan, Frank (1997). "Review: Recognizing Gay and Lesbian Speech". American Anthropologist. 99 (1). Wiley: 164–166. doi:10.1525/aa.1997.99.1.164. JSTOR 682150.
  12. ^ "Round the Horne". History of the BBC. 7 March 1965.
  13. ^ Blake, Barry J. (2010). Secret language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157371-2. OCLC 610210470.[page needed]
  14. ^ Quinion, Michael (1996). "How Bona to Vada Your Eek!". World Wide Words. Archived from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  15. ^ "Reports of Investigators on Meetings of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Ku Klux Klan". State Archives and Library of Florida. 27 July 1964.
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  • Dalzell, Tom; Victor, Terry, eds. (2006). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J–Z. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-25938-5.
  • Dalzell, Tom (2008). The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-19478-0.
  • Dynes, Wayne R; Johansson, Warren; Percy, William A; Donaldson, Stephen, eds. (1990). Encyclopedia of homosexuality. New York: Garland Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8240-6544-1.
  • Green, Jonathon (2005). Cassell's Dictionary of Slang. Sterling Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-304-36636-1.

Further reading

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