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According to [[List of Muslim historians|historians of Islam]],{{Which?|date=July 2022}} there were two migrations, although there are differences of opinion with regard to the dates.<ref name="ahlulbayt">{{cite web|title=The Two Migrations of Muslims to Abyssinia|url=http://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy/two-migrations-muslims-abyssinia|publisher=[[Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project]]|access-date=18 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Watt110-111">{{cite book |title=Muhammad at Mecca|author=W. Montgomery Watt|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1980|pages=110–111}}</ref><ref name="Oxford">{{cite book |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|editor= John L. Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA351|page=351|isbn= 9780199757268}}</ref><ref name="Zakaria">Rafiq Zakaria, 1991, ''Muhammad and The Quran,'' New Delhi: [[Penguin Books]], pp. 403-4. {{ISBN|0-14-014423-4}}</ref>
According to [[List of Muslim historians|historians of Islam]],{{Which?|date=July 2022}} there were two migrations, although there are differences of opinion with regard to the dates.<ref name="ahlulbayt">{{cite web|title=The Two Migrations of Muslims to Abyssinia|url=http://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy/two-migrations-muslims-abyssinia|publisher=[[Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project]]|access-date=18 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Watt110-111">{{cite book |title=Muhammad at Mecca|author=W. Montgomery Watt|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1980|pages=110–111}}</ref><ref name="Oxford">{{cite book |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|editor= John L. Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA351|page=351|isbn= 9780199757268}}</ref><ref name="Zakaria">Rafiq Zakaria, 1991, ''Muhammad and The Quran,'' New Delhi: [[Penguin Books]], pp. 403-4. {{ISBN|0-14-014423-4}}</ref>


The first group of [[Human migration|migrants]], which comprised twelve men and four women, who fled [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] in the year {{BH|7|615}} or {{BH|9|613}} according to other sources,<ref name="Oxford"/> and was granted asylum by [[Najashi]], the [[Negus]] of the [[Kingdom of Aksum]], a [[Christian state]] that existed in modern-day [[Ethiopia]] and [[Eritrea]]. This group included [[Muhammad]]'s daughter [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]] and his son-in-law [[Uthman|Uthman ibn Affan]], who would later become the [[Rashidun|third caliph]] of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] after Muhammad's death. Prior to the exile, Muhammad chose [[Uthman ibn Maz'un|Uthman ibn Mazʽun]], one of his most important [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]], as the leader of this group. According to Tabqat Ibn Saʽd, the group boarded a merchant ship from the sea port of Shuʽaiba and paid a half-dinar each to cross into [[East Africa]] via the [[Red Sea]].<ref>{{cite web |title=First Hijrah: Migration to Abyssinia |url=https://madainproject.com/migration_to_abyssinia |website=Madain Project |access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref> After a year, the exiles heard rumours that the [[Quraysh]] had [[Conversion to Islam|converted to Islam]], which prompted them to return to [[Mecca]]. Confronted with the opposite reality, they set out for the Aksumite kingdom again in {{BH|6|616}} or {{BH|7|615}} according to other sources,<ref name="Zakaria"/>{{Clarify|reason=What "other sources"?|date=July 2022}} this time accompanied by other newly-founded Muslims, with the migrant group comprising 83 men and 18 women in total.<ref name="ahlulbayt"/>
The first group of [[Human migration|migrants]], which comprised twelve men and four women, who fled [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] in the year {{BH|7|615}} or {{BH|9|613}} according to other sources,<ref name="Oxford"/> and was granted asylum by [[Najashi]], the [[Negus]] of the [[Kingdom of Aksum]], a [[Christian state]] that existed in modern-day [[Ethiopia]] and [[Eritrea]]. This group included [[Muhammad]]'s daughter [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]] and his son-in-law [[Uthman|Uthman ibn Affan]], who would later become the [[Rashidun|third caliph]] of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] after Muhammad's death. Prior to the exile, Muhammad chose [[Uthman ibn Maz'un|Uthman ibn Mazʽun]], one of his most important [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]], as the leader of this group. According to [[Ibn Sa'd|Tabqat Ibn Saʽd]], the group boarded a merchant ship from the sea port of Shuʽaiba and paid a half-dinar each to cross into [[East Africa]] via the [[Red Sea]].<ref>{{cite web |title=First Hijrah: Migration to Abyssinia |url=https://madainproject.com/migration_to_abyssinia |website=Madain Project |access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref> After a year, the exiles heard rumours that the [[Quraysh]] had [[Conversion to Islam|converted to Islam]], which prompted them to return to [[Mecca]]. Confronted with the opposite reality, they set out for the Aksumite kingdom again in {{BH|6|616}} or {{BH|7|615}} according to other sources,<ref name="Zakaria"/>{{Clarify|reason=What "other sources"?|date=July 2022}} this time accompanied by other newly-founded Muslims, with the migrant group comprising 83 men and 18 women in total.<ref name="ahlulbayt"/>


Some [[Western world|Western]] historians such as [[Leone Caetani]] (1869–1935) and [[W. Montgomery Watt|William Montgomery Watt]] (1909–2006) questioned the account of two migrations.<ref name="Watt110-111"/> Although [[Ibn Ishaq]] provided two partially overlapping lists of migrants, he did not mention that the first group returned and went back a second time.<ref name="Watt110-111"/> Watt argued that the word used by Ibn Ishaq (''tatāba‘a'', {{Translation|'followed one after another'}}) and the order of the names on the lists suggests that the migration may have taken place in a number of smaller groups rather than two large parties, while the appearance of the two lists reflected the controversies surrounding the assignment of priority on official registers during the reign of the second Rashidun caliph, [[Umar|Umar ibn al-Khattab]].<ref name="Watt110-111"/>
Some [[Western world|Western]] historians such as [[Leone Caetani]] (1869–1935) and [[W. Montgomery Watt|William Montgomery Watt]] (1909–2006) questioned the account of two migrations.<ref name="Watt110-111"/> Although [[Ibn Ishaq]] provided two partially overlapping lists of migrants, he did not mention that the first group returned and went back a second time.<ref name="Watt110-111"/> Watt argued that the word used by [[Ibn Ishaq]] (''tatāba‘a'', {{Translation|'followed one after another'}}) and the order of the names on the lists suggests that the migration may have taken place in a number of smaller groups rather than two large parties, while the appearance of the two lists reflected the controversies surrounding the assignment of priority on official registers during the reign of the second [[Rashidun]] caliph, [[Umar|Umar ibn al-Khattab]].<ref name="Watt110-111"/>


==In Aksum==
==In Aksum==
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*[[Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh]]
*[[Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh]]
*[[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib]] leader of the group
*[[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib]] leader of the group
*[[Uthman]], son-in-law and companion of [[Muhammad]]. Husband of [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]].
*[[Uthman]], son-in-law and [[Companions of the Prophet|companion]] of [[Muhammad]], husband of [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]], and the third [[Rashidun|rightly guided caliph]].
*[[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad]], the wife of Uthman and daughter of Muhammad.
*[[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad]], the wife of Uthman and daughter of Muhammad.
*[[Abu Hudhayfa ibn 'Utba]]
*[[Abu Hudhayfa ibn 'Utba]]

Revision as of 20:53, 1 July 2023

See also: Diplomatic career of Muhammad
Migration to Abyssinia
Part of the diplomatic career of Muhammad
1314 manuscript illustration by Rashid ad-Din depicting the Negus of medieval Abyssinia declining a Meccan delegation's request to surrender the early Muslims.
Native name الهجرة إلى الحبشة‎
Date9 BH (613 CE) or 7 BH (615 CE)
Also known asHijrah Habshah ʽUla (الهجرة الأولى إلى الحبشة‎) or Hijrah il-al-Habshah (الهجرة إلى الحبشة‎)
MotiveTo escape persecution by the Quraysh
ParticipantsThe early Sahabah: Eleven men and four women
OutcomeSome of the early Muslims settle in Aksum
Departure locationMecca, Hejaz, Arabia
DestinationAksum, Kingdom of Aksum
Part of a series on
Muhammad
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The migration to Abyssinia (Template:Lang-ar), also known as the First Hijra (Template:Lang-ar), was an episode in the early history of Islam, where the first followers of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (they were known as the Sahabah) migrated from Arabia due to their persecution by the Quraysh, the ruling Arab tribal confederation of Mecca. They sought and were granted refuge in the Kingdom of Aksum, an ancient Christian state that was situated in modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea (also referred to as Abyssinia),[1] in 9 BH (613 CE) or 7 BH (615 CE). The ruling Aksumite monarch who received them is known in Islamic sources as Najashi (Template:Lang-ar), the Negus of the kingdom; modern historians have alternatively identified him with the Aksumite king Armah and Ella Tsaham.[2] Some of the Sahabah exiles returned to Mecca and made the migration to Medina with Muhammad, while others remained in Aksum and arrived in Medina in 628.[3]

Background

According to the traditional view,[clarification needed] members of the early Muslim community in Mecca faced persecution, which prompted Muhammad to advise them to seek refuge in Aksum. The earliest extant account is given in the sirah of the eighth-century Muslim historian Ibn Ishaq:[4][5]

When the apostle saw the affliction of his companions, [...] he said to them: "If you were to go to Abyssinia (it would be better for you), for the king will not tolerate injustice and it is a friendly country, until such time as Allah shall relieve you from your distress." Thereupon his companions went to Abyssinia, being afraid of apostasy and fleeing to God with their religion. This was the first hijra in Islam.

Another view, grounded in the political developments of the time, suggests that following the capture of Jerusalem in 614 by the Sasanian Empire, many believers saw a potential danger to the community as they were not the partisans of the Persians who practiced Zoroastrianism and had earlier supported the Jews of Arabia in Himyar. The acceptance of these Muslims into the Kingdom of Aksum at precisely a moment of Persian triumph in the Levant recalls the Aksumite foreign policy of the previous century, which saw Aksum and Persia compete for influence in Arabia.[6]

The migration(s)

According to historians of Islam,[which?] there were two migrations, although there are differences of opinion with regard to the dates.[7][5][8][9]

The first group of migrants, which comprised twelve men and four women, who fled Arabia in the year 7 BH (615 CE) or 9 BH (613 CE) according to other sources,[8] and was granted asylum by Najashi, the Negus of the Kingdom of Aksum, a Christian state that existed in modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea. This group included Muhammad's daughter Ruqayyah and his son-in-law Uthman ibn Affan, who would later become the third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate after Muhammad's death. Prior to the exile, Muhammad chose Uthman ibn Mazʽun, one of his most important companions, as the leader of this group. According to Tabqat Ibn Saʽd, the group boarded a merchant ship from the sea port of Shuʽaiba and paid a half-dinar each to cross into East Africa via the Red Sea.[10] After a year, the exiles heard rumours that the Quraysh had converted to Islam, which prompted them to return to Mecca. Confronted with the opposite reality, they set out for the Aksumite kingdom again in 6 BH (616 CE) or 7 BH (615 CE) according to other sources,[9][clarification needed] this time accompanied by other newly-founded Muslims, with the migrant group comprising 83 men and 18 women in total.[7]

Some Western historians such as Leone Caetani (1869–1935) and William Montgomery Watt (1909–2006) questioned the account of two migrations.[5] Although Ibn Ishaq provided two partially overlapping lists of migrants, he did not mention that the first group returned and went back a second time.[5] Watt argued that the word used by Ibn Ishaq (tatāba‘a, transl. 'followed one after another') and the order of the names on the lists suggests that the migration may have taken place in a number of smaller groups rather than two large parties, while the appearance of the two lists reflected the controversies surrounding the assignment of priority on official registers during the reign of the second Rashidun caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab.[5]

In Aksum

Much of the coverage of this event comes from the historian Ibn Ishaq.[11][12]

When the Quraysh learned that the early Muslims were planning to move to the Aksumite kingdom, they sent a delegation to the Negus to demand the surrender of the fugitives. They selected two envoys: ‘Amr ibn al-‘As and Abdullah bin Rabiah. The Meccan envoys were given gifts for the Aksumite king Najashi and his generals. The gifts were made up of leather and prepared by fine skin.[11][12] The Meccans appealed to the generals, arguing that the Muslim migrants were rebels who had invented a new religion, the likes of which neither the Meccans nor the Aksumites had heard of, and that their relatives were asking for their return. The king granted them an audience, but ultimately refused to hand over the migrants until he heard their defence.[11][12]

The Sahabah were later brought in front of the Negus and his bishops. Jaʽfar ibn Abi Talib, who acted as the leader of the exiles, spoke in their defence:

O king, we were a wicked and ignorant people who worshipped idols and ate corpses. We committed all types of disgraceful acts and did not pay our due obligations to neighbours and relatives. The strong man of us suppressed the weak by power. Then Allah raised a prophet among us whose nobility, righteousness, good character and pure life were well-known to us. He called us to worship only one God, and exerted us to give up idolatry and stone worship. He taught us to speak the truth, to fulfill the promise, to regard the rights of relatives and neighbours. He forbade us from indecency; asked us to offer prayer and pay Zakat; to shun everything foul and to avoid bloodshed. He forbade adultery, lewdness, telling lies, misappropriating the orphan’s heritage, bringing false accusation against others and all other indecent things to that sort. He taught us the Holy Quran, the divine revelation. When we believed in him and acted upon his nice teachings, our people began to persecute us and to subject us to torture. When their cruelties exceeded all bounds, we took shelter in your country by the permission of our prophet.

— Jaʽfar ibn Abi Talib, in the prophetic biography by Ibn Hisham[citation needed]

The Christian king requested their revelations from God. Jaʽfar then recited a passage from the Quran's Surah Maryam (lit. 'Chapter of Mary'). When the king heard it, he wept and exclaimed: "Verily, this and what Jesus brought (the Gospel) has come from the same source of light (miškāt)".

However, one of the envoys, ‘Amr ibn al-‘As, thought of an alternative tactic. On the following day, he returned to the king and told him that the Muslims had disrespected Jesus. When the Muslims heard that the king had summoned them again to question them about their view of Jesus, they tried to find a diplomatic answer, but ultimately decided to speak according to the revelation they had received. When the king addressed Jaʽfar, he replied that they held Jesus to be "God's servant, His prophet, His spirit, and His word which He cast upon the virgin Mary". Muslim accounts state that upon hearing these words, the Negus declared that Jesus was indeed no more than what he had said; he turned to the Muslims and told them: "go, for you are safe in my country". He then returned the gifts to the envoys and dismissed them.[11][12]

End of the Muslim exile

Many of the exiles in Aksum returned to Mecca in 622 and made the hijra to Medina with Muhammad, while a second wave went to Medina in 628.[3][13]

First migration list

The first list of emigrants reported by Ibn Ishaq included the following eleven men and four women:[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ E. A. Wallis Budge (Aug 1, 2014). A History of Ethiopia: Volume I: Nubia and Abyssinia. Routledge. pp. vii. ISBN 9781317649151.
  2. ^ M. Elfasi, Ivan Hrbek (1988). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. UNESCO. p. 560. ISBN 9789231017094.
  3. ^ a b William Montgomery Watt (1961). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. Oxford University Press. p. 66. ISBN 9780198810780.
  4. ^ a b Ibn Ishāq (2004). Sīratu Rasūlillāh (tr. Alfred Guillaume). Oxford University Press. p. 146.
  5. ^ a b c d e W. Montgomery Watt (1980). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford University Press. pp. 110–111.
  6. ^ Bowersock, G.W (Dr). The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam. Oxford University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-19-973932-5
  7. ^ a b "The Two Migrations of Muslims to Abyssinia". Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  8. ^ a b John L. Esposito, ed. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 351. ISBN 9780199757268.
  9. ^ a b Rafiq Zakaria, 1991, Muhammad and The Quran, New Delhi: Penguin Books, pp. 403-4. ISBN 0-14-014423-4
  10. ^ "First Hijrah: Migration to Abyssinia". Madain Project. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  11. ^ a b c d Ibn Ishāq (2004). Sīratu Rasūlillāh (tr. Alfred Guillaume). Oxford University Press. pp. 150–153.
  12. ^ a b c d Martin Lings (2006). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Inner Traditions. pp. 81–84.
  13. ^ Timothy Power (2012). The Red Sea from Byzantium to the Caliphate: AD 500 - 1000. I.B. Tauris. p. 87. ISBN 9781617973505.
  14. ^ He is father of Zainab and a father-in-law of Muhammad. In some accounts relating to Sahabahs in China, he (Jahsh) is noted as Geys. Muslims of Chams (Cambodiya) trace ancestry to a father-in-law of Prophet Muhammad, who is none other than Jahsh (Geys). See T. W. Arnold, The Preaching of Islam, 294n8.
  15. ^ "Authentic History of King Negash of Abyssinia (Currently Ethiopia)". tripod.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-18. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
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