Jump to content

Francesco Saverio Nitti: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
ce
ce
Line 24: Line 24:


==Career==
==Career==
⚫
Born in [[Melfi]], [[Basilicata]], Nitti studied [[law]] in [[Naples]] and was subsequently active as journalist. He was correspondent for the ''Gazzetta Piemontese'' (English: Piedmontese Gazette) and was one of the editors of the ''Corriere di Napoli'' (Courier of Naples). In 1891, he wrote a work about [[Christian socialism]], titled ''Il socialismo cattolico'' (Catholic Socialism). In 1898, when he was only 30 years old, he became professor of [[finance]] at the [[University of Naples]]. Nitti was chosen in 1904 for the [[Italian Radical Party]] to serve in the [[Italian Parliament]]. From 1911 to 1914, he was minister of agriculture, industry, and trade under the then prime minister [[Giovanni Giolitti]]. In 1917, he became minister of finance under [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando]] and held it untill 1919. On 23 June 1919, Nitti became prime minister and interior minister. A year later, he was also minister of the colonies. His cabinet had to deal with great social unrest and dissatisfaction over [[Treaty of Versailles]]. Particularly troublesome was the agitation over [[Fiume]] led by [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]]. Nitti had great difficulty keeping the administration functioning at all, thanks to the enmity between the extremely divergent political factions of [[communists]], [[anarchists]], and [[fascists]]. After less than a year as head of government, he resigned and was succeeded by the veteran Giolitti on 16 June 1920. In social policy, Nitti's government passed a law setting up compulsory insurance for unemployment, invalidity and old age.<ref>Democracy and Social Policy by Yusuf Bangura</ref>

⚫
Born in [[Melfi]], [[Basilicata]], Nitti studied [[law]] in [[Naples]] and was subsequently active as journalist. He was correspondent for the ''Gazzetta Piemontese'' (English: Piedmontese Gazette) and was one of the editors of the ''Corriere di Napoli'' (Courier of Naples). In 1891, he wrote a work about [[Christian socialism]], titled ''Il socialismo cattolico'' (Catholic Socialism). In 1898, when he was only 30 years old, he became professor of [[finance]] at the [[University of Naples]]. Nitti was chosen in 1904 for the [[Italian Radical Party]] to serve in the [[Italian Parliament]]. From 1911 to 1914, he was minister of agriculture, industry, and trade under the then prime minister [[Giovanni Giolitti]]. In 1917, he became minister of finance under [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando]] and held it untill 1919.

On 23 June 1919, Nitti became prime minister and interior minister. A year later, he was also minister of the colonies. His cabinet had to deal with great social unrest and dissatisfaction over [[Treaty of Versailles]]. Particularly troublesome was the agitation over [[Fiume]] led by [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]]. Nitti had great difficulty keeping the administration functioning at all, thanks to the enmity between the extremely divergent political factions of [[communists]], [[anarchists]], and [[fascists]]. After less than a year as head of government, he resigned and was succeeded by the veteran Giolitti on 16 June 1920. In social policy, Nitti's government passed a law setting up compulsory insurance for unemployment, invalidity and old age.<ref>Democracy and Social Policy by Yusuf Bangura</ref>


From 1901 to 1924, Nitti was a member of the country's [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] for the [[Italian Liberal Party]] of the [[National Bloc (Italy, 1921)|National Bloc]], and then a member of the [[Italian Senate]] for the [[Independent Left (Italy)|Independent Left]] from 1948 until his death in 1953. Still a member of the [[Italian Parliament]], Nitti offered resistance to the nascent power of [[Italian fascism]] and openly despised [[Benito Mussolini]]. In 1924, Nitti decided to emigrate, and returned to Italy only after [[World War II]], where as a [[secularist]] and [[anticlerical]] he opposed [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] and staunchly opposed [[NATO]] membership. In his 1927 book ''Bolshevism, Fascism and Democracy'', he correlated fascism with [[Bolshevism]], saying: "There is little difference between the two, and in certain respects, Fascism and Bolshevism are the same."<ref>{{citation|title= Bolshevism, Fascism and Democracy | author= Francesco Saverio Nitti | location= New York: NY| publisher= Macmillan Co. |date=1927 |page=130}}</ref> At the same time, as a [[positivist]], for Nitti both politics and history boiled down to facts. Like World War II, the [[Russian Revolution]] was a fact. Against the opinion of [[Georges Clemenceau]], who considered the Russians to be perfectible ignorant barbarians and the Germans to be imperfectly educated barbarians,<ref>{{citation|title= Rivelazioni | author= Francesco Saverio Nitti |page=95}}</ref> Nitti wondered what would have prevented them from getting along with [[Bolshevik Russia]], once they had got along well with the [[Russia of the Tsars]]. Referring to modernisation, he wrote: "Transplanting the principles and methods of the Russian Revolution into a country like Italy ... would be certain ruin. But it can be added that there is something in the spirit of the Russian Revolution that even Italy cannot ignore."<ref>{{citation|title= Meditazioni dell'esilio | author= Francesco Saverio Nitti |page=125}}</ref>
From 1901 to 1924, Nitti was a member of the country's [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] for the [[Italian Liberal Party]] of the [[National Bloc (Italy, 1921)|National Bloc]], and then a member of the [[Italian Senate]] for the [[Independent Left (Italy)|Independent Left]] from 1948 until his death in 1953. Still a member of the [[Italian Parliament]], Nitti offered resistance to the nascent power of [[Italian fascism]] and openly despised [[Benito Mussolini]]. In 1924, Nitti decided to emigrate, and returned to Italy only after [[World War II]], where as a [[secularist]] and [[anticlerical]] he opposed [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] and staunchly opposed [[NATO]] membership. In his 1927 book ''Bolshevism, Fascism and Democracy'', he correlated fascism with [[Bolshevism]], saying: "There is little difference between the two, and in certain respects, Fascism and Bolshevism are the same."<ref>{{citation|title= Bolshevism, Fascism and Democracy | author= Francesco Saverio Nitti | location= New York: NY| publisher= Macmillan Co. |date=1927 |page=130}}</ref> At the same time, as a [[positivist]], for Nitti both politics and history boiled down to facts. Like World War II, the [[Russian Revolution]] was a fact. Against the opinion of [[Georges Clemenceau]], who considered the Russians to be perfectible ignorant barbarians and the Germans to be imperfectly educated barbarians,<ref>{{citation|title= Rivelazioni | author= Francesco Saverio Nitti |page=95}}</ref> Nitti wondered what would have prevented them from getting along with [[Bolshevik Russia]], once they had got along well with the [[Russia of the Tsars]]. Referring to modernisation, he wrote: "Transplanting the principles and methods of the Russian Revolution into a country like Italy ... would be certain ruin. But it can be added that there is something in the spirit of the Russian Revolution that even Italy cannot ignore."<ref>{{citation|title= Meditazioni dell'esilio | author= Francesco Saverio Nitti |page=125}}</ref>
Line 45: Line 42:


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 15:39, 6 July 2023

For other uses, see Nitti (disambiguation).

Francesco Saverio Nitti
Nitti in 1920
Prime Minister of Italy
In office
23 June 1919 – 15 June 1920
MonarchVictor Emmanuel III
Preceded byVittorio Emanuele Orlando
Succeeded byGiovanni Giolitti
Personal details
Born
Francesco Saverio Vincenzo de Paola Nitti

(1868-07-19)July 19, 1868
Melfi, Kingdom of Italy
DiedFebruary 20, 1953(1953-02-20) (aged 84)
Rome, Italy
Political partyHistorical Far Left (1880s–1904)
Italian Radical Party (1904–1922)
Liberal Democratic Party (1922–1926)
Independent (1926–1953)

Francesco Saverio Vincenzo de Paola Nitti (19 July 1868 – 20 February 1953) was an Italian economist and political figure. A member of the Italian Radical Party, Nitti served as Prime Minister of Italy between 1919 and 1920. An opponent of the fascist regime in Italy, he opposed any kind of dictatorship throughout his career. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia in "Theories of Overpopulation", Nitti was also a staunch critic of English economist Thomas Robert Malthus and his Principle of Population; Nitti wrote Population and the Social System (1894). He was an important meridionalist and studied the origins of Southern Italian problems that arose after Italian unification.[1][2][3]

Career

Born in Melfi, Basilicata, Nitti studied law in Naples and was subsequently active as journalist. He was correspondent for the Gazzetta Piemontese (English: Piedmontese Gazette) and was one of the editors of the Corriere di Napoli (Courier of Naples). In 1891, he wrote a work about Christian socialism, titled Il socialismo cattolico (Catholic Socialism). In 1898, when he was only 30 years old, he became professor of finance at the University of Naples. Nitti was chosen in 1904 for the Italian Radical Party to serve in the Italian Parliament. From 1911 to 1914, he was minister of agriculture, industry, and trade under the then prime minister Giovanni Giolitti. In 1917, he became minister of finance under Vittorio Emanuele Orlando and held it untill 1919. On 23 June 1919, Nitti became prime minister and interior minister. A year later, he was also minister of the colonies. His cabinet had to deal with great social unrest and dissatisfaction over Treaty of Versailles. Particularly troublesome was the agitation over Fiume led by Gabriele D'Annunzio. Nitti had great difficulty keeping the administration functioning at all, thanks to the enmity between the extremely divergent political factions of communists, anarchists, and fascists. After less than a year as head of government, he resigned and was succeeded by the veteran Giolitti on 16 June 1920. In social policy, Nitti's government passed a law setting up compulsory insurance for unemployment, invalidity and old age.[4]

From 1901 to 1924, Nitti was a member of the country's Chamber of Deputies for the Italian Liberal Party of the National Bloc, and then a member of the Italian Senate for the Independent Left from 1948 until his death in 1953. Still a member of the Italian Parliament, Nitti offered resistance to the nascent power of Italian fascism and openly despised Benito Mussolini. In 1924, Nitti decided to emigrate, and returned to Italy only after World War II, where as a secularist and anticlerical he opposed Christian Democracy and staunchly opposed NATO membership. In his 1927 book Bolshevism, Fascism and Democracy, he correlated fascism with Bolshevism, saying: "There is little difference between the two, and in certain respects, Fascism and Bolshevism are the same."[5] At the same time, as a positivist, for Nitti both politics and history boiled down to facts. Like World War II, the Russian Revolution was a fact. Against the opinion of Georges Clemenceau, who considered the Russians to be perfectible ignorant barbarians and the Germans to be imperfectly educated barbarians,[6] Nitti wondered what would have prevented them from getting along with Bolshevik Russia, once they had got along well with the Russia of the Tsars. Referring to modernisation, he wrote: "Transplanting the principles and methods of the Russian Revolution into a country like Italy ... would be certain ruin. But it can be added that there is something in the spirit of the Russian Revolution that even Italy cannot ignore."[7]

Notable works

  • Population and the Social System (1894)
  • Catholic Socialism (1895, reprinted 1908)
  • Eroi e briganti (Heroes and brigands) (1899; reprinted by Osanna Edizioni, 2015) - ISBN 8881674696, 9788881674695)
  • L'Italia all'alba del secolo XX (1901)
  • Principi di scienza delle finanzie (1903, 1904; 5th ed., 1922). French translation: Principes de science des finances, (1904)
  • Peaceless Europe (1922)
  • The Decadence of Europe (1922)
  • The Wreck of Europe (1923)
  • Bolshevism, Fascism and Democracy (1927)
  • other works online here (archive.org)

References

  1. ^ Francesco Saverio Nitti, L'Italia all'alba del secolo XX, Casa Editrice Nazionale Roux e Viarengo, Torino-Roma, 1901
  2. ^ Francesco Saverio Nitti, Domenico De Masi, Napoli e la questione meridionale, Guida, Napoli, 2004
  3. ^ La scienza della finanza 1903-1936
  4. ^ Democracy and Social Policy by Yusuf Bangura
  5. ^ Francesco Saverio Nitti (1927), Bolshevism, Fascism and Democracy, New York: NY: Macmillan Co., p. 130
  6. ^ Francesco Saverio Nitti, Rivelazioni, p. 95
  7. ^ Francesco Saverio Nitti, Meditazioni dell'esilio, p. 125
Wikiquote has quotations related to Francesco Saverio Nitti.
Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Italy
1919–1920 		Succeeded by
Italian Minister of the Interior
1919–1920
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Saverio_Nitti&oldid=1163814741"