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[[File:Space Shuttle Columbia launches on STS-61-C.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Launch of STS-61-C]]
[[File:Space Shuttle Columbia launches on STS-61-C.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Launch of STS-61-C]]


'''STS-61-C''' was the 24th mission of the [[NASA]] [[Space Shuttle program]], and the seventh mission of [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']]. It was the first time that ''Columbia'', the first space-rated Space Shuttle orbiter to be constructed, had flown since [[STS-9]]. The mission launched from [[Florida]]'s [[Kennedy Space Center]] on January 12, 1986, and landed six days later on January 18, 1986. STS-61-C's seven-person crew included the first [[Costa Rican]]-born astronaut, [[Franklin Chang-Díaz]], and 2 future [[Administrator of NASA|Administrators of NASA]]: the second [[African-American]] shuttle pilot, [[Charles Bolden]], and the second sitting politician to fly in space, [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Bill Nelson]] ([[Florida Democratic Party|D-FL]]). It was the last shuttle mission before the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster]], which occurred ten days after STS-61-C's landing.
'''STS-61-C''' was the 24th mission of the [[NASA]] [[Space Shuttle program]] and the seventh mission of [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']]. It was the first time that ''Columbia'', the first space-rated Space Shuttle orbiter to be constructed, had flown since [[STS-9]]. The mission launched from [[Florida]]'s [[Kennedy Space Center]] on January 12, 1986, and landed six days later on January 18, 1986. STS-61-C's seven-person crew included the first [[Costa Rican]]-born astronaut, [[Franklin Chang-Díaz]], and 2 future [[Administrator of NASA|Administrators of NASA]]: the second [[African-American]] shuttle pilot, [[Charles Bolden]], and the second sitting politician to fly in space, [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Bill Nelson]] ([[Florida Democratic Party|D-FL]]). It was the last shuttle mission before the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster]], which occurred ten days after STS-61-C's landing.


== Crew ==
== Crew ==

Revision as of 15:47, 6 July 2023

STS-61-C
Satcom-K1 is deployed from Columbia's payload bay.
NamesSpace Transportation System-24
Mission typeSatellite deployment
Microgravity research
OperatorNASA
COSPAR ID1986-003A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.16481
Mission duration6 days, 2 hours, 3 minutes, 51 seconds (achieved)
Distance travelled4,069,481 km (2,528,658 mi)
Orbits completed98
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftSpace Shuttle Columbia
Launch mass116,121 kg (256,003 lb)
Landing mass95,325 kg (210,156 lb)
Payload mass14,724 kg (32,461 lb)
Crew
Crew size7
Members
Start of mission
Launch dateJanuary 12, 1986, 11:55:00 UTC
RocketSpace Shuttle Columbia
Launch siteKennedy Space Center, LC-39A
ContractorRockwell International
End of mission
Landing dateJanuary 18, 1986,
Landing siteEdwards Air Force Base,
Runway 22
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Perigee altitude331 km (206 mi)
Apogee altitude338 km (210 mi)
Inclination28.45°
Period91.20 minutes
Instruments
  • Comet Halley Active Monitoring Program (CHAMP)
  • Getaway Special (GAS) canisters
  • Shuttle Infrared Leeside Temperature Sensing (SILTS)
  • Shuttle Student Involvement Program (SSIP)

STS-61-C mission patch

Back row: Bill Nelson, Steven Hawley, George Nelson,
Front row: Robert J. Cenker, Charles Bolden, Robert L. Gibson, Franklin Chang-Díaz
← STS-61-B (23)
STS-51-L (25) →
Launch of STS-61-C

STS-61-C was the 24th mission of the NASA Space Shuttle program and the seventh mission of Space Shuttle Columbia. It was the first time that Columbia, the first space-rated Space Shuttle orbiter to be constructed, had flown since STS-9. The mission launched from Florida's Kennedy Space Center on January 12, 1986, and landed six days later on January 18, 1986. STS-61-C's seven-person crew included the first Costa Rican-born astronaut, Franklin Chang-Díaz, and 2 future Administrators of NASA: the second African-American shuttle pilot, Charles Bolden, and the second sitting politician to fly in space, Representative Bill Nelson (D-FL). It was the last shuttle mission before the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, which occurred ten days after STS-61-C's landing.

Crew

Position Astronaut
Commander United States Robert L. Gibson
Second spaceflight
Pilot United States Charles Bolden
First spaceflight
Mission Specialist 1 United States George Nelson
Second spaceflight
Mission Specialist 2 United States Steven Hawley
Second spaceflight
Mission Specialist 3 United States/Costa Rica Franklin Chang-Díaz
First spaceflight
Payload Specialist 1 United States Bill Nelson (U.S. Representative D-FL)
Only spaceflight
Payload Specialist 2 United States Robert J. Cenker (RCA)
Only spaceflight

Backup crew

Position Astronaut
Payload Specialist 2 United States Gerard E. Magilton (RCA)

Crew seating arrangements

Seat[1] Launch Landing
Seats 1–4 are on the Flight Deck. Seats 5–7 are on the Middeck.
S1 Gibson Gibson
S2 Bolden Bolden
S3 G. Nelson Chang-Díaz
S4 Hawley Hawley
S5 Chang-Díaz G. Nelson
S6 B. Nelson B. Nelson
S7 Cenker Cenker

Mission background

STS-61-C saw Columbia return to flight for the first time since the STS-9 mission in November 1983, after having undergone major modifications over the course of 18 months by Rockwell International in California. Most notable of these modifications was the addition of the SILTS (Shuttle Infrared Leeside Temperature Sensing) pod atop Columbia's vertical stabilizer, which used an infrared camera to observe reentry heating on the shuttle's left wing and part of its fuselage. The camera was only used for a few more missions after STS-61-C, but the pod remained on Columbia for the remainder of its operational life. Smaller and more discreet modifications were also added at various points throughout the shuttle. The bulky ejection seats, which had been disabled after STS-4, were replaced with conventional seats and head-up displays for the commander and pilot were installed.[2]

The launch was originally scheduled for December 18, 1985, but the closeout of an aft orbiter compartment was delayed, and the mission was rescheduled for the following day. However, on December 19, 1985, the countdown was stopped at T-14 seconds due to an out-of-tolerance turbine reading on the right SRB's hydraulic system. Another launch attempt, on January 6, 1986, was terminated at T-31 seconds because of a problem in a valve in the liquid oxygen system. The countdown was recycled to T-20 minutes for a second launch attempt on the same day, but was held at T-9 minutes, and then scrubbed as the launch window expired.[3] Another attempt was made on January 7, 1986, but was scrubbed because of bad weather at contingency landing sites at Dakar, Senegal, and Morón de la Frontera, Spain; yet another attempt, on January 9, 1986, was delayed because of a problem with a main engine prevalve, and on January 10, 1986, heavy rainfall in the launch area led to another scrub.

Mission summary

STS-61-C landing

After four unsuccessful launch attempts,[4] Columbia launched successfully from Kennedy Space Center at 6:55:00 a.m. EST on January 12, 1986. There were no significant anomalies reported during the launch.

The primary objective of the mission was to deploy the Satcom-K1 communications satellite, second in a planned series of geosynchronous satellites owned and operated by RCA Americom; the deployment was successful. Columbia also carried a large number of small scientific experiments, including 13 Getaway Special (GAS) canisters devoted to investigations involving the effect of microgravity on materials processing, seed germination, chemical reactions, egg hatching, astronomy, atmospheric physics, and an experiment designed by Ellery Kurtz and Howard Wishnow to determine the effects of the space environment on fine arts materials and original oil paintings, flying four of Kurtz's paintings into space. It also carried the Materials Science Laboratory-2 structure for experiments involving liquid bubble suspension by sound waves, melting and resolidification of metallic samples and container-less melting and solidification of electrically conductive specimens. Another small experiment carrier located in the payload bay was the Hitchhiker G-1 (HHG-1), which carried three experiments to study film particles in the orbiter environment, test a new heat transfer system and determine the effects of contamination and atomic oxygen on ultraviolet optics materials, respectively. There were also four in-cabin experiments, three of them part of the Shuttle Student Involvement Program. The shuttle carried an experiment called the Comet Halley Active Monitoring Program (CHAMP), consisting of a 35 mm (1.4 in) camera intended to photograph Halley's Comet through the aft flight deck overhead window. This experiment proved unsuccessful because of battery problems.

According to Bolden, in addition to deploying the RCA satellite, Cenker operated a classified experiment for the United States Air Force during the mission. Bolden was only told that it was a prototype for an infrared imaging camera.[4]

STS-61-C was originally scheduled to last seven days, but NASA decided to end it after four because its delays had delayed the next flight, STS-51-L.[4] It was rescheduled to land on January 17, 1986, but this was brought forward by one day. However, the landing attempt on January 16, 1986, was canceled because of unfavorable weather at Edwards Air Force Base. Continued bad weather forced another wave-off the following day. The flight was extended one more day to provide for a landing opportunity at Kennedy Space Center on January 18, 1986 – this was in order to avoid time lost in an Edwards Air Force Base landing and turnaround. However, bad weather at the KSC landing site resulted in yet another wave-off.

Columbia finally landed at Edwards Air Force Base on its fifth landing attempt[4] at 5:59:51 a.m. PST, on January 18, 1986. The mission lasted a total of 6 days, 2 hours, 3 minutes, and 51 seconds. STS-61-C was the last successful Space Shuttle flight before the Challenger disaster, which occurred on January 28, 1986, only 10 days after Columbia's return. Accordingly, commander Gibson later called the STS-61-C mission "The End of Innocence" for the Shuttle Program.[5]

Nelson, the Florida congressman, had hoped to receive a Florida orange after landing in the state. The personnel at Edwards greeted the crew with what Bolden described as "a peck basket of California oranges and grapefruits".[4]

Wake-up calls

NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.[6]

Flight Day Song Artist/Composer
Day 2 "Liberty Bell March" John Philip Sousa
Day 3 "Heart of Gold" Neil Young
Day 4 "Stars and Stripes Forever" John Philip Sousa

Gag photo

Gag photo of the STS-61-C crew

During the same session as the official crew photo, the NASA photographer took a gag photo of the STS-61-C crew with their heads and faces obscured by their helmets and visors.

See also

References

  1. ^ "STS-61C". Spacefacts. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  2. ^ "STS-61C Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved November 28, 2012. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ Some Trust in Chariots: The Space Shuttle Challenger Experience
  4. ^ a b c d e Bolden, Charles F. (January 6, 2004). "Charles F. Bolden". NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project (Interview). Interviewed by Johnson, Sandra; Wright, Rebecca; Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer. Houston, Texas. Retrieved January 6, 2014. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ Evans, Ben (January 11, 2014). "Mission 61C: The Original 'Mission Impossible' (Part 1)". americaspace.com. Americaspace.com. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  6. ^ Fries, Colin (June 25, 2007). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved August 13, 2007. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.