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== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
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<ref name=Heim1942>{{cite journal |title=Nouvelles études descriptives sur les agarics termitophiles d'Afrique tropicale |journal=Archives du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle |author=Heim R. |year=1942 |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=107–66 |language=French}}</ref>
<ref name=Heim1942>{{cite journal |title=Nouvelles études descriptives sur les agarics termitophiles d'Afrique tropicale |journal=Archives du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle |author=Heim R. |year=1942 |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=107–66 |language=French}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:50, 14 July 2023

Termitomyces
Termitomyces reticulatus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Lyophyllaceae
Genus: Termitomyces
R.Heim, 1942[1]
Type species
Termitomyces striatus
(Beeli) R.Heim
Synonyms[2]

1945 Podabrella Singer
1945 Rajapa Singer
1981 Sinotermitomyces M.Zang

Termitomyces is a genus of basidiomycete fungi belonging to the family Lyophyllaceae. There are 30-40 species in the genus, all of which are completely dependent on termites to survive.[3] They are the food source for a subfamily of termites, the Macrotermitinae, who enjoy an obligate symbiosis with the genus similar to that between Atta ants and Attamyces mushrooms. Despite this relationship, spore transfer is still accomplished mainly by shedding from mushrooms, which protrude from the termite mounds.[4][5]: 81 

Characteristics

These mushrooms are edible for most people, and the larger species are a popular wild food where they occur. They include the largest edible mushroom in the world, Termitomyces titanicus of West Africa and Zambia, whose cap reaches 1 metre (3.28ft) in diameter. These fungi grow on 'combs' which are formed from the termites' excreta, dominated by tough woody fragments. Termitomyces was described by Roger Heim in 1942.[6]

From 1955 to 1969 Arthur French [7] worked in Uganda (as a hobby) on the subject of fungi and termites. Some scientific literature about these fungal species existed previously, but these texts failed to adequately discuss the relationship between termites and their fungal symbiotes, while the various edible varieties were merely termed "termite mushrooms." French conducted some investigations with the help of the elderly Baganda women who gathered termite mushrooms, and published his findings.

Species

As of November 2022, Species Fungorum accepted 47 species of Termitomyces.[8]

  1. Termitomyces albidus (Singer) L.D. Gómez (1995)
  2. Termitomyces aurantiacus (R. Heim) R. Heim (1977)
  3. Termitomyces biyi Otieno (1966)
  4. Termitomyces bulborhizus T.Z. Wei, Y.J. Yao, Bo Wang & Pegler (2004)
  5. Termitomyces citriophyllus R. Heim (1942)
  6. Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim (1951)
  7. Termitomyces congolensis (Beeli) Singer (1948)
  8. Termitomyces dominicalensis L.D. Gómez (1995)
  9. Termitomyces entolomoides R. Heim (1951)
  10. Termitomyces epipolius (Singer) L.D. Gómez (1995)
  11. Termitomyces eurrhizus (Berk.) R. Heim (1942)
  12. Termitomyces floccosus S.M. Tang, Raspé & S.H. Li (2020)
  13. Termitomyces fragilis L. Ye, Karun, J.C. Xu, K.D. Hyde & Mortimer (2019)
  14. Termitomyces fuliginosus R. Heim (1942)
  15. Termitomyces globulus R. Heim & Gooss.-Font. (1951)
  16. Termitomyces griseiumbo Mossebo (2003)
  17. Termitomyces heimii Natarajan (1979)
  18. Termitomyces indicus Natarajan (1976)
  19. Termitomyces infundibuliformis Mossebo (2012)
  20. Termitomyces intermedius Har. Takah. & Taneyama (2016)
  21. Termitomyces lanatus R. Heim (1977)
  22. Termitomyces le-testui testui (Pat.) R. Heim (1942)
  23. Termitomyces magoyensis Otieno (1966)
  24. Termitomyces mammiformis R. Heim (1942)
  25. Termitomyces mboudaeinus Mossebo (2003)
  26. Termitomyces medius R. Heim & Grassé (1951)
  27. Termitomyces meipengianus (M. Zang & D.Z. Zhang) P.M. Kirk (2014)
  28. Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. & Broome) R. Heim (1942)
  29. Termitomyces narobiensis Otieno (1966)
  30. Termitomyces perforans R. Heim (1977)
  31. Termitomyces poliomphax (Singer) L.D. Gómez (1995)
  32. Termitomyces rabuorii Otieno (1966)
  33. Termitomyces radicatus Natarajan (1977)
  34. Termitomyces reticulatus Van der Westh. & Eicker (1990)
  35. Termitomyces robustus (Beeli) R. Heim (1951)
  36. Termitomyces sagittiformis (Kalchbr. & Cooke) D.A. Reid (1975)
  37. Termitomyces schimperi (Pat.) R. Heim (1942)
  38. Termitomyces singidensis Saarim. & Härk. (1994)
  39. Termitomyces songolarum (Courtec.) Furneaux (2020)
  40. Termitomyces spiniformis R. Heim (1977)
  41. Termitomyces striatus (Beeli) R. Heim (1942)
  42. Termitomyces subclypeatus Mossebo (2003)
  43. Termitomyces subumkowaan Mossebo (2003)
  44. Termitomyces titanicus Pegler & Piearce (1980)
  45. Termitomyces tylerianus Otieno (1966)
  46. Termitomyces umkowaan (Cooke & Massee) D.A. Reid (1975)
  47. Termitomyces upsilocystidiatus S.M. Tang, Raspé & K.D. Hyde (2020)

Other termite-associating fungi that may be confused with Termitomyces

  • Inedible fruiting bodies of the genus Podaxis, which may also grow from termitaria. Podaxis species can be easily distinguished from those of Termitomyces in that Podaxis fruiting bodies resemble a "stalked puffball," or an unopened shaggy mane, while those of Termitomyces resemble a stereotypical mushroom or toadstool.
  • In China, fruiting bodies of the unrelated, but edible Macrolepiota albuminosa may also grow from termitaria. M. albuminosa was once incorrectly placed within this genus as "Termitomyces albuminosa".

Culinary use

This genus is a popular seasonal delicacy in the Indian state of Goa. For about two weeks at the beginning of August every year, clusters of villagers dot the Goan roadside hawking the handpicked mushrooms. A spicy gravy known as "Tonak" is a popular method of preparation. Since Termitomyces mushrooms are difficult to mass produce, they command a high price.[10]

Mushroom sellers in Panjim Goa

They are also foraged in Malaysia known as cendawan busut ("mound mushroom"). Tamil rubber tappers in Selangor long time ago would find a lot of T. schimperi growing in estate environments not long after raining.[5]: 81 

References

  1. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 682. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  2. ^ "Termitomyces R. Heim 1942". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  3. ^ The Biggest Mushroom? — MykoWeb
  4. ^ Mueller, U. G.; Gerardo, N. M.; Aanen, D. K.; Six, D. L.; Schultz, T. R. (2005). "The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 36: 563–595. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626.
  5. ^ a b Hilton, Roger N.; Dhitaphichit, Pannee (1992). "Procedures in Thai Etnomycology". Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society: 75–92.
  6. ^ Heim R. (1942). "Nouvelles études descriptives sur les agarics termitophiles d'Afrique tropicale". Archives du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (in French). 18 (6): 107–66.
  7. ^ French A. (1993). "The Mushroom-Growing Termites of Uganda". Petits Propos Culinaires (44): 35–41.
  8. ^ "Species Fungorum - Termitomyces". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
  9. ^ Phan Chia Wei (17 December 2018). "Preventing fatal harvest of mushrooms". Asia Research News. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  10. ^ "Wild Mushrooms of Goa". 5 August 2013.

See Tobias Frøslev's Termitomyces page [1] And an academic review of the relationship in Patterns of interaction specificity of fungus-growing termites and Termitomyces symbionts in South Africa Aanenet DK al BMC Evol Biol. 2007; 7: 115. [2]

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