Cape Verde giant skink: Difference between revisions
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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The Cape Verde giant skink was very large and robust. Adults could attain a [[Snout–vent length|snout-to-vent length]] (SVL) of {{convert|32|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Greer" /> The tail was less than half the length of the body.<ref name=Schnirel/> It was described as [[prehensile tail|prehensile]] and powerful, well adapted to climb trees, which surprised 19th century scientists who only knew Cape Verde giant skinks from denuded, arid islets.<ref name = "Mateo"/> However, other authors noted that the species was capable of [[autotomy]], which would be contradictory for a prehensile tail. |
The Cape Verde giant skink was very large and robust. Adults could attain a [[Snout–vent length|snout-to-vent length]] (SVL) of {{convert|32|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Greer" /> The tail was less than half the length of the body.<ref name=Schnirel/> It was described as [[prehensile tail|prehensile]] and powerful, well adapted to climb trees, which surprised 19th century scientists who only knew Cape Verde giant skinks from denuded, arid islets.<ref name = "Mateo"/> However, other authors noted that the species was capable of [[autotomy]], which would be contradictory for a prehensile tail. The long digits, equivalent to a SENI ([[Scincidae]] Ecological Niche Index) value of 0.13, are consistent with a low canopy arboreal niche.<ref name=Schnirel/> |
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There were three color [[morph (biology)|morph]]s: grey, yellow, and intermediate. There was no banding but the body had dark stippled blotches and freckles with a yellow green-grey standard background. The underside was largely devoid of freckles, with a solid color lighter than the back. The lower eyelid was transparent. Males reached their maximum size quicker than females, and had larger head and longer hindlegs. Older males had thick, hanging dewlaps that are unusual for skinks.<ref name=Schnirel/> |
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Males reached their maximum size quicker than females, and had a larger head and longer hindlegs. Older males had thick, hanging dewlaps that are unusual for skinks, and may imply they were used to assert territorial dominance.<ref name=Schnirel/> |
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==Distribution== |
==Distribution== |
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==Behaviour and ecology== |
==Behaviour and ecology== |
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| ⚫ | The behavior of the Cape Verde giant skink is largely unknown due to the lack of [[etology]] studies before its extinction, though [[convergent evolution]] has been noted between the Cape Verde giant skink and two extant species: the [[Trachylepis striata|African striped skink]] (''Trachylepis striata'') from [[southern Africa|southern]] and [[eastern Africa]], adapted to a low canopy arboreal niche, and [[Vaillant's mabuya]] (''Chioninia vaillanti''), another large, [[herbivore]] skink that is endemic to the southern [[Sotavento Islands]] of Cape Verde.<ref name = "Greer"/> |
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The Cape Verde giant skink's long digestive track, abundant and varied [[helminthic]] community, and specialized dentition were well suited for a vegetarian diet.<ref name = "Mateo"/> |
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''C. coctei'' was largely herbivorous, but whether out of necessity with deteriorating conditions or from opportunistic advantage, occasionally became more [[carnivore|carnivorous]] as individuals would occasionally eat the young from nesting shore birds. German herpetologists had noted ''Macroscincus'' consuming birds in captivity in the early 20th century. |
''C. coctei'' was largely herbivorous, but whether out of necessity with deteriorating conditions or from opportunistic advantage, occasionally became more [[carnivore|carnivorous]] as individuals would occasionally eat the young from nesting shore birds. German herpetologists had noted ''Macroscincus'' consuming birds in captivity in the early 20th century. |
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One interesting aspect of this species is that it possessed a transparent lower eyelid; possibly to spot predators from below. |
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From the examination of preserved specimens, it appears that this species had a "belly button" slit, indicating [[viviparity]]. However, there are also reports that indicate this species was an egg layer. |
From the examination of preserved specimens, it appears that this species had a "belly button" slit, indicating [[viviparity]]. However, there are also reports that indicate this species was an egg layer. |
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| Cape Verde giant skink | |
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| Illustration, 1885 | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Scincidae |
| Genus: | Chioninia |
| Species: | †C. coctei
|
| Binomial name | |
| †Chioninia coctei (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1839)
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| Synonyms[2] | |
The Cape Verde giant skink (Chioninia coctei), also called Bibron's skink, Cocteau's skink, and lagarto in Cape Verdean Portuguese, is a recently extinct species of large lizard (skink) that was endemic to some of the Barlavento Islands of Cape Verde before disappearing in the 20th century.
Taxonomy
The Cape Verde giant skink was first given the specific name Euprepes coctei by French zoologists André Marie Constant Duméril and Gabriel Bibron in 1839. The holotype was a specimen at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, one of five collected in 1784 by João da Silva Feijó in Ilhéu Branco, taken to Lisbon, and later looted by the Napoleonic Army in 1808.[3] The name coctei honors French physician and zoologist Jean-Théodore Cocteau (1798–1838).[4] Since Duméril and Bibron ignored the history of the specimen, they listed its origin as "the coast of Africa" and the species remained in obscurity until it was rediscovered in 1873 by Cape Verdean doctor Frederico Hopffer.[3] Portuguese zoologist José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage assigned the species to its own monotypic genus, Macroscincus (lit. "large skink").[5]
In 2001, a Mitochondrial DNA study nested Macroscincus within a group of several Cape Verdean skink species assigned to the wastebasket genus Mabuya, suggesting a common origin in West Africa during the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene, dispersal to Cape Verde and subsequent adaptive radiation.[6] The phylogeny of Mabuya was resolved in 2016, placing Cape Verdean skinks in the genus Chioninia, establishing Trachylepis of Africa and Madagascar as its sister genus, and limiting Mabuya to the Neotropics.[7]
Description
The Cape Verde giant skink was very large and robust. Adults could attain a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 32 cm (13 in).[8] The tail was less than half the length of the body.[9] It was described as prehensile and powerful, well adapted to climb trees, which surprised 19th century scientists who only knew Cape Verde giant skinks from denuded, arid islets.[3] However, other authors noted that the species was capable of autotomy, which would be contradictory for a prehensile tail. The long digits, equivalent to a SENI (Scincidae Ecological Niche Index) value of 0.13, are consistent with a low canopy arboreal niche.[9]
There were three color morphs: grey, yellow, and intermediate. There was no banding but the body had dark stippled blotches and freckles with a yellow green-grey standard background. The underside was largely devoid of freckles, with a solid color lighter than the back. The lower eyelid was transparent. Males reached their maximum size quicker than females, and had larger head and longer hindlegs. Older males had thick, hanging dewlaps that are unusual for skinks.[9]
Distribution
Subfossil remains of Cape Verde giant skink were found in the northwestern islands of São Vicente and Santa Luzia, and the islets Branco and Raso, which along with the smaller islet Pássaros were united into the paleoisland "Mindelo" during the colder stages of the Pleistocene.[3] Testimonies of local fishermen also place giant skinks in São Nicolau island, but this remains unproven.[1] São Nicolau was not connected by land to other islands during the Pleistocene.[3]
Behaviour and ecology
The behavior of the Cape Verde giant skink is largely unknown due to the lack of etology studies before its extinction, though convergent evolution has been noted between the Cape Verde giant skink and two extant species: the African striped skink (Trachylepis striata) from southern and eastern Africa, adapted to a low canopy arboreal niche, and Vaillant's mabuya (Chioninia vaillanti), another large, herbivore skink that is endemic to the southern Sotavento Islands of Cape Verde.[8]
The Cape Verde giant skink's long digestive track, abundant and varied helminthic community, and specialized dentition were well suited for a vegetarian diet.[3]
C. coctei was largely herbivorous, but whether out of necessity with deteriorating conditions or from opportunistic advantage, occasionally became more carnivorous as individuals would occasionally eat the young from nesting shore birds. German herpetologists had noted Macroscincus consuming birds in captivity in the early 20th century.
From the examination of preserved specimens, it appears that this species had a "belly button" slit, indicating viviparity. However, there are also reports that indicate this species was an egg layer.
It is considered unique among the Scincidae in having tooth crowns which are labiolingually compressed and multicuspate.[8]
Extinction
Causes cited for the decline of C. coctei include over hunting for food and use for "skink oil" by natives of neighboring islands and prolonged drought. At one time, starving convicts were marooned in the Cape Verde archipelago and ate the extant population. An explorer, Leonardo Fea, brought back several specimens which are now housed in Italy. This constitutes the extant specimens. Subsequent explorers such as Sheliech, Andreone, and Pather, have failed to find living individuals, and it has not been found since 1940. In the early 20th century, German herpetologists tried to captive-breed this species to no avail.
In the 2013.1 version of the IUCN Red List, the IUCN declared it officially extinct.[10][11]
References
- ^ a b Vasconcelos, R. (2013). "Chioninia coctei ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T13152363A13152374. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T13152363A13152374.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Species Chioninia coctei at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.
- ^ a b c d e f Mateo, J. A., Barone, R., Hernández-Acosta, C. N., & López-Jurado, L. F. (2020) La muerte anunciada de dos gigantes macaronésicos: el gran escinco caboverdiano, Chioninia coctei (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) y el lagarto de Salmor, Gallotia simonyi (Steindachner, 1889). Bol. Asoc. Herpetol. Esp. Vol. 31 (2), pgs. 3-30.
- ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Macroscincus coctei, p.56).
- ^ Bocage, J.V.B. (1873) Sur l' habitat et les caractères zoologiques du "Macroscincus coctei" ("Euprepes coctei " Dum. et Bibr.). Jornal de Sciencias Mathemáticas, Physicas e Naturais, 4: 295–306.
- ^ Carranza, S.; Arnold, E.N.; Mateo, J.A.; López-Jurado, L.F. (2001). "Parallel gigantism and complex colonization patterns in the Cape Verde scincid lizards Mabuya and Macroscincus (Reptilia: Scincidae) revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequences". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1476): 1595–603. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1699. PMC 1088783. PMID 11487407.
- ^ Karin, B. R., Metallinou, M., Weinell, J. L., Jackman, T. R., & Bauer, A. M. (2016). Resolving the higher-order phylogenetic relationships of the circumtropical Mabuya group (Squamata: Scincidae): An out-of-Asia diversification. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 102, 220-232.
- ^ a b c Greer AE (1976). "On the evolution of the giant Cape Verde scincid lizard Macroscincus coctei ". Journal of Natural History. 10 (6): 691–712. doi:10.1080/00222937600770551.
- ^ a b c Schnirel, Brian L. (May 2004). "SENI biometric analysis on the extinct Scincidae species: Macroscincus coctei ". Polyphemos (Florence, South Carolina) 1 (2): 12–22.
- ^ "News – World's oldest and largest species in decline – IUCN Red List". Iucnredlist.org. 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
- ^ "Chioninia coctei (Cape Verde Giant Skink, Cocteau's Skink)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996-08-01. 1996-08-01. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
Bibliography
- Adler GH, Austin CC, Dudley R (1995). "Dispersal and speciation of skinks among archipelagos in the tropical Pacific ocean". Evolutionary Ecology 9: 529–541.
- Austin CC (1995). "Molecular and morphological evolution in south Pacific scincid lizards: morphological conservatism and phylogenetic relationships of Papuan Lipinia (Scincidae)". Herpetologica 51: 291–300.
- Day, David (1979). Vanished Species. London: Gallery Books. pp. 254–255.
- Duméril AMC, Bibron G (1839). Erpétologie générale ou Histoire naturelle complète des Reptiles. Tome cinquième. [= General Herpetology or Complete Natural History of the Reptiles. Volume 5]. Paris: Roret. viii + 854 pp. (Euprepes coctei, new species, pp. 666–668). (in French).
- Grzimek, Bernhard (1975). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Volume 6, Reptiles. New York: Van Nostrand- Reinhold Company. pp. 178–179 .
- Hartdegen, Ruston W. (September 2003). "The green tree skink". Reptiles Magazine (Boulder, Colorado) 11 (9): 42–50.
- Honda M, Ota H, Kobayashi M, Nabhitabhata J, Yong H-S, Hikida T (1999). "Evolution of Asian and African Lygosomine Skinks of the Mabuya Group (Reptilia: Scincidae): A Molecular Perspective". Zoological Science 16 (6): 979–984.
- Love, Bill (January 2003). "Mystery skink. Herpetological quiries". Reptiles Magazine 11 (1): 12.
- Pether, Jim (April 2003). "In search of Macroscincus coctei ". Reptiles Magazine 11 (4): 70–81.
- de Vosjoli, Phillippe; Fast, Frank (1995). "Account from the Daily journals of Phillippe de Vosjoli". The Vivarium (Escondido, California) 6 (5): 4–7, 12–17, 36–38, 40–44.
- de Vosjoli, Phillippe; Fast, Frank (1995). "Notes from a herpetological field trip to New Caledonia (Part II) – Notes on three species of New Caledonian geckos of the Genus Rhactodactylus ". The Vivarium 6 (6): 26–29, 53–54.
- Walls, Jerry G. (1994). Skinks: identification, care, and breeding. Neptune City, New Jersey: T.F.H. Publications. pp. 52–58.