Pauravas: Difference between revisions
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==Porus and the Pauravas== |
==Porus and the Pauravas== |
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The origins of the Pauravas are still disputed. The Pauravas may be related to the [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru tribe]] |
The origins of the Pauravas are still disputed. The Pauravas may be related to the [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru tribe]], due to the closeness of the names. However, the Pauravas referred to in Indic literature are a much older kingdom, and in a different region geographically.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxuAAAAMAAJ|title=Indian History: Ancient and medieval|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica / Popular Prakashan|year=2003|isbn=978-81-7991-067-2|editor=Nonica Datta|page=222|quote=Not known in Indian sources, the name Porus has been conjecturally interpreted as standing for Paurava, that is, the domain of the Purus, a clan known in that region from ancient Vedic times.}}</ref> At the time of Alexander's invasion, the Pauravas were apparently situated on or near the [[Jhelum River]], with territory extending to the [[Chenab]] River. This was not only the extant of Porus's kingdom, but also became the eastern limit of the Macedonian Empire.<ref name="Phillips2012" /> |
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The Indus River was [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|incorporated]] into the [[Achaemenid Empire]] by [[Cyrus the Great]] in 535 BCE. In 518 BCE, [[Darius the Great]] invaded [[Punjab]] and conquered the Jhelum River region, designating it the [[Hindush]] [[satrap]]y. Records suggest that the Indus was under Achaemenid control at least until 338 BCE, which is less than ten years before the campaigns of Alexander. This would make |
The Indus River was [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|incorporated]] into the [[Achaemenid Empire]] by [[Cyrus the Great]] in 535 BCE. In 518 BCE, [[Darius the Great]] invaded [[Punjab]] and conquered the Jhelum River region, designating it the [[Hindush]] [[satrap]]y. Records suggest that the Indus was under Achaemenid control at least until 338 BCE, which is less than ten years before the campaigns of Alexander. This would make Porus a king or chieftain of the recently independent Pauravas at the time of their confrontation with Alexander. The extent of Achaemenid territories is also affirmed by [[Strabo]] in his "Geography" (Book XV), describing the Persian holdings along the Indus: |
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<blockquote>The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the [[Paropamisadae]], above whom lies the [[Hindu Kush|Paropamisus mountain]]: then, towards the south, the [[Arachosia|Arachoti]]: then next, towards the south, the [[Gedrosia|Gedroseni]], with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. |
<blockquote>The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the [[Paropamisadae]], above whom lies the [[Hindu Kush|Paropamisus mountain]]: then, towards the south, the [[Arachosia|Arachoti]]: then next, towards the south, the [[Gedrosia|Gedroseni]], with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. |
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Alexander and Porus fought each other at the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]]. Alexander was initially set on venturing into India, but the battle against Porus curbed his aspirations. His army mutinied when faced with opposing the [[Nanda Empire]] and their subordinate [[Gangaridai]]. According to the Greek historian [[Plutarch]], the previous, costly conflict against Porus's much smaller army contributed significantly to their unease. |
Alexander and Porus fought each other at the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]]. Alexander was initially set on venturing into India, but the battle against Porus curbed his aspirations. His army mutinied when faced with opposing the [[Nanda Empire]] and their subordinate [[Gangaridai]]. According to the Greek historian [[Plutarch]], the previous, costly conflict against Porus's much smaller army contributed significantly to their unease. |
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{{Quote|text=As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with |
{{Quote|text=As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Hydaspes also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs, its depth a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants.|sign=[[Plutarch]]|source=[[Plutarch's Lives]], Plutarch, Alexander, 62|title=}} |
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Alexander died on his way back from India.<ref name="Phillips2012">{{cite book|author=Graham Phillips|title=Alexander The Great|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EwrwOjz7-8C&pg=PA129|date=31 March 2012|publisher=Ebury Publishing|isbn=978-0-7535-3582-0|pages=129–131}}</ref> The instability that ensued after Alexander's death resulted in a power struggle and dramatic changes in governance. Porus was soon assassinated by the Macedonia general [[Eudemus (general)|Eudemus.]] By 316 BCE, the Macedonian lands were conquered by [[Chandragupta Maurya]], a young adventurer. After engaging in and winning the [[Seleucid–Mauryan war]] for supremacy over the Indus Valley, Chandragupta gained control of modern-day Punjab and Afghanistan. This was the foundation of the [[Maurya Empire]], which would become the largest empire in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="MacDonell2014">{{cite book|author=Arthur A. MacDonell|title=A History of Sanskrit Literature (Illustrated)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL5UCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT331|date=28 March 2014|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-304-98862-1|page=331}}</ref> |
Alexander died on his way back from India.<ref name="Phillips2012">{{cite book|author=Graham Phillips|title=Alexander The Great|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EwrwOjz7-8C&pg=PA129|date=31 March 2012|publisher=Ebury Publishing|isbn=978-0-7535-3582-0|pages=129–131}}</ref> The instability that ensued after Alexander's death resulted in a power struggle and dramatic changes in governance. Porus was soon assassinated by the Macedonia general [[Eudemus (general)|Eudemus.]] By 316 BCE, the Macedonian lands were conquered by [[Chandragupta Maurya]], a young adventurer. After engaging in and winning the [[Seleucid–Mauryan war]] for supremacy over the Indus Valley, Chandragupta gained control of modern-day Punjab and Afghanistan. This was the foundation of the [[Maurya Empire]], which would become the largest empire in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="MacDonell2014">{{cite book|author=Arthur A. MacDonell|title=A History of Sanskrit Literature (Illustrated)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL5UCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT331|date=28 March 2014|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-304-98862-1|page=331}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 13:53, 19 July 2023
Pauravas | |
|---|---|
| 250 BCE–100 BCE | |
 .png){kind=small} Location on the Pauravas and contemporary South Asian polities circa 150 CE.[1] | |
 Location of the Pauravas relative to other groups: the Audumbaras, the Kunindas, the Vemakas, the Vrishnis, and the Yaudheyas. | |
| Government | monarchy |
| History | |
• Established | 250 BCE |
• Disestablished | 100 BCE |
| Today part of | Pakistan India |
The Pauravas were an ancient tribe in the Indus valley, to which King Porus may have belonged.
Porus and the Pauravas
The origins of the Pauravas are still disputed. The Pauravas may be related to the Puru tribe, due to the closeness of the names. However, the Pauravas referred to in Indic literature are a much older kingdom, and in a different region geographically.[2] At the time of Alexander's invasion, the Pauravas were apparently situated on or near the Jhelum River, with territory extending to the Chenab River. This was not only the extant of Porus's kingdom, but also became the eastern limit of the Macedonian Empire.[3]
The Indus River was incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great in 535 BCE. In 518 BCE, Darius the Great invaded Punjab and conquered the Jhelum River region, designating it the Hindush satrapy. Records suggest that the Indus was under Achaemenid control at least until 338 BCE, which is less than ten years before the campaigns of Alexander. This would make Porus a king or chieftain of the recently independent Pauravas at the time of their confrontation with Alexander. The extent of Achaemenid territories is also affirmed by Strabo in his "Geography" (Book XV), describing the Persian holdings along the Indus:
The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the Paropamisadae, above whom lies the Paropamisus mountain: then, towards the south, the Arachoti: then next, towards the south, the Gedroseni, with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. — The Geography of Strabo, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9[4]
Alexander and Porus fought each other at the Battle of the Hydaspes. Alexander was initially set on venturing into India, but the battle against Porus curbed his aspirations. His army mutinied when faced with opposing the Nanda Empire and their subordinate Gangaridai. According to the Greek historian Plutarch, the previous, costly conflict against Porus's much smaller army contributed significantly to their unease.
As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Hydaspes also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs, its depth a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants.
— Plutarch, Plutarch's Lives, Plutarch, Alexander, 62
Alexander died on his way back from India.[3] The instability that ensued after Alexander's death resulted in a power struggle and dramatic changes in governance. Porus was soon assassinated by the Macedonia general Eudemus. By 316 BCE, the Macedonian lands were conquered by Chandragupta Maurya, a young adventurer. After engaging in and winning the Seleucid–Mauryan war for supremacy over the Indus Valley, Chandragupta gained control of modern-day Punjab and Afghanistan. This was the foundation of the Maurya Empire, which would become the largest empire in the Indian subcontinent.[5]
Post-Mauryan Empire
It appears that the Pauravas were annexed by the militant Yaudheya Republic.[6] Following the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire, many regional entities emerged. The Taleshwar copper plates, found in Almora, stated that Brahmapura Kingdom rulers belonged to the royal lineage of the Pauravas.[6] The reinstated Paurava dynasty of Brahmapur was founded by Vishnuverman and flourished in the 7th century AD. It is stated that these kings were brahminical in habit and practices.[7]
See also
References
- ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (d). ISBN 0226742210.
- ^ Nonica Datta, ed. (2003). Indian History: Ancient and medieval. Encyclopaedia Britannica / Popular Prakashan. p. 222. ISBN 978-81-7991-067-2.
Not known in Indian sources, the name Porus has been conjecturally interpreted as standing for Paurava, that is, the domain of the Purus, a clan known in that region from ancient Vedic times.
- ^ a b Graham Phillips (31 March 2012). Alexander The Great. Ebury Publishing. pp. 129–131. ISBN 978-0-7535-3582-0.
- ^ "Strabo Geography, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9". penelope.uchicago.edu.
- ^ Arthur A. MacDonell (28 March 2014). A History of Sanskrit Literature (Illustrated). Lulu.com. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-304-98862-1.
- ^ a b Saklani, Dinesh Prasad (1998). Ancient Communities of the Himalaya. Indus Publishing. ISBN 9788173870903.
- ^ A Comprehensive Study of UTTARAKHAND. 18 September 2019. ISBN 9781646506057.