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{{Short description|Aircraft control}}
{{Short description|Aircraft control}}
{{Redirect|Side stick||Rimshot (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Side stick||Rimshot (disambiguation)}}
__NOTOC__
[[File:Airbus A380 cockpit.jpg|thumb|[[Airbus A380]] flight deck with black side-sticks on the left side of the left seat and on the right side of the right seat. The throttle controls in the central console are black, labeled 1-4.]]
[[File:Airbus A380 cockpit.jpg|thumb|[[Airbus A380]] flight deck with black side-sticks on the left side of the left seat and on the right side of the right seat. The throttle controls in the central console are black, labeled 1-4.]]
[[File:F-16D cockpit at EFKA.jpg|thumb|F-16 cockpit showing side-stick]]
[[File:F-16D cockpit at EFKA.jpg|thumb|F-16 cockpit showing side-stick]]

A '''side-stick''' or '''sidestick controller''' is an [[aircraft]] control stick that is located on the side console of the [[Aviator|pilot]], usually on the righthand side, or outboard on a two-seat [[Cockpit (aviation)|flightdeck]]. Typically this is found in aircraft that are equipped with [[fly-by-wire]] control systems.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 463. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref>
A '''side-stick''' or '''sidestick controller''' is an [[aircraft]] control stick that is located on the side console of the [[Aviator|pilot]], usually on the righthand side, or outboard on a two-seat [[Cockpit (aviation)|flightdeck]]. Typically this is found in aircraft that are equipped with [[fly-by-wire]] control systems.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 463. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref>


The throttle controls are typically located to the left of a single pilot or centrally on a two-seat flightdeck. Only one hand is required to operate it; two hand operation is neither possible nor necessary.
The throttle controls are typically located to the left of a single pilot or centrally on a two-seat flightdeck. Only one hand is required to operate it; two hand operation is neither possible nor necessary.


== Prevalence ==
The side-stick is used in many modern military [[fighter aircraft]], such as the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]], [[Mitsubishi F-2]], [[Dassault Rafale]], and [[F-22 Raptor]], and also on civil aircraft, such as the [[Sukhoi Superjet 100]], [[Airbus A320]] and all subsequent [[Airbus]] aircraft,<ref name=fbw_sidestick>{{cite web
The side-stick is used in many modern military [[fighter aircraft]], such as the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]], [[Mitsubishi F-2]], [[Dassault Rafale]], and [[F-22 Raptor]], and also on civil aircraft, such as the [[Sukhoi Superjet 100]], [[Airbus A320]] and all subsequent [[Airbus]] aircraft,<ref name=fbw_sidestick>{{cite web |url = http://www.airbus.com/innovation/proven-concepts/in-design/fly-by-wire/ |title = Fly-by-wire - A CIVIL AVIATION FIRST |work = Airbus / Innovation / Proven concepts / In design / Fly-by-wire |publisher = [[Airbus]] | access-date = 6 July 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120708070059/http://www.airbus.com/innovation/proven-concepts/in-design/fly-by-wire/ |archive-date = 8 July 2012}}</ref> including the largest passenger jet in service, the [[Airbus A380]].
|url = http://www.airbus.com/innovation/proven-concepts/in-design/fly-by-wire/
|title = Fly-by-wire - A CIVIL AVIATION FIRST
|work = Airbus / Innovation / Proven concepts / In design / Fly-by-wire
|publisher = [[Airbus]]
|access-date = 6 July 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120708070059/http://www.airbus.com/innovation/proven-concepts/in-design/fly-by-wire/
|archive-date = 8 July 2012
}}</ref> including the largest passenger jet in service, the [[Airbus A380]].


It is also used in new helicopter models such as the [[Bell 525 Relentless|Bell 525]].
It is also used in new helicopter models such as the [[Bell 525 Relentless|Bell 525]].


== Compared to centre sticks ==
This arrangement contrasts with the more conventional design where the stick is located in the centre of the cockpit between the pilot's legs, called a "[[centre stick]]".
A side-stick arrangement contrasts with the more conventional design where the stick is located in the centre of the cockpit between the pilot's legs, called a "[[centre stick]]".


== Comparison of passive and active side-sticks ==
In the centre stick design, like traditional [[Yoke (aeronautics)|airplane yokes]], both the pilot's and co-pilot's controls are mechanically connected together so each pilot has a sense of the control inputs of the other. In typical Airbus side-stick implementations, the sticks are independent, the so-called 'passive' side-stick. The plane's computer either aggregates multiple inputs or a pilot can press a "priority button" to lock out inputs from the other side-stick.<ref name=getline>{{Citation
=== Passive side-sticks ===
| last = Getline
⚫
In the centre stick design, like traditional [[Yoke (aeronautics)|airplane yokes]], both the pilot's and co-pilot's controls are mechanically connected together so each pilot has a sense of the control inputs of the other. In typical Airbus side-stick implementations, the sticks are independent, the so-called 'passive' side-stick. The plane's computer either aggregates multiple inputs or a pilot can press a "priority button" to lock out inputs from the other side-stick.<ref name=getline>{{Citation | last = Getline | first = Meryl | author-link = Meryl Getline | title = Ask the captain | journal = USA Today | date = 2005-11-21 url = https://www.usatoday.com/travel/columnist/getline/2005-11-21-ask-the-captain_x.htm}}</ref> However, if both side-sticks are moved in different directions at the same time (regardless of which pilot has priority), then both inputs are cancelled out and an aural "dual input" warning sounds. Examples of this occurring include the 2009 crash of [[Air France Flight 447]] (an [[Airbus A330]] flying from [[Rio de Janeiro]] to [[Paris]]), the 2010 crash of [[Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771]] an Airbus A330 from flying [[Johannesburg]] to [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20100512-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A330-202 5A-ONG Tripoli International Airport (TIP)|first=Harro|last=Ranter|website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref><ref>Page 81 "Conclusions" [https://reports.aviation-safety.net/2010/20100512-0_A332_5A-ONG.pdf Final Report of AFRIQIYAH Airways Aircraft, Airbus A330-202, 5A-ONG Crash], Occurred at Tripoli (LIBYA)on 12/05/2010 Published February 2013.</ref> and the 2014 crash of [[Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501]] (an [[Airbus A320]] flying from [[Surabaya]] to [[Singapore]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/06/12/is-flight-447-fly-by-wire-aircraft-technology-safe/|title=Is Flight 447's 'Fly-by-Wire' Aircraft Technology Safe?|date=2009-06-12|publisher=Fox News|access-date=2013-05-29}}</ref><ref name="Ross">{{Citation|last=Ross|first=Nick|title=Air France Flight 447: 'Damn it, we're going to crash'|date=2012-04-28|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/9231855/Air-France-Flight-447-Damn-it-were-going-to-crash.html|quote=It seems surprising that Airbus has conceived a system preventing one pilot from easily assessing the actions of the colleague beside him. And yet that is how their latest generations of aircraft are designed. The reason is that, for the vast majority of the time, side-sticks are superb.|type=article|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> The "dual input" warning will not activate at very low levels if the [[Ground proximity warning system|EGPWS]] activates due to its lower priority compared to EGPWS.<ref>[https://www.bea.aero/docspa/2006/ek-9060502/pdf/ek-9060502.pdf Final Report on the investigation into the accident involving the Armavia A320 near Sochi Airport on 3 May 2006], page 48, Published 12 February 2007</ref>
| first = Meryl
| author-link = Meryl Getline
| title = Ask the captain
| journal = USA Today
| date = 2005-11-21
| url = https://www.usatoday.com/travel/columnist/getline/2005-11-21-ask-the-captain_x.htm
⚫
}}</ref> However, if both side-sticks are moved in different directions at the same time (regardless of which pilot has priority), then both inputs are cancelled out and an aural "dual input" warning sounds. Examples of this occurring include the 2009 crash of [[Air France Flight 447]] (an [[Airbus A330]] flying from [[Rio de Janeiro]] to [[Paris]]), the 2010 crash of [[Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771]] an Airbus A330 from flying [[Johannesburg]] to [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20100512-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A330-202 5A-ONG Tripoli International Airport (TIP)|first=Harro|last=Ranter|website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref><ref>Page 81 "Conclusions" [https://reports.aviation-safety.net/2010/20100512-0_A332_5A-ONG.pdf Final Report of AFRIQIYAH Airways Aircraft, Airbus A330-202, 5A-ONG Crash], Occurred at Tripoli (LIBYA)on 12/05/2010 Published February 2013.</ref> and the 2014 crash of [[Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501]] (an [[Airbus A320]] flying from [[Surabaya]] to [[Singapore]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/06/12/is-flight-447-fly-by-wire-aircraft-technology-safe/|title=Is Flight 447's 'Fly-by-Wire' Aircraft Technology Safe?|date=2009-06-12|publisher=Fox News|access-date=2013-05-29}}</ref><ref name="Ross">{{Citation|last=Ross|first=Nick|title=Air France Flight 447: 'Damn it, we're going to crash'|date=2012-04-28|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/9231855/Air-France-Flight-447-Damn-it-were-going-to-crash.html|quote=It seems surprising that Airbus has conceived a system preventing one pilot from easily assessing the actions of the colleague beside him. And yet that is how their latest generations of aircraft are designed. The reason is that, for the vast majority of the time, side-sticks are superb.|type=article|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> The "dual input" warning will not activate at very low levels if the [[Ground proximity warning system|EGPWS]] activates due to its lower priority compared to EGPWS.<ref>[https://www.bea.aero/docspa/2006/ek-9060502/pdf/ek-9060502.pdf Final Report on the investigation into the accident involving the Armavia A320 near Sochi Airport on 3 May 2006], page 48, Published 12 February 2007</ref>


== Active side-sticks ==
=== Active side-sticks ===
However a later, significant, development is the 'active' side-stick,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baesystems.com/en/feature/an-active-role|title=Commercial Active Sticks - An Active Role|website=BAE Systems {{!}} International|language=en|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> which is in the new [[Gulfstream G500/G600]] series business jet aircraft. In this system, movements in one side-stick produce the same actions in the other side-stick and therefore provides valuable feedback to the other pilot. This addresses the earlier criticisms of the 'passive' side-stick. The 'active' side-stick also provides tactile feedback<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.baesystems-ps.com/pdf/active_sticks.pdf|title=BAE Brochure}}</ref> to the pilot during manual flight. In fact the three largest avionics manufacturers, Honeywell, Rockwell Collins and Thales,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://skiesmag.com/news/cockpitsofthefuture/|title= Cockpits of the Future|access-date= 6 February 2021|last= Dubois|first= Thierry |work=Skies magazine |date= 29 June 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210206145322/https://skiesmag.com/news/cockpitsofthefuture/|archive-date= 6 February 2021|url-status= live}}</ref> believe it will become the standard for all new [[fly-by-wire]] aircraft. In 2015 [[Ratier|Ratier-Figeac]] as a subsidiary of [[UTC Aerospace Systems]], and supplier of ‘passive’ side-sticks to Airbus since the 1980s<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sXXx8rgeeE, How Collins Active Control Sidesticks Work – Aviation International News Aug 13, 2019</ref> became the supplier of ‘active’ side-sticks for the [[Irkut MC-21#Systems|Irkut MC-21]].<ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/mc-21-ushers-active-sidesticks-into-commercial-aircraft-cockpits/116609.article
However a later, significant, development is the 'active' side-stick,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baesystems.com/en/feature/an-active-role|title=Commercial Active Sticks - An Active Role|website=BAE Systems {{!}} International|language=en|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> which is in the new [[Gulfstream G500/G600]] series business jet aircraft. In this system, movements in one side-stick produce the same actions in the other side-stick and therefore provides valuable feedback to the other pilot. This addresses the earlier criticisms of the 'passive' side-stick. The 'active' side-stick also provides tactile feedback<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.baesystems-ps.com/pdf/active_sticks.pdf|title=BAE Brochure}}</ref> to the pilot during manual flight. In fact the three largest avionics manufacturers, Honeywell, Rockwell Collins and Thales,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://skiesmag.com/news/cockpitsofthefuture/|title= Cockpits of the Future|access-date= 6 February 2021|last= Dubois|first= Thierry |work=Skies magazine |date= 29 June 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210206145322/https://skiesmag.com/news/cockpitsofthefuture/|archive-date= 6 February 2021|url-status= live}}</ref> believe it will become the standard for all new [[fly-by-wire]] aircraft. In 2015 [[Ratier|Ratier-Figeac]] as a subsidiary of [[UTC Aerospace Systems]], and supplier of ‘passive’ side-sticks to Airbus since the 1980s<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sXXx8rgeeE, How Collins Active Control Sidesticks Work – Aviation International News Aug 13, 2019</ref> became the supplier of ‘active’ side-sticks for the [[Irkut MC-21#Systems|Irkut MC-21]].<ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/mc-21-ushers-active-sidesticks-into-commercial-aircraft-cockpits/116609.article
MC-21 ushers active sidesticks into commercial aircraft cockpits By Stephen Trimble 22 April 2015.</ref> This is the first [[airliner]] to use them.
MC-21 ushers active sidesticks into commercial aircraft cockpits By Stephen Trimble 22 April 2015.</ref> This is the first [[airliner]] to use them.

Revision as of 18:02, 24 July 2023

"Side stick" redirects here. For other uses, see Rimshot (disambiguation).
Airbus A380 flight deck with black side-sticks on the left side of the left seat and on the right side of the right seat. The throttle controls in the central console are black, labeled 1-4.
F-16 cockpit showing side-stick

A side-stick or sidestick controller is an aircraft control stick that is located on the side console of the pilot, usually on the righthand side, or outboard on a two-seat flightdeck. Typically this is found in aircraft that are equipped with fly-by-wire control systems.[1]

The throttle controls are typically located to the left of a single pilot or centrally on a two-seat flightdeck. Only one hand is required to operate it; two hand operation is neither possible nor necessary.

Prevalence

The side-stick is used in many modern military fighter aircraft, such as the F-16 Fighting Falcon, Mitsubishi F-2, Dassault Rafale, and F-22 Raptor, and also on civil aircraft, such as the Sukhoi Superjet 100, Airbus A320 and all subsequent Airbus aircraft,[2] including the largest passenger jet in service, the Airbus A380.

It is also used in new helicopter models such as the Bell 525.

Compared to centre sticks

A side-stick arrangement contrasts with the more conventional design where the stick is located in the centre of the cockpit between the pilot's legs, called a "centre stick".

Comparison of passive and active side-sticks

Passive side-sticks

In the centre stick design, like traditional airplane yokes, both the pilot's and co-pilot's controls are mechanically connected together so each pilot has a sense of the control inputs of the other. In typical Airbus side-stick implementations, the sticks are independent, the so-called 'passive' side-stick. The plane's computer either aggregates multiple inputs or a pilot can press a "priority button" to lock out inputs from the other side-stick.[3] However, if both side-sticks are moved in different directions at the same time (regardless of which pilot has priority), then both inputs are cancelled out and an aural "dual input" warning sounds. Examples of this occurring include the 2009 crash of Air France Flight 447 (an Airbus A330 flying from Rio de Janeiro to Paris), the 2010 crash of Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771 an Airbus A330 from flying Johannesburg to Tripoli[4][5] and the 2014 crash of Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 (an Airbus A320 flying from Surabaya to Singapore).[6][7] The "dual input" warning will not activate at very low levels if the EGPWS activates due to its lower priority compared to EGPWS.[8]

Active side-sticks

However a later, significant, development is the 'active' side-stick,[9] which is in the new Gulfstream G500/G600 series business jet aircraft. In this system, movements in one side-stick produce the same actions in the other side-stick and therefore provides valuable feedback to the other pilot. This addresses the earlier criticisms of the 'passive' side-stick. The 'active' side-stick also provides tactile feedback[10] to the pilot during manual flight. In fact the three largest avionics manufacturers, Honeywell, Rockwell Collins and Thales,[11] believe it will become the standard for all new fly-by-wire aircraft. In 2015 Ratier-Figeac as a subsidiary of UTC Aerospace Systems, and supplier of ‘passive’ side-sticks to Airbus since the 1980s[12] became the supplier of ‘active’ side-sticks for the Irkut MC-21.[13] This is the first airliner to use them.

Such an active side-stick can also be used to increase adherence to a safe flight envelope by applying a force feedback when the pilot makes a control input that would bring the aircraft closer to (or beyond) the borders of the safe flight envelope. This reduces the risk of pilots entering dangerous states of flights outside the operational borders while maintaining the pilots' final authority and increasing their situation awareness.[14]

See also

Accidents

References

  1. ^ Crane, Dale: Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition, page 463. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. ISBN 1-56027-287-2
  2. ^ "Fly-by-wire - A CIVIL AVIATION FIRST". Airbus / Innovation / Proven concepts / In design / Fly-by-wire. Airbus. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  3. ^ Getline, Meryl (2005-11-21 url = https://www.usatoday.com/travel/columnist/getline/2005-11-21-ask-the-captain_x.htm), "Ask the captain", USA Today {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |date= (help); Missing pipe in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A330-202 5A-ONG Tripoli International Airport (TIP)". aviation-safety.net.
  5. ^ Page 81 "Conclusions" Final Report of AFRIQIYAH Airways Aircraft, Airbus A330-202, 5A-ONG Crash, Occurred at Tripoli (LIBYA)on 12/05/2010 Published February 2013.
  6. ^ "Is Flight 447's 'Fly-by-Wire' Aircraft Technology Safe?". Fox News. 2009-06-12. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
  7. ^ Ross, Nick (2012-04-28), "Air France Flight 447: 'Damn it, we're going to crash'", The Daily Telegraph (article), It seems surprising that Airbus has conceived a system preventing one pilot from easily assessing the actions of the colleague beside him. And yet that is how their latest generations of aircraft are designed. The reason is that, for the vast majority of the time, side-sticks are superb.
  8. ^ Final Report on the investigation into the accident involving the Armavia A320 near Sochi Airport on 3 May 2006, page 48, Published 12 February 2007
  9. ^ "Commercial Active Sticks - An Active Role". BAE Systems | International. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  10. ^ "BAE Brochure" (PDF).
  11. ^ Dubois, Thierry (29 June 2015). "Cockpits of the Future". Skies magazine. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  12. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sXXx8rgeeE, How Collins Active Control Sidesticks Work – Aviation International News Aug 13, 2019
  13. ^ https://www.flightglobal.com/mc-21-ushers-active-sidesticks-into-commercial-aircraft-cockpits/116609.article MC-21 ushers active sidesticks into commercial aircraft cockpits By Stephen Trimble 22 April 2015.
  14. ^ Florian J. J. Schmidt-Skipiol & Peter Hecker (2015). "Tactile Feedback and Situation Awareness-Improving Adherence to an Envelope in Sidestick-Controlled Fly-by-Wire Aircrafts.[sic]". 15th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference: 2905. doi:10.2514/6.2015-2905.
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