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'''2K''' is an American [[video game publisher]] owned by [[Take-Two Interactive]] and based in [[Novato, California]]. 2K was founded in January 2005 through the 2K Games and 2K Sports labels, following Take-Two Interactive's acquisition of [[Visual Concepts]] that same month. Originally based in [[New York City]], it moved to Novato in 2007. A third label, 2K Play, was added in September 2007. 2K is governed by David Ismailer as [[President (corporate title)|president]] and Phil Dixon as [[Chief operating officer|COO]]. A [[motion capture]] studio for 2K is based in [[Petaluma, California]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/9/16/12907442/nba-2k17-video-game-basketball-scan |title=Here's what it's like to be scanned into an NBA video game |first=Kurt |last=Wagner |date=September 16, 2016 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816230550/https://www.vox.com/2016/9/16/12907442/nba-2k17-video-game-basketball-scan |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
'''2K''' is an American [[video game publisher]] based in [[Novato, California]]. The company was founded as a subsidiary of [[Take-Two Interactive]] in January 2005 through the 2K Games and 2K Sports sub-labels. The nascent label incorporated several development studios owned by Take-Two, including [[Visual Concepts]] and [[Kush Games]], which had been acquired the day before. Originally based in [[New York City]], 2K moved to Novato in 2007. A third label, 2K Play, was added in September 2007. 2K is governed by David Ismailer as [[President (corporate title)|president]] and Phil Dixon as [[chief operating officer]]. It operates [[motion capture]] studio in [[Petaluma, California]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/9/16/12907442/nba-2k17-video-game-basketball-scan |title=Here's what it's like to be scanned into an NBA video game |first=Kurt |last=Wagner |date=September 16, 2016 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816230550/https://www.vox.com/2016/9/16/12907442/nba-2k17-video-game-basketball-scan |url-status=live}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
[[File:2K Logo.svg|right|thumb|2K's original logo]]
[[File:2K Logo.svg|right|thumb|2K's original logo]]
On January 24, 2005, [[Take-Two Interactive]] announced that it had acquired [[Visual Concepts]], including its [[Kush Games]] subsidiary and the [[intellectual property]] of the ''2K'' [[sports game|sports-game]] series, from [[Sega]] for {{US$|24|link=yes}}&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/sega-officially-out-of-the-sports-game/1100-6117016/ |title=Sega officially out of the sports game |first=Curt |last=Feldman |date=January 24, 2005 |website=[[GameSpot]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014034622/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/sega-officially-out-of-the-sports-game/1100-6117016/ |archive-date=October 14, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/01/25/take-two-buys-visual-concepts |title=Take Two Buys Visual Concepts |first=David |last=Adams |date=January 24, 2005 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602004045/https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/01/25/take-two-buys-visual-concepts |archive-date=June 2, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The following day Take-Two Interactive established the 2K publishing label, consisting of the sub-labels 2K Games and 2K Sports, with the latter focusing on sports games.<ref name="Kotaku">{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/a-terrible-decision-created-mlb-2k-but-it-also-brought-5912820 |title=A Terrible Decision Created ''MLB 2K''—But It Also Brought Us ''BioShock'' |first=Owen |last=Good |date=23 May 2012 |website=[[Kotaku]] |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827091015/https://kotaku.com/a-terrible-decision-created-mlb-2k-but-it-also-brought-5912820 |archive-date=August 27, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/01/25/take-two-opens-2k-games |title=Take-Two Opens 2K Games |first=Jon |last=Robinson |date=January 25, 2005 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235628/https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/01/25/take-two-opens-2k-games |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/take-two-pitches-new-label-sports-high-on-the-agenda/1100-6117027/ |title=Take-Two pitches new label; sports high on the agenda |first=Beth |last=Winegarner |date=January 25, 2005 |website=[[GameSpot]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218024308/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/take-two-pitches-new-label-sports-high-on-the-agenda/1100-6117027/ |archive-date=February 18, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Several of Take-Two Interactive's development studios—Visual Concepts, Kush Games, [[Indie Built]], [[Venom Games]], [[PopTop Software]], and [[Frog City Software]]—became studios of 2K, and [[Take-Two Licensing]] was merged into the new label.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gamasutra.com/view/news/95818/TakeTwo_Acquires_Visual_Concepts_Announces_2K_Games_Brand.php |title=Take-Two Acquires Visual Concepts, Announces 2K Games Brand |first=David |last=Jenkins |date=January 25, 2005 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235629/https://gamasutra.com/view/news/95818/TakeTwo_Acquires_Visual_Concepts_Announces_2K_Games_Brand.php |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
On January 24, 2005, [[Take-Two Interactive]] announced its acquisition of [[Visual Concepts]], the developer of [[sports video game]] series like ''[[NBA 2K]]'', ''[[NHL 2K]]'', and ''[[NHL 2K]]''. Take-Two paid [[Sega]] {{US$|24&nbsp;million}} for the studio, including its [[Kush Games]] subsidiary and the [[intellectual property]] of the ''2K'' series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/sega-officially-out-of-the-sports-game/1100-6117016/ |title=Sega officially out of the sports game |first=Curt |last=Feldman |date=January 24, 2005 |website=[[GameSpot]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=October 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014034622/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/sega-officially-out-of-the-sports-game/1100-6117016/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/01/25/take-two-buys-visual-concepts |title=Take Two Buys Visual Concepts |first=David |last=Adams |date=January 24, 2005 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=June 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602004045/https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/01/25/take-two-buys-visual-concepts |url-status=live}}</ref> On the following day, the company established the 2K publishing label, consisting of the sub-labels 2K Games and 2K Sports, with the latter focusing on sports games.<ref name="Kotaku: Terrible Decision">{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/a-terrible-decision-created-mlb-2k-but-it-also-brought-5912820 |title=A Terrible Decision Created ''MLB 2K''—But It Also Brought Us ''BioShock'' |first=Owen |last=Good |date=23 May 2012 |website=[[Kotaku]] |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827091015/https://kotaku.com/a-terrible-decision-created-mlb-2k-but-it-also-brought-5912820 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/01/25/take-two-opens-2k-games |title=Take-Two Opens 2K Games |first=Jon |last=Robinson |date=January 25, 2005 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235628/https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/01/25/take-two-opens-2k-games |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/take-two-pitches-new-label-sports-high-on-the-agenda/1100-6117027/ |title=Take-Two pitches new label; sports high on the agenda |first=Beth |last=Winegarner |date=January 25, 2005 |website=[[GameSpot]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=February 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218024308/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/take-two-pitches-new-label-sports-high-on-the-agenda/1100-6117027/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Visual Concepts and Kush Games, alongside [[Indie Built]], [[Venom Games]], [[PopTop Software]], and [[Frog City Software]], became studios of the new label, which also absorbed the staff of [[Take-Two Licensing]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gamasutra.com/view/news/95818/TakeTwo_Acquires_Visual_Concepts_Announces_2K_Games_Brand.php |title=Take-Two Acquires Visual Concepts, Announces 2K Games Brand |first=David |last=Jenkins |date=January 25, 2005 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235629/https://gamasutra.com/view/news/95818/TakeTwo_Acquires_Visual_Concepts_Announces_2K_Games_Brand.php |url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2006, the administration and marketing portions of 2K's [[New York City]] offices were heavily damaged by fire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/01/23/2k-games-office-damaged-in-fire |title=2K Games Office Damaged in Fire |first=David |last=Adams |date=January 23, 2006 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235627/https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/01/23/2k-games-office-damaged-in-fire |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2007, the company closed these offices and relocated to [[Novato, California]], brining it closer to Visual Concepts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shacknews.com/article/47449/2k-games-closes-nyc-office |title=2K Games Closes NYC Office, Heads West |first=Nick |last=Breckon |date=June 15, 2007 |website=[[Shacknews]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=February 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204070416/http://www.shacknews.com/article/47449/2k-games-closes-nyc-office |url-status=live}}</ref> A third sub-label, 2K Play, was established with a focus on [[casual game]]s in September 2007, with Take-Two announcing a partnership with [[Nickelodeon]] for licensed games based on the latter's TV shows.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/09/10/take-two-plays-with-nickelodeon |title=Take-Two Plays with Nickelodeon |first=Daemon |last=Hatfield |date=September 10, 2007 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235636/https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/09/10/take-two-plays-with-nickelodeon |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/nickelodeon-enters-agreement-with-new-2k-play-label |title=Nickelodeon enters agreement with new 2K Play label |first=Mark |last=Androvich |date=September 10, 2007 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235631/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/nickelodeon-enters-agreement-with-new-2k-play-label |url-status=live}}</ref> 2K Play therein also absorbed all assets of Take-Two's budget-range publisher [[Global Star Software]], including the studio [[Cat Daddy Games]], the game ''[[Carnival Games]]'', and games based on ''[[Deal or No Deal]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2007/09/take-two-partners-with-nickelodeon-launches-casual-game-label-2k-play/ |title=Take-Two partners with Nickelodeon, launches casual game label 2K Play |first=Ben |last=Kuchera |date=September 10, 2007 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=February 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204070328/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2007/09/take-two-partners-with-nickelodeon-launches-casual-game-label-2k-play/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2013, 2K obtained the rights to publish video games based on the [[professional wrestling]] company [[WWE]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/01/23/wwe-video-game-license-to-be-acquired-by-take-two |title=WWE Video Game License to be Acquired by Take Two |first=Richard |last=George |date=January 23, 2013 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=January 26, 2013}}</ref>


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Christoph Hartmann, 2K's [[President (corporate title)|president]], announced his resignation in May 2017.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2017/05/04/president-of-2k-games-leaves-company.aspx |title=President Of 2K Games Christoph Hartmann Leaves Company |first=Brian |last=Shea |date=May 4, 2017 |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235635/https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2017/05/04/president-of-2k-games-leaves-company.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> He had worked for Take-Two for roughly twnty years but did not state a reason for his departure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-05-04-2k-president-christoph-hartmann-departs |title=2K president Christoph Hartmann departs |first=Christopher |last=Dring |date=May 4, 2017 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235636/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-05-04-2k-president-christoph-hartmann-departs |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/05/04/2k-games-president-christoph-hartmann-leaves-company |title=2K Games President Christoph Hartmann Leaves Company |first=Jonathon |last=Dornbush |date=May 4, 2017 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235627/https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/05/04/2k-games-president-christoph-hartmann-leaves-company |url-status=live}}</ref> He was succeeded by David Ismailer, previous [[chief operating officer]] (COO), later that month.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gamasutra.com/view/news/299055/TakeTwo_appoints_David_Ismailer_as_president_of_2K_Games.php |title=Take-Two appoints David Ismailer as president of 2K Games |first=Chris |last=Kerr |date=May 31, 2017 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235636/https://gamasutra.com/view/news/299055/TakeTwo_appoints_David_Ismailer_as_president_of_2K_Games.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-05-31-david-ismailer-steps-in-as-new-2k-president |title=David Ismailer steps in as new 2K president |first=Matthew |last=Handrahan |date=May 31, 2017 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235627/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-05-31-david-ismailer-steps-in-as-new-2k-president |url-status=live}}</ref> The COO role was filled by Phil Dixon, formerly of [[Betfair]], in November 2017, while Melissa Bell was hired as [[senior vice president]] and head of global marketing in April 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-07-23-2ks-light-slate-belies-bigger-ambitions |title=2K's light slate belies bigger ambitions |first=Brendan |last=Sinclair |date=July 23, 2018 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=November 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224655/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-07-23-2ks-light-slate-belies-bigger-ambitions |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2018, 2K announced 2K Foundations, a program that would "support underserved communities across the nation by refurbishing basketball courts in neighborhoods that need them the most". [[Microsoft]] partnered with 2K to establish gaming stations fitted with [[Xbox One S]] consoles at these courts. 2K Foundations planned to refurbish twelve basketball courts in several cities across the United States (including [[Cincinnati]], [[Baltimore]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], and [[Cleveland]]) within its first year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-09-26-2k-foundations-to-provide-sporting-and-stem-education-facilities-in-us-cities |title=2K Foundations to provide basketball and STEM education facilities in US cities |first=Matthew |last=Handrahan |date=September 26, 2018 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816201158/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-09-26-2k-foundations-to-provide-sporting-and-stem-education-facilities-in-us-cities |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/2018/09/25/2k-foundations-started-to-help-communities-through-basketball |title=2K Foundations Started To Help Communities Through Basketball |first=Matthew |last=Kato |date=September 25, 2018 |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035535/https://www.gameinformer.com/2018/09/25/2k-foundations-started-to-help-communities-through-basketball |url-status=live}}</ref>
On January 21, 2006, a fire heavily damaged the administration and marketing portions of 2K's offices.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/01/23/2k-games-office-damaged-in-fire |title=2K Games Office Damaged in Fire |first=David |last=Adams |date=January 23, 2006 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235627/https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/01/23/2k-games-office-damaged-in-fire |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2007 2K announced that they had closed their offices in New York City and would move to a new location on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]], namely [[Novato, California]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shacknews.com/article/47449/2k-games-closes-nyc-office |title=2K Games Closes NYC Office, Heads West |author=Nick Breckon |date=June 15, 2007 |website=[[Shacknews]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204070416/http://www.shacknews.com/article/47449/2k-games-closes-nyc-office |archive-date=February 4, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>


In March 2021, 2K acquired [[HB Studios]], which had previously developed ''[[The Golf Club 2019 featuring PGA Tour]]'' and ''[[PGA Tour 2K21]]'' for the company. The acquisition includes the rights to the ''Golf Club'' series, which had been relaunched as the ''[[PGA Tour 2K]]'' series through a license from the [[PGA Tour]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/2021/03/16/pga-tour-2k-21-tiger-woods-2k-golf-deal/ |title=2K signs exclusive PGA Tour deal with Tiger Woods, acquires PGA Tour 2K21 studio |first=Stephany |last=Nunneley |date=March 16, 2021 |website=[[VG247]] |access-date=March 16, 2021}}</ref> Additionally, 2K announced it had secured a contract with [[Tiger Woods]], who had previously been a key figure for [[Electronic Arts]]' ''[[PGA Tour (video game series)|PGA Tour]]'' series, as an executive director and consultant for future ''PGA Tour 2K'' games, as well as his likeness for the games.<ref name="Kotaku: PGA Tour">{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/2k-signs-tiger-woods-buys-the-studio-behind-pga-tour-2-1846485059 |title=2K Signs Tiger Woods, Buys The Studio Behind ''PGA Tour 2K21'' |first=Mike |last=Fahey |date=March 16, 2021 |website=[[Kotaku]] |access-date=March 16, 2021}}</ref> Later that month, 2K bought HookBang's games division in [[Austin, Texas]], which had supported work on the ''[[NBA 2K]]'' series in the past. The studio was relocated to a new Austin location and rebranded as Visual Concepts Austin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-03-23-2k-acquires-hookbang-games-business |title=2K acquires HookBang games business |first=Brendan |last=Sinclair |date=March 23, 2021 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=March 23, 2021}}</ref> In September 2022, 2K's [[customer support]] team was hacked, with certain user data stolen and put on sale.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/rockstar-owner-take-twos-hacking-woes-continue-as-2k-confirm-attack-on-their-support-service |title=Rockstar owner Take-Two's hacking woes continue as 2K confirm attack on their support service |first=CJ |last=Wheeler |date=21 September 2022 |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2k-confirms-user-data-stolen-and-placed-on-sale-after-recent-security-breach |title=2K confirms user data stolen and placed on sale after recent security breach |first=Graham |last=Smith |date=11 October 2022 |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref>
On September 10, 2007, Take-Two Interactive announced that they had struck a partnership with [[Nickelodeon]] on publishing games based on their licenses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/09/10/take-two-plays-with-nickelodeon |title=Take-Two Plays with Nickelodeon |first=Daemon |last=Hatfield |date=September 10, 2007 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235636/https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/09/10/take-two-plays-with-nickelodeon |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Alongside this announcement, Take-Two Interactive introduced a third 2K label, 2K Play, to focus on [[casual game]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/nickelodeon-enters-agreement-with-new-2k-play-label |title=Nickelodeon enters agreement with new 2K Play label |first=Mark |last=Androvich |date=September 10, 2007 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235631/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/nickelodeon-enters-agreement-with-new-2k-play-label |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Through this opening, 2K absorbed all assets of Take-Two Interactive's budget-range publisher [[Global Star Software]], including the game ''[[Carnival Games]]'', the studio [[Cat Daddy Games]], and games based on ''[[Deal or No Deal]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2007/09/take-two-partners-with-nickelodeon-launches-casual-game-label-2k-play/ |title=Take-Two partners with Nickelodeon, launches casual game label 2K Play |first=Ben |last=Kuchera |date=September 10, 2007 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204070328/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2007/09/take-two-partners-with-nickelodeon-launches-casual-game-label-2k-play/ |archive-date=February 4, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, 2K obtained the rights to publish video games based on the [[professional wrestling]] company, [[WWE]].<ref name="Acquisition">{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/01/23/wwe-video-game-license-to-be-acquired-by-take-two| publisher=[[IGN]] | access-date=January 26, 2013 | title=WWE Video Game License to be Acquired by Take-Two | date=January 23, 2013}}</ref>

⚫
On May 4, 2017, 2K's co-founder and until-then [[President (corporate title)|president]], Christoph Hartmann, announced that he had stepped down from his position.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2017/05/04/president-of-2k-games-leaves-company.aspx |title=President Of 2K Games Christoph Hartmann Leaves Company |first=Brian |last=Shea |date=May 4, 2017 |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235635/https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2017/05/04/president-of-2k-games-leaves-company.aspx |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hartmann had worked for Take-Two Interactive for roughly 20 years, but did not state a reason for his departure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-05-04-2k-president-christoph-hartmann-departs |title=2K president Christoph Hartmann departs |first=Christopher |last=Dring |date=May 4, 2017 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235636/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-05-04-2k-president-christoph-hartmann-departs |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/05/04/2k-games-president-christoph-hartmann-leaves-company |title=2K Games President Christoph Hartmann Leaves Company |first=Jonathon |last=Dornbush |date=May 4, 2017 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235627/https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/05/04/2k-games-president-christoph-hartmann-leaves-company |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> He later joined [[Amazon Game Studios]] in August 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/08/07/former-2k-president-christoph-hartmann-joins-amazon-game-studios-as-vice-president/ |title=Former 2K president Christoph Hartmann joins Amazon Game Studios as vice president |first=Stephanie |last=Chan |date=August 7, 2018 |website=[[VentureBeat]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807232452/https://venturebeat.com/2018/08/07/former-2k-president-christoph-hartmann-joins-amazon-game-studios-as-vice-president/ |archive-date=August 7, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was succeeded by previous [[chief operating officer]] (COO) David Ismailer later in May 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gamasutra.com/view/news/299055/TakeTwo_appoints_David_Ismailer_as_president_of_2K_Games.php |title=Take-Two appoints David Ismailer as president of 2K Games |first=Chris |last=Kerr |date=May 31, 2017 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235636/https://gamasutra.com/view/news/299055/TakeTwo_appoints_David_Ismailer_as_president_of_2K_Games.php |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-05-31-david-ismailer-steps-in-as-new-2k-president |title=David Ismailer steps in as new 2K president |first=Matthew |last=Handrahan |date=May 31, 2017 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235627/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-05-31-david-ismailer-steps-in-as-new-2k-president |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The role of COO was filled by Phil Dixon, formerly of [[Betfair]], in November 2017, and Melissa Bell was hired as [[senior vice president]] and head of global marketing in April 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-07-23-2ks-light-slate-belies-bigger-ambitions |title=2K's light slate belies bigger ambitions |first=Brendan |last=Sinclair |date=July 23, 2018 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224655/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-07-23-2ks-light-slate-belies-bigger-ambitions |archive-date=November 14, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On September 25, 2018, 2K announced 2K Foundations, a program that would "support underserved communities across the nation by refurbishing basketball courts in neighborhoods that need them the most". [[Microsoft]] will also partner with 2K to establish [[Xbox One S]] gaming-stations at these courts. 2K Foundations planned to refurbish 12 basketball courts in several cities across the United States (including [[Cincinnati]], [[Baltimore]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], and [[Cleveland]]) within its first year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-09-26-2k-foundations-to-provide-sporting-and-stem-education-facilities-in-us-cities |title=2K Foundations to provide basketball and STEM education facilities in US cities |first=Matthew |last=Handrahan |date=September 26, 2018 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816201158/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-09-26-2k-foundations-to-provide-sporting-and-stem-education-facilities-in-us-cities |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/2018/09/25/2k-foundations-started-to-help-communities-through-basketball |title=2K Foundations Started To Help Communities Through Basketball |first=Matthew |last=Kato |date=September 25, 2018 |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035535/https://www.gameinformer.com/2018/09/25/2k-foundations-started-to-help-communities-through-basketball |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

2K acquired [[HB Studios]] in March 2021, who previously developed ''[[The Golf Club 2019 featuring PGA Tour]]'' and ''[[PGA Tour 2K21]]'' under the 2K Sports' publishing label. The acquisition includes the rights to HB's ''Golf Club'' series, which has since relaunched as the ''[[PGA Tour 2K]]'' series, and is now officially licensed by the [[PGA Tour]] itself.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.vg247.com/2021/03/16/pga-tour-2k-21-tiger-woods-2k-golf-deal/ | title = 2K signs exclusive PGA Tour deal with Tiger Woods, acquires PGA Tour 2K21 studio | first = Stephany | last = Nunneley | date =March 16, 2021 | access-date = March 16, 2021 | work = [[VG247]] }}</ref> Additionally, 2K announced they had secured a contract with [[Tiger Woods]], who had previously been a key figure for [[Electronic Arts]]' own ''[[PGA Tour (video game series)|PGA Tour]]'' series, as an executive director and consultant for future 2K ''PGA Tour'' games as well as his likeness for the games.<ref name="kotaku pgatour"/>

Also in March 2021, 2K acquired the games division of HookBang based in Austin, Texas, which had supported work on the ''[[NBA 2K]]'' series in the past. The division was relocated to a new Austin location and rebranded as Visual Concepts Austin to continue support for that series.<ref name="gibiz hookbang">{{cite web | url = https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-03-23-2k-acquires-hookbang-games-business | title = 2K acquires HookBang games business | first = Brendan | last= Sinclair | date = March 23, 2021 | access-date = March 23, 2021 | work = [[GamesIndustry.biz]] }}</ref>

In September 2022, 2K's support team was hacked.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wheeler |first1=CJ |title=Rockstar owner Take-Two's hacking woes continue as 2K confirm attack on their support service |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/rockstar-owner-take-twos-hacking-woes-continue-as-2k-confirm-attack-on-their-support-service |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network]] |access-date=12 October 2022 |date=21 September 2022}}</ref> In October 2022, 2K confirmed their user data was stolen and placed on sale.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Graham |title=2K confirms user data stolen and placed on sale after recent security breach |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2k-confirms-user-data-stolen-and-placed-on-sale-after-recent-security-breach |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network]] |access-date=12 October 2022 |date=11 October 2022}}</ref>


== Studios ==
== Studios ==
* 2K Madrid in [[Madrid]], Spain; founded in June 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2kmadrid.com/es-ES/ |title=2K Madrid|website=[[2K Madrid]] }}</ref>
* 2K Madrid in [[Madrid]], Spain; founded in June 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2kmadrid.com/ |title=Home |publisher=2K Madrid}}</ref>
* 2K Chengdu in [[Chengdu]], China; founded in June 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.2kchina.com/en/content/2k-chengdu |title=2K Chengdu |website=[[2K China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003172805/http://www.2kchina.com/en/content/2k-chengdu |archive-date=October 3, 2014 }}</ref>
* 2K Chengdu in [[Chengdu]], China; founded in June 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.2kchina.com/en/content/2k-chengdu |title=2K Chengdu |publisher=[[2K China]] |archive-date=October 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003172805/http://www.2kchina.com/en/content/2k-chengdu |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2K Vegas in [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], U.S.; founded in 2006 as 2K West, rebranded in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-11-07-take-two-moving-qa-to-nevada |title=Take-Two moving QA studio to Nevada |first=Brendan |last=Sinclair |date=7 November 2012 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827090540/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-11-07-take-two-moving-qa-to-nevada |archive-date=August 27, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2kvegas.com/ |title=About |website=2K Vegas |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002354/https://2kvegas.com/ |archive-date=September 22, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2K Vegas in [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], U.S.; founded in 2006 as 2K West, rebranded in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-11-07-take-two-moving-qa-to-nevada |title=Take-Two moving QA studio to Nevada |first=Brendan |last=Sinclair |date=7 November 2012 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827090540/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-11-07-take-two-moving-qa-to-nevada |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2kvegas.com/ |title=About |publisher=2K Vegas |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-date=September 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002354/https://2kvegas.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[31st Union]] in [[San Mateo, California]], U.S. and [[Valencia]], Spain; founded in 2019 as 2K Silicon Valley, rebranded in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/2/4/18210572/2k-games-silicon-valley-michael-condrey |title=2K opens new studio led by Sledgehammer Games co-founder |first=Michael |last=McWhertor |date=February 4, 2019 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827090545/https://www.polygon.com/2019/2/4/18210572/2k-games-silicon-valley-michael-condrey |archive-date=August 27, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/2ks-new-31st-union-studio-is-making-an-ambitious-and-inspired-new-ip/ | title = 2K's new 31st Union studio is making an 'ambitious and inspired original IP' | first = Tom | last = Ivan | date = February 11, 2020 | access-date = February 11, 2020 | work = [[Video Games Chronicle]] | archive-date = April 27, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200427160108/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/2ks-new-31st-union-studio-is-making-an-ambitious-and-inspired-new-ip/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
* [[31st Union]] in [[San Mateo, California]], U.S. and [[Valencia]], Spain; founded in 2019 as 2K Silicon Valley, rebranded in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/2/4/18210572/2k-games-silicon-valley-michael-condrey |title=2K opens new studio led by Sledgehammer Games co-founder |first=Michael |last=McWhertor |date=February 4, 2019 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827090545/https://www.polygon.com/2019/2/4/18210572/2k-games-silicon-valley-michael-condrey |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/2ks-new-31st-union-studio-is-making-an-ambitious-and-inspired-new-ip/ |title=2K's new 31st Union studio is making an 'ambitious and inspired original IP' |first=Tom |last=Ivan |date=February 11, 2020 |website=[[Video Games Chronicle]] |access-date=February 11, 2020 |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427160108/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/2ks-new-31st-union-studio-is-making-an-ambitious-and-inspired-new-ip/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Cat Daddy Games]] in [[Kirkland, Washington]], U.S.; founded in 1996, acquired in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catdaddy.com/about.html |title=About |website=Cat Daddy Games |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111082211/http://www.catdaddy.com/about.html |archive-date=January 11, 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Cat Daddy Games]] in [[Kirkland, Washington]], U.S.; founded in 1996, acquired in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catdaddy.com/about.html |title=About |publisher=Cat Daddy Games |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-date=January 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111082211/http://www.catdaddy.com/about.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Cloud Chamber (company)|Cloud Chamber]] in [[Novato, California]], U.S. and [[Montreal]], Canada; founded in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2019-12-09-bioshock-in-development-at-new-2k-studio-cloud-chamber |title=New BioShock game announced, still "several" years away |first=Tom |last=Phillips |date=December 9, 2019 |access-date=December 9, 2019 |work=[[Eurogamer]] |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918181637/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2019-12-09-bioshock-in-development-at-new-2k-studio-cloud-chamber |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Cloud Chamber (company)|Cloud Chamber]] in [[Novato, California]], U.S. and [[Montreal]], Canada; founded in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2019-12-09-bioshock-in-development-at-new-2k-studio-cloud-chamber |title=New BioShock game announced, still "several" years away |first=Tom |last=Phillips |date=December 9, 2019 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918181637/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2019-12-09-bioshock-in-development-at-new-2k-studio-cloud-chamber |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Firaxis Games]] in [[Hunt Valley, Maryland]], U.S.; founded in 1996, acquired in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gamasutra.com/view/news/98052/TakeTwo_Acquires_Firaxis_Games.php |title=Take-Two Acquires Firaxis Games |first=Simon |last=Carless |date=November 7, 2005 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235633/https://gamasutra.com/view/news/98052/TakeTwo_Acquires_Firaxis_Games.php |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Firaxis Games]] in [[Hunt Valley, Maryland]], U.S.; founded in 1996, acquired in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gamasutra.com/view/news/98052/TakeTwo_Acquires_Firaxis_Games.php |title=Take-Two Acquires Firaxis Games |first=Simon |last=Carless |date=November 7, 2005 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816235633/https://gamasutra.com/view/news/98052/TakeTwo_Acquires_Firaxis_Games.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Hangar 13 (company)|Hangar 13]] in [[Novato, California]], U.S., [[Brno]] and [[Prague]], Czech Republic, and [[Brighton]], England; founded in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/how-the-makers-of-mafia-iii-lost-their-way-1825242177 |title=How The Makers Of ''Mafia III'' Lost Their Way |first=Jason |last=Schreier |date=April 13, 2018 |website=[[Kotaku]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413232722/https://kotaku.com/how-the-makers-of-mafia-iii-lost-their-way-1825242177 |archive-date=April 13, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Hangar 13 (company)|Hangar 13]] in [[Novato, California]], U.S., [[Brno]] and [[Prague]], Czech Republic, and [[Brighton]], England; founded in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/how-the-makers-of-mafia-iii-lost-their-way-1825242177 |title=How The Makers Of ''Mafia III'' Lost Their Way |first=Jason |last=Schreier |author-link=Jason Schreier |date=April 13, 2018 |website=[[Kotaku]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=April 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413232722/https://kotaku.com/how-the-makers-of-mafia-iii-lost-their-way-1825242177 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[HB Studios]] in [[Lunenberg, Nova Scotia]], Canada; founded in 2000, acquired in 2021.<ref name="kotaku pgatour">{{cite web | url = https://kotaku.com/2k-signs-tiger-woods-buys-the-studio-behind-pga-tour-2-1846485059 | title = 2K Signs Tiger Woods, Buys The Studio Behind PGA Tour 2K21 | first= Mike | last = Fahey | date = March 16, 2021 | access-date= March 16, 2021 | work = [[Kotaku]] }}</ref>
* [[HB Studios]] in [[Lunenberg, Nova Scotia]], Canada; founded in 2000, acquired in 2021.<ref name="Kotaku: PGA Tour" />
* [[Visual Concepts]] in [[Novato, California]], U.S.; founded in 1988, acquired in 2005.<ref name="Kotaku" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2796233-inside-nba2ks-journey-to-the-top-of-sports-gaming |title=Inside NBA 2K's Journey to the Top of Sports Gaming |first=Patrick |last=Hruby |date=September 18, 2018 |website=[[Bleacher Report]] |access-date=December 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214065406/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2796233-inside-nba2ks-journey-to-the-top-of-sports-gaming |archive-date=December 14, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Visual Concepts]] in [[Novato, California]], U.S.; founded in 1988, acquired in 2005.<ref name="Kotaku: Terrible Decision" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2796233-inside-nba2ks-journey-to-the-top-of-sports-gaming |title=Inside NBA 2K's Journey to the Top of Sports Gaming |first=Patrick |last=Hruby |date=September 18, 2018 |website=[[Bleacher Report]] |access-date=December 10, 2018 |archive-date=December 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214065406/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2796233-inside-nba2ks-journey-to-the-top-of-sports-gaming |url-status=live}}</ref>


=== Defunct ===
=== Defunct ===
* [[2K Australia]] in [[Canberra]], Australia; founded in 2000, acquired in 2006, closed in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2015/4/15/8425885/2k-australia-closing |title=2K Australia is shutting down |first=Samit |last=Sarkar |date=April 15, 2015 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702065118/https://www.polygon.com/2015/4/15/8425885/2k-australia-closing |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[2K Australia]] in [[Canberra]], Australia; founded in 2000, acquired in 2006, closed in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2015/4/15/8425885/2k-australia-closing |title=2K Australia is shutting down |first=Samit |last=Sarkar |date=April 15, 2015 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702065118/https://www.polygon.com/2015/4/15/8425885/2k-australia-closing |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[2K China]] in [[Shanghai]], China; founded in May 2006, closed in November 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gamasutra.com/view/news/100197/E3_TakeTwo_Interactive_Establishes_2K_Shanghai_Studio.php |title=E3: Take-Two Interactive Establishes 2K Shanghai Studio |first=Simon |last=Carless |date=May 9, 2006 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |access-date=September 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922152153/https://gamasutra.com/view/news/100197/E3_TakeTwo_Interactive_Establishes_2K_Shanghai_Studio.php |archive-date=September 22, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2K China closure">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/borderlands-online-canceled-developer-shuttered/1100-6432074/ |title=Borderlands Online Canceled, Developer Shuttered |first=Eddie |last=Makuch |date=November 6, 2015 |website=[[GameSpot]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204123947/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/borderlands-online-canceled-developer-shuttered/1100-6432074/ |archive-date=February 4, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[2K China]] in [[Shanghai]], China; founded in May 2006, closed in November 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gamasutra.com/view/news/100197/E3_TakeTwo_Interactive_Establishes_2K_Shanghai_Studio.php |title=E3: Take-Two Interactive Establishes 2K Shanghai Studio |first=Simon |last=Carless |date=May 9, 2006 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |access-date=September 22, 2019 |archive-date=September 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922152153/https://gamasutra.com/view/news/100197/E3_TakeTwo_Interactive_Establishes_2K_Shanghai_Studio.php |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GameSpot: 2K China closure">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/borderlands-online-canceled-developer-shuttered/1100-6432074/ |title=Borderlands Online Canceled, Developer Shuttered |first=Eddie |last=Makuch |date=November 6, 2015 |website=[[GameSpot]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=February 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204123947/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/borderlands-online-canceled-developer-shuttered/1100-6432074/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[2K Czech]] in [[Brno]], Czech Republic; founded in 1997, acquired in 2008, merged into Hangar 13 in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-01-04-have-you-seen-these-studios |title=Have you seen these studios? |first=Brendan |last=Sinclair |date=January 4, 2018 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224173521/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-01-04-have-you-seen-these-studios |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[2K Czech]] in [[Brno]], Czech Republic; founded in 1997, acquired in 2008, merged into Hangar 13 in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-01-04-have-you-seen-these-studios |title=Have you seen these studios? |first=Brendan |last=Sinclair |date=January 4, 2018 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224173521/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-01-04-have-you-seen-these-studios |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2K Hangzhou in [[Hangzhou]], China; founded in 2007, closed in November 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.2kchina.com/en/content/2k-hangzhou |title=2K Hangzhou |website=[[2K China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003172805/http://www.2kchina.com/en/content/2k-hangzhou |archive-date=October 3, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="2K China closure" />
* 2K Hangzhou in [[Hangzhou]], China; founded in 2007, closed in November 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.2kchina.com/en/content/2k-hangzhou |title=2K Hangzhou |publisher=[[2K China]] |archive-date=October 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003172805/http://www.2kchina.com/en/content/2k-hangzhou |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GameSpot: 2K China closure" />
* [[2K Los Angeles]] in [[Camarillo, California]], U.S.; founded as Kush Games in 1998, acquired in 2005, closed in 2008.<ref name="Closures">{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/every-game-studio-thats-closed-down-since-2006-5876693 |title=Every Game Studio That's Closed Down Since 2006 |first=Luke |last=Plunkett |date=January 16, 2012 |website=[[Kotaku]] |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602002549/https://kotaku.com/every-game-studio-thats-closed-down-since-2006-5876693 |archive-date=June 2, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[2K Los Angeles]] in [[Camarillo, California]], U.S.; founded as Kush Games in 1998, acquired in 2005, closed in 2008.<ref name="Kotaku: Every Closure">{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/every-game-studio-thats-closed-down-since-2006-5876693 |title=Every Game Studio That's Closed Down Since 2006 |first=Luke |last=Plunkett |date=January 16, 2012 |website=[[Kotaku]] |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-date=June 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602002549/https://kotaku.com/every-game-studio-thats-closed-down-since-2006-5876693 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[2K Marin]] in [[Novato, California]], U.S.; founded in 2007, closed in 2013.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/12/rumor-roundup-w-2/ |title=Rumor Roundup: What's Up With 2K Marin And ''BioShock'' |first=Chris |last=Kohler |date=December 17, 2007 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224173518/https://www.wired.com/2007/12/rumor-roundup-w-2/ |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/sources-the-new-bioshock-has-been-in-the-works-for-yea-1840314561 |title=Sources: The New ''BioShock'' Has Been In The Works For Years |first=Jason |last=Schreier |date=December 9, 2019 |website=[[Kotaku]]}}</ref>
* [[2K Marin]] in [[Novato, California]], U.S.; founded in 2007, closed in 2013.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/12/rumor-roundup-w-2/ |title=Rumor Roundup: What's Up With 2K Marin And ''BioShock'' |first=Chris |last=Kohler |date=December 17, 2007 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224173518/https://www.wired.com/2007/12/rumor-roundup-w-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/sources-the-new-bioshock-has-been-in-the-works-for-yea-1840314561 |title=Sources: The New ''BioShock'' Has Been In The Works For Years |first=Jason |last=Schreier |author-link=Jason Schreier |date=December 9, 2019 |website=[[Kotaku]]}}</ref>
* [[Frog City Software]] in [[San Francisco]], U.S.; founded in 1994, acquired in 2003, closed in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sidecarstudios.com/about.html |title=History |first=Rachel |last=Bernstein |author-link=Rachel Bernstein |date=2007 |website=Sidecar Studios |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320225535/http://www.sidecarstudios.com/about.html |archive-date=March 20, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Frog City Software]] in [[San Francisco]], U.S.; founded in 1994, acquired in 2003, closed in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sidecarstudios.com/about.html |title=History |first=Rachel |last=Bernstein |author-link=Rachel Bernstein |date=2007 |publisher=Sidecar Studios |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-date=March 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320225535/http://www.sidecarstudios.com/about.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Indie Built]] in [[Salt Lake City]], U.S.; founded as Access Software in 1982, acquired and renamed in 2004, closed in 2006.<ref name="Closures" />
* [[Indie Built]] in [[Salt Lake City]], U.S.; founded as Access Software in 1982, acquired and renamed in 2004, closed in 2006.<ref name="Kotaku: Every Closure" />
* [[Irrational Games]] in [[Westwood, Massachusetts]], U.S.; founded in 1997, acquired in 2006, closed in 2017 and succeeded by [[Ghost Story Games]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/former-bioshock-studio-irrational-games-adopts-a-n/1100-6448166/ |title=Former BioShock Studio Irrational Games Adopts A New Name |first=Chris |last=Pereira |date=February 23, 2017 |website=[[GameSpot]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040642/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/former-bioshock-studio-irrational-games-adopts-a-n/1100-6448166/ |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Irrational Games]] in [[Westwood, Massachusetts]], U.S.; founded in 1997, acquired in 2006, closed in 2017 and succeeded by [[Ghost Story Games]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/former-bioshock-studio-irrational-games-adopts-a-n/1100-6448166/ |title=Former BioShock Studio Irrational Games Adopts A New Name |first=Chris |last=Pereira |date=February 23, 2017 |website=[[GameSpot]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040642/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/former-bioshock-studio-irrational-games-adopts-a-n/1100-6448166/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* PAM Development in [[Paris]], France; founded in 1995, acquired in 2005, closed in 2008.<ref name="Closures" />
* PAM Development in [[Paris]], France; founded in 1995, acquired in 2005, closed in 2008.<ref name="Kotaku: Every Closure" />
* [[PopTop Software]] in [[Fenton, Missouri]], U.S.; founded in 1993, acquired in 2000, merged into Firaxis Games in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/poptop-folded-into-firaxis/1100-6145569/ |title=PopTop folded into Firaxis? |first=Tor |last=Thorsen |date=March 7, 2006 |website=[[GameSpot]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002726/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/poptop-folded-into-firaxis/1100-6145569/ |archive-date=September 22, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[PopTop Software]] in [[Fenton, Missouri]], U.S.; founded in 1993, acquired in 2000, merged into Firaxis Games in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/poptop-folded-into-firaxis/1100-6145569/ |title=PopTop folded into Firaxis? |first=Tor |last=Thorsen |date=March 7, 2006 |website=[[GameSpot]] |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=September 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002726/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/poptop-folded-into-firaxis/1100-6145569/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Venom Games]] in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], England; founded in 2003, acquired in 2004, closed in 2008.<ref name="Closures" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mcvuk.com/venom-games-to-close/ |title=Venom Games to close? |author=MCV Staff |date=July 2, 2008 |website=[[MCV (magazine)|MCV]] |access-date=August 18, 2019 |archive-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124154443/https://www.mcvuk.com/development-news/venom-games-to-close/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Venom Games]] in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], England; founded in 2003, acquired in 2004, closed in 2008.<ref name="Kotaku: Every Closure" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mcvuk.com/venom-games-to-close/ |title=Venom Games to close? |date=July 2, 2008 |website=[[MCV/Develop|MCV]] |access-date=August 18, 2019 |archive-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124154443/https://www.mcvuk.com/development-news/venom-games-to-close/ |url-status=live}}</ref>


== Games published ==
== Games published ==
{{Main|List of 2K games}}
{{Main|List of 2K games}}
* ''[[BioShock (series)|BioShock]]'' (since 2007)

* [[BioShock (series)|''BioShock'']] (since 2007)
* ''[[Borderlands (series)|Borderlands]]'' (since 2009)
* [[Borderlands (series)|''Borderlands'']] (since 2009)
* ''[[Civilization (series)|Civilization]]'' (since 2005)
* [[Civilization (series)|''Civilization'']] (since 2005)
* ''[[Mafia (series)|Mafia]]'' (since 2010)
* [[Mafia (series)|''Mafia'']] (since 2010)
* ''[[X-COM]]'' (since 2012)
* [[XCOM|''X-COM'']] (since 2012)
* ''[[NBA 2K]]'' (since 2005)
* ''[[NBA 2K]]'' (since 2005)
* ''[[PGA Tour 2K]]'' (since 2018)
* ''[[PGA Tour 2K]]'' (since 2018)
Line 95: Line 82:
** ''[[College Hoops 2K7]]''
** ''[[College Hoops 2K7]]''
** ''[[College Hoops 2K8]]''
** ''[[College Hoops 2K8]]''
* [[2K Sports Major League Baseball series|''MLB 2K'']] (2005–2013)
* ''[[MLB 2K]]'' (2005–2013)
* ''[[NHL 2K]]'' (2005–2014)
* ''[[NHL 2K]]'' (2005–2014)
* ''[[Top Spin (video game)|Top Spin]]'' (2005–2011)
* ''[[Top Spin (video game)|Top Spin]]'' (2005–2011)

Revision as of 11:30, 6 August 2023

2K
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryVideo games
FoundedJanuary 25, 2005; 19 years ago (2005-01-25) in New York City, US
Headquarters
Novato, California
,
US
Key people
  • David Ismailer (president)
  • Phil Dixon (COO)
  • Melissa Bell (SVP, head of global marketing)
Products
ParentTake-Two Interactive
SubsidiariesSee § Studios
Website2k.com

2K is an American video game publisher based in Novato, California. The company was founded as a subsidiary of Take-Two Interactive in January 2005 through the 2K Games and 2K Sports sub-labels. The nascent label incorporated several development studios owned by Take-Two, including Visual Concepts and Kush Games, which had been acquired the day before. Originally based in New York City, 2K moved to Novato in 2007. A third label, 2K Play, was added in September 2007. 2K is governed by David Ismailer as president and Phil Dixon as chief operating officer. It operates motion capture studio in Petaluma, California.[1]

History

2K's original logo

On January 24, 2005, Take-Two Interactive announced its acquisition of Visual Concepts, the developer of sports video game series like NBA 2K, NHL 2K, and NHL 2K. Take-Two paid Sega US$24 million for the studio, including its Kush Games subsidiary and the intellectual property of the 2K series.[2][3] On the following day, the company established the 2K publishing label, consisting of the sub-labels 2K Games and 2K Sports, with the latter focusing on sports games.[4][5][6] Visual Concepts and Kush Games, alongside Indie Built, Venom Games, PopTop Software, and Frog City Software, became studios of the new label, which also absorbed the staff of Take-Two Licensing.[7] In January 2006, the administration and marketing portions of 2K's New York City offices were heavily damaged by fire.[8] In June 2007, the company closed these offices and relocated to Novato, California, brining it closer to Visual Concepts.[9] A third sub-label, 2K Play, was established with a focus on casual games in September 2007, with Take-Two announcing a partnership with Nickelodeon for licensed games based on the latter's TV shows.[10][11] 2K Play therein also absorbed all assets of Take-Two's budget-range publisher Global Star Software, including the studio Cat Daddy Games, the game Carnival Games, and games based on Deal or No Deal.[12] In January 2013, 2K obtained the rights to publish video games based on the professional wrestling company WWE.[13]

Christoph Hartmann, 2K's president, announced his resignation in May 2017.[14] He had worked for Take-Two for roughly twnty years but did not state a reason for his departure.[15][16] He was succeeded by David Ismailer, previous chief operating officer (COO), later that month.[17][18] The COO role was filled by Phil Dixon, formerly of Betfair, in November 2017, while Melissa Bell was hired as senior vice president and head of global marketing in April 2018.[19] In September 2018, 2K announced 2K Foundations, a program that would "support underserved communities across the nation by refurbishing basketball courts in neighborhoods that need them the most". Microsoft partnered with 2K to establish gaming stations fitted with Xbox One S consoles at these courts. 2K Foundations planned to refurbish twelve basketball courts in several cities across the United States (including Cincinnati, Baltimore, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Cleveland) within its first year.[20][21]

In March 2021, 2K acquired HB Studios, which had previously developed The Golf Club 2019 featuring PGA Tour and PGA Tour 2K21 for the company. The acquisition includes the rights to the Golf Club series, which had been relaunched as the PGA Tour 2K series through a license from the PGA Tour.[22] Additionally, 2K announced it had secured a contract with Tiger Woods, who had previously been a key figure for Electronic Arts' PGA Tour series, as an executive director and consultant for future PGA Tour 2K games, as well as his likeness for the games.[23] Later that month, 2K bought HookBang's games division in Austin, Texas, which had supported work on the NBA 2K series in the past. The studio was relocated to a new Austin location and rebranded as Visual Concepts Austin.[24] In September 2022, 2K's customer support team was hacked, with certain user data stolen and put on sale.[25][26]

Studios

Defunct

Games published

Main article: List of 2K games

Former

References

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