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Historical [[Exonym and endonym|exonyms]] include place names of bordering countries, namely Thailand, Laos, China, and Cambodia.
Historical [[Exonym and endonym|exonyms]] include place names of bordering countries, namely Thailand, Laos, China, and Cambodia.


During the expansion of Vietnam ([[Nam tiến]]) some place names have become Vietnamized. Consequently, as control of different places and regions have shifted among China, Vietnam, and other Southeast Asian countries, the Vietnamese names for places can sometimes differ from the names residents of aforementioned places use, although nowadays it has become more common for the Vietnamese names of places to simply be Vietnamese transcriptions of the local placenames.
During the expansion of Vietnam ([[Nam tiến]]), some place names have become Vietnamized.


Many non-Vietnamese places may have more than one name in Vietnamese as shown below.
Many non-Vietnamese places may have more than one name in Vietnamese as shown below.
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|[[Angkor]]
|[[Angkor]]
|Đế Thiên Đế Thích
|Đế Thiên Đế Thích
|Angkor
|Angkor (អង្គរ)
|Khmer
|Khmer
|
|
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== Ethiopia ==
== Ethiopia ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |{{Flag|Ethiopia}} Ê-thi-óp, Ê-thi-ô-bi, Ê-ti-ô-pi-a<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/%C3%8A-ti-%C3%B4-pi-a/@9.132325,35.9993197,6z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x4ea20dbbe3c07715:0x34cf9d830114e218!2sGrin-len!3b1!8m2!3d71.706936!4d-42.604303!3m4!1s0x1635d0cedd6cfd2b:0x7bf6a67f5348c55a!8m2!3d8.6299031!4d39.6166992?hl=vi|website=Google Maps|language=vi-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
! colspan="5" |{{Flag|Ethiopia}} Ê-thi-óp, Ê-thi-ô-bi, Ê-ti-ô-pi-a<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/%C3%8A-ti-%C3%B4-pi-a/@9.132325,35.9993197,6z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x4ea20dbbe3c07715:0x34cf9d830114e218!2sGrin-len!3b1!8m2!3d71.706936!4d-42.604303!3m4!1s0x1635d0cedd6cfd2b:0x7bf6a67f5348c55a!8m2!3d8.6299031!4d39.6166992?hl=vi |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=Google Maps |language=vi-US}}</ref>
⚫
|-
! rowspan="2" |English name
! rowspan="2" |Vietnamese name
! colspan="2" |Endonym
!Notes
|-
!Name
!Language
!
|-
|Addis Ababa
|A-đi A-ba-ba
|አዲስ አበባ (Addis Abeba)<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-đi A-ba-ba · Ethiopia |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/A-%C4%91i+A-ba-ba,+Ethiopia/@8.9634795,38.6133311,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m15!1m8!3m7!1s0x164b84f21691961f:0x822a438ed5adcc15!2sAddis+Ababa,+Ethiopia!3b1!8m2!3d8.9960024!4d38.7786956!16s/g/1pxybvtc_!3m5!1s0x164b85cef5ab402d:0x8467b6b037a24d49!8m2!3d8.9806034!4d38.7577605!16zL20vMGR0dGY?hl=vi&entry=ttu |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=A-đi A-ba-ba · Ethiopia |language=vi-US}}</ref>
|Amharic
|}
|}


Line 1,087: Line 1,101:
!Language
!Language
!
!
|-
|[[Acre, Israel|Acre]]
|Akko
|Ako (עכו)
|Hebrew
|
|-
|-
|[[Bethlehem]]
|[[Bethlehem]]
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|Sầm Châu
|Sầm Châu
|Huaphan (ຫົວພັນ)
|Huaphan (ຫົວພັນ)
|
|Lao
|
|
|-
|-
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|Cam Cát
|Cam Cát
|Khamkoed (ຄຳເກີດ)
|Khamkoed (ຄຳເກີດ)
|
|Lao
|
|
|-
|-
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|Cam Môn
|Cam Môn
|Kham Muan (ຄຳ ມ່ວນ)
|Kham Muan (ຄຳ ມ່ວນ)
|
|Lao
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Luang Phrabang]]
|[[Luang Phrabang]]
|Luông Pha Băng<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luang Prabang - Luông Pha Băng miền Bắc Lào,luang prabang luong pha bang mien bac lao |url=https://indochinasensetravel.com/luang-prabang--luong-pha-bang-mien-bac-lao-n.html |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=indochinasensetravel.com |language=vi}}</ref>, Lão Qua
|Lão Qua
|Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ)
|Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ)
|
|Lao
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,367: Line 1,387:
|Sầm Nứa
|Sầm Nứa
|Sam Neu (ຊຳ ເໜືອ)
|Sam Neu (ຊຳ ເໜືອ)
|
|Lao
|
|
|-
|-
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|Sầm Tộ
|Sầm Tộ
| Muang Xam Tai (ຊຳໃຕ້)
| Muang Xam Tai (ຊຳໃຕ້)
|
|Lao
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,379: Line 1,399:
|Vạn Tượng, Viêng Chăn<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viêng Chăn|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Vi%C3%AAng+Ch%C4%83n,+L%C3%A0o/@17.5449423,77.4331473,8z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3124688606ed7b21:0x1f93b18618c1eedf!8m2!3d17.9757058!4d102.6331035?hl=vi|access-date=2020-08-13|website=Viêng Chăn|language=vi-US}}</ref>
|Vạn Tượng, Viêng Chăn<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viêng Chăn|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Vi%C3%AAng+Ch%C4%83n,+L%C3%A0o/@17.5449423,77.4331473,8z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3124688606ed7b21:0x1f93b18618c1eedf!8m2!3d17.9757058!4d102.6331035?hl=vi|access-date=2020-08-13|website=Viêng Chăn|language=vi-US}}</ref>
|Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ)
|Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ)
|
|Lao
|Transcription based on native pronunciation as opposed to English spelling
⚫
|
|-
|-
|[[Xiangkhouang Province|Xiangkhoang]]
|[[Xiangkhouang Province|Xiangkhoang]]
|Trấn Ninh
|Trấn Ninh
|Siangkhuaang (ຊຽງຂວາງ)
|Siangkhuaang (ຊຽງຂວາງ)
|
|Lao
|
|
|-
|-
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|Trình Cố
|Trình Cố
|Siangkho (ຊຽງຄໍ້)
|Siangkho (ຊຽງຄໍ້)
|
|Lao
|
|
|}
|}

Revision as of 09:09, 18 August 2023

Below is a list of Vietnamese exonyms for various places around the world:

History

Historical exonyms include place names of bordering countries, namely Thailand, Laos, China, and Cambodia.

During the expansion of Vietnam (Nam tiến) some place names have become Vietnamized. Consequently, as control of different places and regions have shifted among China, Vietnam, and other Southeast Asian countries, the Vietnamese names for places can sometimes differ from the names residents of aforementioned places use, although nowadays it has become more common for the Vietnamese names of places to simply be Vietnamese transcriptions of the local placenames.

Many non-Vietnamese places may have more than one name in Vietnamese as shown below.

Sino-Vietnamese exonyms

Before modernity, sources of foreign place names in Vietnam came from documents that were mostly written in Classical Chinese. So many exonyms derive directly from Chinese pronunciations (see: Chinese exonyms). This in turn got transliterated into the Vietnamese, sinoxenic pronunciations of the Chinese characters (also called Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation). For example, Scotland is rendered as 蘇格蘭 in Chinese. This is pronounced as Sū-gé-lán in Mandarin Chinese, a somewhat faithful transcription of the original name. However, as applied to all Chinese characters, 蘇格蘭 can be transliterated into Vietnamese as Tô Cách Lan, which strays a bit further from the native English and Scots name. A major issue using Chinese characters to transcribe words is the fact that Chinese characters can be pronounced drastically differently among all the spoken languages and dialects that use them, which include Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese among several others, the majority of which have dramatically different phonologies and phonemes from each other. By the nature of the writing system itself, Chinese characters tend to preserve a word's syllable count, morphemes, and meanings more reliably than they do as an accurate representation of the word's pronunciation, considering that the Chinese character system itself primarily represents logograms (though some have elements of phonetic information) as opposed to phonemes of the language. The use of Sino-Vietnamese exonyms has become archaic during recent times, and only some countries such as France, the US, Russia, Australia, Russia, India and most European countries retain the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations. Even so, many of the aforementioned countries also have exonyms more accurate to the native pronunciations of their respective endonyms. Currently, the countries still called by their Sino-Vietnamese names are: China, Egypt, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, England, the US and Australia. London and Pyongyang are the only 2 city in Europe and Korea known by the Sino-Vietnamese name.

Exonyms from other languages

In modern times, Vietnamese has relied less on Sino-Vietnamese-derived exonyms and it has become more common for Vietnamese exonyms to more accurately transcribe the endonym according to its native language. Thus, place names outside of East Asia can often be respelled in a way that Vietnamese can pronounce it using a transcription method called Vietnamization. For example, although Scotland can be called by its Sino-Vietnamese exonym, Tô Cách Lan, spellings such as Xcốt-len and Scôtlen are also acceptable. This method has more general patterns than steadfast rules, depending on the writer. For example, the name 'Saddam Hussein' can be spelled as Sađam Hutxen, Sátđam Hutxen, or Saddam Hudsein. This is similar to native to how English speakers spelled their own names in various and inconsistent ways before English spelling became fossilized. For example, William Shakespeare spelled his own surname at least 3 different ways.

See also: Spelling of Shakespeare's name

However, it has recently become more common for the English exonym or the romanization of the endonym to be written without any changes to spelling, though Vietnamese readers may still pronounce the name using a Vietnamese accent. In some cases, the name may retain an unchanged spelling, but a footnote may appear regarding how to pronounce the name in Vietnamese. For example, in the Harry Potter series of novels, the spelling of names for characters "Marge" and "Filch" remains unchanged, but footnotes exist to help Vietnamese speakers pronounce their names, which are written as "Mạc" and "Fít" respectively.[1]

There are a few country names borrowed from French and Russian as Vietnam's history is closely linked to France and Russia. Countries whose names borrow from French are: Morocco, Cyprus, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Czech. And the countries whose names borrowed from Russian are Georgia and Lithuania. Vienna (Viên in Vietnamese) is the only city whose name in Vietnamese is borrowed from French. Hong Kong and Macau names are borrowed from English by direct transliteration into Hồng Kông and Ma Cao instead of Hương Cảng and Áo Môn in Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation.

Other cases

The names of Cambodia and Laos are directly transcribed from Khmer and Lao into Vietnamese as Campuchia and Lào. The names of Phnom Penh, Vientiane and Bangkok are directly transcribed from Khmer, Lao and Thai into Vietnamese as Phnôm Pênh, Viêng Chăn and Băng Cốc. Ivory Coast is translated into Vietnamese as Bờ Biển Ngà, and at times it is transcribed from French as Cốt Đivoa.

Afghanistan

 Afghanistan A Phú Hãn, Áp-ga-ni-xtan[2]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Kabul Ka-bun[3] Kābol (کابل) Persian
Kābəl (کابل) Pashto

Albania

 Albania An-ba-ni[4]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tirana Ti-ra-na[5] Tiranë Albanian

Algeria

 Algeria An-giê-ri
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Algiers thủ đô nước An-giê-ri Al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر) Standard Arabic

Argentina

 Argentina Á Căn Đình, Ác-hen-ti-na[6]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Buenos Aires Lương Phong, Bu-ê-nốt Ai-rết[7] Buenos Aires Spanish

Australia

 Australia Úc Đại Lợi, Úc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Melbourne Miêu Bình, Mai Bình[8] Melbourne English
Sydney Xích-ni Sydney English

Austria

 Austria Áo Địa Lợi, Áo
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Vienna Viên Wien German

Bahrain

 Bahrain Ba-ranh

Belarus

 Belarus Bê-la-rút, Bạch Nga[9]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Minsk Min-xcơ[10] Minsk (Мінск) Belarusian

Belgium

 Belgium Bỉ Lợi Thời, Biên Xích,[11] Bỉ[12]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Brussels Bức San Brussel Dutch
Bruxelles French

Brazil

 Brazil Ba Tây,[13] Bi Lê Diên Lô,[14] Bra-xin[15]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Brasilia Ba Tây thành, Bra-xi-li-a[16] Brasilia Portuguese
Rio de Janeiro Ri-ô đề Gia-nây-rô Rio de Janeiro Portuguese
São Paulo Thánh Phao Lồ São Paulo Portuguese

Bulgaria

 Bulgaria Bun-ga-ri[17]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Sofia Xô-phi-a[18] Sofija (София) Bulgarian

Cambodia

 Cambodia Cao Miên, Campuchia, Kampuchia
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Angkor Đế Thiên Đế Thích Angkor (អង្គរ) Khmer
Banteay Meas Sài Mạt Banteay Meas (បន្ទាយមាស) Khmer
Battambang Bát Tầm Bôn Battambang (បាត់ដំបង) Khmer
Bavet Truông Cát Bavit (បាវិត) Khmer
Bokor Tà Lơn Baukko (បូកគោ) Khmer
Damrei Mountains Tượng Sơn Phnom Damri (ភ្នំដំរី) Khmer
Kampot Cần Bột Kampot (កំពត) Khmer
Kep Bạch Mã Kaeb (កែប) Khmer
Kiri Vong Linh Quỳnh Kiri Vong (គីរីវង់) Khmer
Koh Tang Hòn Thăng Kaoh Tang (កោះតាង) Khmer
Koh Wai Hòn Trọc, Hòn Vây Kaoh Pou Lou Vei (កោះពូលូវៃ) Khmer
Kompong Chhnang Xà Năng Kampong Chhnang (កំពង់ឆ្នាំង) Khmer
Kratie Cần Ché Kracheh (ក្រចេះ) Khmer
Lavek / Longvek La Bích Lvek(ល្វែក) / Longvek (លង្វែក) Khmer
Neak Loeung Hối Lương,[19] Cầu Nam Nak Loeung (អ្នកលឿង) Khmer
Peam Chor Biên Chúc Srok Peamochor (ស្រុកពាមជរ) Khmer
Phnom Penh Nam Vang, Nam Vinh, Kim Biên,[20] Phnôm Pênh[21] Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ) Khmer
Pursat Phú Túc Pothisat (ពោធិ៍សាត់) Khmer
Siem Reap Xiêm Riệp[22] Siemrap (សៀមរាប) Khmer
Sihanoukville Hương Úc, Vũng Thơm Krong Preah Sihanouk ( ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ) /

Kampong Som (កំពង់សោម)

Khmer
Svay Rieng Tuy Lạp, Xoài Riêng Svay Rieng (ស្វាយរៀង) Khmer
Tonle Sap Đồng Lê, Biển Hồ Tonle Saeab (ទន្លេសាប) Khmer

Canada

 Canada Gia Nã Đại
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Montreal Mông Triệu, Ngự Sơn Montréal French
Ottawa Ốc Đa Hoa, Ốt-ta-goa[23] Ottawa English
Quebec Quế Bích Québec French
Toronto Tô Luân Toronto English
Vancouver Văn Cầu Vancouver English

China

 China Trung Hoa, Trung Quốc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Beijing Bắc Kinh Běijīng (北京) Mandarin
Changchun Trường Xuân Chángchūn (长春) Mandarin
Chengdu Thành Đô Chéngdū (成都) Mandarin
Chongqing Trùng Khánh Chóngqìng (重庆) Mandarin
Fujian Phúc Kiến Fújiàn (福建) Mandarin
Hok-kiàn Hokkien
Guangzhou Quảng Châu Guǎngzhōu (广州) Mandarin
Guilin Quế Lâm Guìlín (桂林) Mandarin
Harbin Cáp Nhĩ Tân Hā'ĕrbīn (哈尔滨) Mandarin
Hohhot Hô Hòa Hạo Đặc, Hồi Hột Hūhéhàotè (呼和浩特) Mandarin
Kökeqota (ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ) Mongolian script
Hong Kong Hương Cảng, Hồng Kông Xiānggǎng (香港) Mandarin
Hēunggóng Cantonese
Hong Kong English
Inner Mongolia Nội Mông (Cổ) Nèi Měnggǔ (内蒙古) Mandarin
Öbür Monggol

(ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ)

Mongolian script
Macau Áo Môn, Ma Cao Àomén(澳門) Mandarin
Ōumún Cantonese
Macau Portuguese
Nanjing Nam Kinh Nánjīng (南京) Mandarin
Shanghai Thượng Hải Shànghǎi (上海) Mandarin
Shenzhen Thâm Quyến Shēnzhèn (深圳) Mandarin
Sichuan Tứ Xuyên Sìchuān (四川) Mandarin
Ürümqi U-rum-xi, Urumsi, Ô Lỗ Mộc Tề Wūlǔmùqí (乌鲁木齐) Mandarin
Ürümchi (ئۈرۈمچی) Uyghur
Wuhan Vũ Hán Wǔhàn (武汉) Mandarin
Xiamen Hạ Môn Xiàmén (厦门) Mandarin
Xi'an Tây An Xī'ān (西安) Mandarin
Yangtze River Trường Giang Cháng Jiāng (长江) Mandarin

Cyprus

 Cyprus Đảo Síp[24]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Nicosia Ni-cô-xi-a[25] Lefkosía (Λευκωσία) Greek
Lefkoşa Turkish

Czechia

 Czechia Tiệp Khắc, Séc[26]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Prague Thiệp Khẩu, Pra-ha[27] Praha Czech

Denmark

 Denmark Đan Mạch
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Copenhagen Cô-pen-ha-ghen, Cô-pen-ha-gen[28] København Danish
Greenland Grin-len,[29] Thanh Đảo Grønland Danish
Nuuk Nu-úc[30] Godthåb Danish

East Timor

 East Timor Đông Ti-mo, Đông Timor, Ti-mo Le-xte
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Dili Đi-li[31] Dili Tetum

Egypt

 Egypt Ai Cập, Y Diệp, Ê-díp-tô
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Cairo Kê Thành al-Qāhirah (القاهرة‎) Standard Arabic
Maṣr (مَصر) Egyptian Arabic Maṣr is the same name as the Arabic name for the country

Eritrea

 Eritrea Ê-ri-tơ-rê-a[32]

Estonia

 Estonia E-xtô-ni-a
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tallinn Ta-lin[33] Talin Estonian

Ethiopia

 Ethiopia Ê-thi-óp, Ê-thi-ô-bi, Ê-ti-ô-pi-a[34]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Addis Ababa A-đi A-ba-ba አዲስ አበባ (Addis Abeba)[35] Amharic

Finland

 Finland Phần Lan
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Helsinki Hiệu Sinh Kì Helsinki Finnish

France

 France Pháp Lan Tây, Pháp, Phú Lãng Sa
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Lyon Li-ông Lyon French
Marseille Ma-xai[36] Marseille French
Nice Niết-xa[37] Nice French
Nouvelle Calédonie Tân Thế Giới Nouvelle Calédonie French
Paris Ba Lê, Pha Lí,[36] Pa-ri[38] Paris French
Sète Xét-ta[39] Sète French
Toulon Thu-long[36] Toulon French

Georgia

 Georgia Gruzia, Gru-di-a, Giê-oóc-gi-a[40]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tbilisi Tbi-li-xi[41] Tbilisi (თბილისი) Georgian

Germany

 Germany Đức, An-lê-mân[42]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Berlin Bá Linh, Béc-lin[43] Berlin German
Cologne Côn, Cô-lô-nhơ Köln / Koeln German
Hamburg Hàm Phủ Hamburg German
Hanover An-nô-vi[44] Hannover German

Greece

 Greece Hy Lạp, Cự Liệt, Cừ Sách,[45] Gờ-réc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Athens Nhã Điển, Á Thiên, A-ten[46] Athína (Αθήνα) Greek
Ionian Islands Y Du Nhiên Greek
Santorini Đảo San Hô Thíra (Θήρα) Greek
Thessalonica Salonica Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) Greek
Zakynthos San-tê Zákynthos (Ζάκυνθος) Greek

Iceland

 Iceland Băng Đảo, Ai-xơ-len[47]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Reykjavik Rây-ki-a-vích[48] Reykjavík Icelandic

India

 India Ấn Độ, Thiên Trúc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Ganges sông Hằng Gangā (गंगा) Hindi
Goa Cô Á Gōvā (गोवा) Hindi
New Delhi Tân Đề Li, Niu Đê-li[49] Naī Dillī (नई दिल्ली) Hindi

Indonesia

 Indonesia Nam Dương, Vạn Đảo, In-đô-nê-xi-a[50]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Aceh A Chinh[51] Aceh Indonesian
Batavia Ba Thiềng modern-day Jakarta
Jakarta Giang Lưu Ba Jakarta Indonesian
Java Trảo Oa Java Indonesian
Palembang Tam Phật Tề[52] Palembang Indonesian

Iran

 Iran Ba Tư
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tehran Tề Lan, Tê-hê-ran[53] Ťehrân (تهران‎) Persian

Iraq

 Iraq Y Lạp
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Baghdad Bác Đạt, Bát-đa Baghdad (بغداد‎) Standard Arabic

Ireland

 Ireland Ái Nhĩ Lan, Ai-len
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Dublin Đạp Lân, Đu-blin[54] Baile Átha Cliath Irish English name also used locally

Israel

 Israel Do Thái, I-xra-en, Y-sơ-ra-ên, Ít-ra-en
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Acre Akko Ako (עכו) Hebrew
Bethlehem Bê-lem, Bết-lê-hem Bayt Laḥm (בית לחם) Hebrew currently in Palestinian territories
Jerusalem Gia Liêm, Giê-ru-xa-lem, Giê-ru-sa-lem[55] Yerushaláyim (ירושלים) Hebrew partially in Palestinian territories
Judea Do Thái Yehuda (יהודה) Hebrew currently in Palestinian territories

Italy

 Italy Ý Đại Lợi, Ý
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Capri Ca Pha Lí[56] Capri Italian
Genoa Giai Noa[57] Genoa Italian
Naples Nạp Bồ Lê[57] Napoli Italian
Rome La Mã Roma Italian
Venice Vơ-ni-dơ Venezia Italian

Japan

 Japan Nhật Bản, Nhật
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Hiroshima Quảng Ðảo Hiroshima (広島) Japanese
Hokkaido Bắc Hải Ðạo Hokkaidō (北海道) Japanese
Honshu Bổn Châu Honshū (本州) Japanese
Kansai Quan Tây Kansai (関西) Japanese
Kanto Quan Ðông Kantō (関東) Japanese
Kobe Thần Hộ Kōbe (神戸) Japanese
Kyoto Kinh Ðô Kyōto (京都) Japanese
Kyushu Cửu Châu Kyūshū (九州) Japanese
Nagasaki Tràng Kỳ Nagasaki (長崎) Japanese
Okinawa Xung Thằng Okinawa (沖縄) Japanese
Osaka Đại Phản Ōsaka (大阪) Japanese
Ryukyu Lưu Cầu Ryūkyū (琉球) Japanese
Sapporo Trát Hoảng Sapporo (札幌) Japanese
Sendai Tiên Ðài Sendai (仙台) Japanese
Senkaku Tiêm Các Senkaku Shotō (尖閣諸島) Japanese
Shikoku Tứ Quốc Shikoku (四国) Japanese
Tokyo Đông Kinh Tōkyō (東京) Japanese

While some Japanese have Sino-Japanese names, others have native Japanese names (yamato kotoba), or a combination of both, the Vietnamese names for these cities are based on the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations of the kanji used to write their names. However, using the endonym is far more common than the Vietnamese exonym.

Jordan

 Jordan Gióc-đan, Gioóc-đa-ni[58]

Kazakhstan

 Kazakhstan Ca-dắc-xtan[59]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Nur-Sultan A-xta-na[60] Nur-Sultan (Нұр-Сұлтан) Kazakh

Kyrgyzstan

 Kyrgyzstan Cư-rơ-gư-dơ-xtan, Ki-rơ-ghi-zi-a
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bishkek Bi-sơ-kếch Bishkek (Бишкек) Kyrgyz
Russian

Laos

 Laos Ai Lao, Lào
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Champasak Ba Thắc Cham Pasak (ຈຳ ປາສັກ) Lao
Houaphanh Sầm Châu Huaphan (ຫົວພັນ) Lao
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang Nam Chưởng
Khamkeut Cam Cát Khamkoed (ຄຳເກີດ) Lao
Khammouane Cam Môn Kham Muan (ຄຳ ມ່ວນ) Lao
Luang Phrabang Luông Pha Băng[61], Lão Qua Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ) Lao
Samneua Sầm Nứa Sam Neu (ຊຳ ເໜືອ) Lao
Sam Tai Sầm Tộ Muang Xam Tai (ຊຳໃຕ້) Lao
Vientiane Vạn Tượng, Viêng Chăn[62] Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ) Lao Transcription based on native pronunciation as opposed to English spelling
Xiangkhoang Trấn Ninh Siangkhuaang (ຊຽງຂວາງ) Lao
Xiengkho Trình Cố Siangkho (ຊຽງຄໍ້) Lao

Latvia

 Latvia Lát-vi-a[63]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Riga Ri-ga[63] Riga Latvian

Libya

 Libya Li-bi[64]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tripoli Tri-po-li[65] Ṭarābulus (طرابلس) Standard Arabic

Lithuania

 Lithuania Lít-va[66]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Vilnius Vin-ni-út[67] Vilnius Lithuanian

Luxembourg

 Luxembourg Lục Xâm Bảo[68]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Luxembourg City Thành phố Lúc-xăm-bua Lëtzebuerg Luxembourgish

Malaysia

 Malaysia Mã Lai Tây Á, Ma-lai-xi-a
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bidong Island Hòn Rắn Pulau Bidong Malay
Kuala Lumpur Cát Long Pha Kuala Lumpur Malay
Penang Island Cù lao Cau Pulau Pinang Malay

Moldova

 Moldova Môn-đô-va[69]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Chisinau Ki-si-nhốp[70] Chișinău Moldovan

Mongolia

 Mongolia Mông Cổ[71]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Ulaanbaatar Ulan Bato[72] Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар) Mongolian Cyrillic
Ulaghanbaghator (ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ) Mongolian script

Montenegro

 Montenegro Môn-tê-nê-grô[73]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Podgorica Pốt-gô-ri-xa Podgorica (Подгорица) Montenegrin

Morocco

 Morocco Ma-rốc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Casablanca Bạch Ốc ad-Dār al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء) / Kazablanka (كازابلانكا) Arabic
Anfa (ⴰⵏⴼⴰ) Berber languages
Rabat Ra-bát ar-Rabat (الرباط) Arabic

Mexico

 Mexico Mễ Tây Cơ, Mễ Ti Cơ, Mê-hi-cô[74]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Mexico City Thành phố Mễ Tây Cơ, Mê-hi-cô Xi-ti[75] Ciudad de México Spanish

Myanmar

 Myanmar Mi-an-ma, Miến Điện,[76] Diến Điện
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Naypyidaw Nây-pi-tô[77] Nay Pyi Taw (နေပြည်တော်) Burmese
Yangon Ngưỡng Quang, Ragoon[78] Raankone (ရန်ကုန်) Burmese

Netherlands

 Netherlands Hà Lan, Hòa Lan, Hoa Lang
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Amsterdam Am Tước Đàm, Am-xtéc-đam[79] Amsterdam Dutch
Rotterdam Luật Tước Đàm Rotterdam Dutch
The Hague Hạc Phủ Den Haag Dutch

New Zealand

 New Zealand Tân Tây Lan, Niu Di-lân[80]
English name Vietnamese name Notes
Christchurch
Wellington Oen-ling-tơn[81]

North Korea

 North Korea Bắc Triều Tiên
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Pyongyang Bình Nhưỡng Phyŏngyang (평양) Korean
Hamhung Hàm Hưng Hamhǔng (함흥) Korean
Rason La Tiên Rasŏn (라선) Korean
Sinuiju Tân Nghĩa Châu Sinŭiju (신의주) Korean
Kaesong Khai Thành Kaesŏng (개성) Korean
Chongjin Thanh Tân Chŏngjin (청진) Korean
Nampo Nam Phổ Nampho (남포) Korean
Wonsan Nguyên Sơn Wŏnsan (원산) Korean

North Macedonia

 North Macedonia Bắc Macedonia[82]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Skopje Xcốp-pi-ê[83] Скопје (Skopje) Macedonian

Norway

 Norway Na Uy
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Oslo Ốt-xlô Oslo Norwegian

Pakistan

 Pakistan Pa-ki-xtan
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Islamabad I-xla-ma-bát[84] Islamabad (اسلام آباد) Urdu

Philippines

 Philippines Phi Luật Tân, Phi-líp-pin
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Manila Ma Ní Manila Tagalog
Luzon Lữ Tống Luzon Tagalog

Poland

 Poland Ba Lan
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Warsaw Vác-sa-va Warszawa Polish

Portugal

 Portugal Bồ Đào Nha
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Lisbon Lisboa Lisboa Portugal

Qatar

 Qatar Ca-ta

Romania

 Romania Ru-ma-ni[85]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bucharest Bu-ca-rét[86] București Romanian

Russia

 Russia Nga La Tư, Nga
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Kamchatka Cam-sát-ca Kamchatka (Камчатка) Russian
Moscow Mạc Tư Khoa, Mát-xcơ-va Moskva (Москва) Russian
Novosibirsk Nô-vô-xi-biếc Novosibirsk (Новосибирск) Russian
Saint Petersburg Bá Đa Phủ, Bỉ Đắc Sankt-Peterburg (Санкт-Петербург) Russian
Sevastopol Tô Bồ Lô[87] Sevastopol' (Севастополь) Russian
Vladivostok Hải Sâm Uy, Thắng Đông, Viễn Đông Vladivostok (Владивосток) Russian
Volgagrad Vôn-ga-grát Volgagrad (Волгоград) Russian

Saudi Arabia

 Saudi Arabia Ả Rập Xê Út
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Riyadh E-ri-át ar-Riyadh (لرياض) Standard Arabic

Singapore

 Singapore Xinh-ga-po, Tân Gia Ba

South Africa

 South Africa Nam Phi
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bloemfontein Blô-phông-ten[88] Bloemfontein English
Cape Town Hảo Vọng Giác, Kếp-tao[89] Cape Town English
Pretoria Pri-tơ-ri-a[90] Pretoria English

South Korea

 South Korea Đại Hàn, Nam Triều Tiên, Hàn Quốc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Busan Phủ Sơn Busan (부산) Korean
Chungju Trung Châu Chungju (충주) Korean
Daegu Đại Khâu Daegu (대구) Korean
Gangnam Giang Nam Gangnam (강남) Korean
Incheon Nhân Xuyên Inchŏn (인천) Korean
Jeju Tế Châu Jeju (제주) Korean
Seoul Hán Thành
Xơ-un 		Hansŏng (한성)
Sŏul (서울) 		Korean

Spain

 Spain Tây Ban Nha, Y Pha Nho
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Alicante A Li Căn[91] Alicante Spanish
Almansa An-ma-gia[92] Almansa Spanish
Barcelona Ba Xà Luân[93] Barcelona Spanish
Cadiz Ca-đích[94] Cádiz Spanish
Madrid Ma Địch Lí, Ma Lí,[95] Ma-đrít[96] Madrid Spanish
Menorca Mi-nô-ca[91] Menorca Spanish
Valencia Ba-linh-xa[94] València Spanish

Sri Lanka

 Sri Lanka Tích Lan, Sai Lăng,[97] Xri Lan-ca[98]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Colombo Kha Luân Bố, Cô-lôm-bô[99] Kolamba (කොළඹ) Sinhala
Koḻumpu (கொழும்பு) Tamil

Sweden

 Sweden Thụy Điển, Xu Y Đà[100]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Stockholm Tốc Hàm, Xtốc-khôm[101] Stockholm Swedish

Switzerland

  Switzerland Thụy Sĩ[102]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bern Bơn[103] Bern German
Bärn Alemannic German
Berne French
Berna Italian
Berna Romansch

Taiwan

 Taiwan Đài Loan
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Hualien Hoa Liên Huālián (花蓮) Mandarin
Kaohsiung Cao Hùng Gāoxióng (高雄) Mandarin
Keelung Cơ Long[104] Jīlóng (基隆) Mandarin
Taichung Đài Trung Táizhōng (台中 / 臺中) Mandarin
Tainan Đài Nam Táinán (台南 / 臺南) Mandarin
Taipei Đài Bắc Táiběi (台北 / 臺北) Mandarin
Taitung Đài Đông Táidōng (台东 / 臺東) Mandarin

Thailand

 Thailand Thái Lan
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Ayutthaya Thượng Thành Ayutthaya (อยุธยา) Thai
Bangkok Vọng Các, Băng Cốc Krung Thep (กรุงเทพ) Thai
Chanthaburi Chân Bôn Chanthaburi (จันทบุรี) Thai
Chiang Mai Chiêng Mài, Xương Mại Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) Thai
Chiang Rai Chiềng Rai Chiang Rai (เมืองเชียงราย) Thai
Chiềng Hai Jiang Hai Northern Thai
Ko Chang Dương Khảm Ko Chang (เกาะช้าง) Thai
Ko Kut Cổ Cốt Ko Kut (เกาะกูด) Thai
Lopburi La Hộc Lop Buri (ลพบุรี) Thai
Nakhon Phanom Na Khổng Phù Nam Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม) Thai
Nakhon Ratchasima Cổ Lạc Nakhon Ratchasima (นครราชสีมา) Thai
Nakhon Si Thammarat Na Khổng Tam Hoạt Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช) Thai
Nongkhai Mường Nông Nongkhai (หนองคาย) Thai
Pattani Tà Nê Pattani (ปัตตานี) Thai
Sukhothai Xụ-khổ-thay Sukhothai (สุโขทัย) Thai

Tunisia

 Tunisia Tuy-ni-di[105]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tunis Tuy-nít Tunis (تونس) Standard Arabic

Turkey

 Turkey Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ , Tu-ru-cô, Tu-ru-ky[106]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Ephesus Ê-phê-sô Efes Turkish
Istanbul Tân La Mã İstanbul Turkish

Ukraine

 Ukraine U-crai-na, Ukraina
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Kyiv Ki-ép Kyiv (Київ) Ukrainian

United Arab Emirates

 United Arab Emirates Các Tiểu vương quốc Ả Rập Thống nhất
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Abu Dhabi ʼAbū Ẓaby Abu Dhabi (أبوظبي) Arabic
Dubai Đu-bai Dubey (دبيّ) Arabic

United Kingdom

 United Kingdom Đại Anh, Anh Cát Lợi, Anh, Anh Quốc, Vương quốc Anh, Liên hiệp Anh
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Edinburgh Ê-đin-brơ Edinburgh English
Scots
England Anh Cát Lợi, Hồng Mao England English
Northern Ireland Bắc Ái Nhĩ Lan Northern Ireland English
London Luân Đôn, Long-đôn London English
Scotland Tô Cách Lan, Y Cốt, Xcốt-len, Scôtlen[107] Scotland English
Wales Uy Nhĩ Sĩ, Huệ Châu, xứ Gan, xứ Wales Wales English

United States

 United States Á Mĩ Lợi Gia, Mỹ, Hoa Kỳ
English name Vietnamese name Notes
Arlington, VA Ái Linh Tân
Arlington, TX
Baltimore Bạt Đế Mỗ
Boston Bật Tân
California Ca-li
Harlem Hắc Lem
Hawaii Hạ Uy Di
Hollywood Hoa Lệ Ước, Hồ Ly Vọng
Honolulu Hòn Lau
Los Angeles Lốt, Lộc Án Gia Lê
Manhattan Mã Nhật Tân[108]
New Orleans Ngọc Lân,[109] Tân Linh
New York Nữu Ước, Tiểu bang New York[110]
New York City Thành phố New York
North Carolina Bắc Carolina
North Dakota Bắc Dakota
Orange County Quận Cam
Philadelphia Huynh Đệ thành
San Francisco Cựu Kim Sơn, Xăng Phăng, Phàn thành
Seven Corners Ngã Bảy[111]
South Carolina Nam Carolina
South Dakota Nam Dakota
Washington Hoa Thịnh Đốn, Hoa Sinh Tân
Washington, D.C. Oa-xinh-tơn
West Virginia Tây Virginia

The most common name for America in Vietnamese, Hoa Kỳ, means "Flower Flag" in Vietnamese, in reference to the United States' flag.

Other

English name Vietnamese name Notes
Alps Ân Lô Bi,[37] An-pơ, dãy Anpơ
Aral Sea Hàm Hải, Biển Aral
Atlantic Ocean Đại Tây
Dead Sea Biển Chết
East China Sea Biển Hoa Đông
Euphrates Uông Phát, Ơ-phơ-rát, sông Euphrates
Mount Everest đỉnh Everest
Himalayas Hi Mã Lạp Sơn, dãy Himalaya
Indian Ocean Ấn Độ Dương
Indus River Sông Ấn (Độ)
Issyk-Kul Nhiệt Hải, hồ Issyk-Kul
Mediterranean Sea (Biển) Địa Trung Hải
Mekong River Mê Kông, Cửu Long
Nile River Sông Nin, sông Nhĩ Lô
Pacific Ocean Thái Bình Dương
Palestine Ba-lạc-đĩnh, vùng Palestine
Persian Gulf Vịnh Ba Tư
Red Sea Xích hải, Hồng Hải, Biển Đỏ
Rocky Mountains Thạch Sơn, dãy núi Rocky
Sahara Desert Sa mạc Lớn, Sa mạc Sahara
Sea of Japan Biển Nhật Bản
See also: Sea of Japan naming dispute
Sunda Strait Cửa Song Đề,[112] eo biển Sunda
South China Sea Hoa Nam hải, Đông hải (from East Sea), Biển Đông
Tigris Tích Giang, Ti-gơ-rơ, Tigrơ, sông Tigris
Baltic Sea Ba La Đích hải, biển Baltic

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  • Lữ-y Đoan. Sấm truyền ca Genesia. Montréal: Tập san Y sĩ, 2000.
  • Phạm Phú Thứ. Nhật ký đi Tây. HCM: Đà Nẵng, 1999.

See also

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