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[[File:Omega-Point-Multiverse.png|thumb|Frank J. Tipler's multiverse theory]]
[[File:Omega-Point-Multiverse.png|thumb|Frank J. Tipler's multiverse theory]]


Mathematical physicist [[Frank J. Tipler|Frank Tipler]] generalized<ref>Tipler, Frank J. "The omega point as eschaton: Answers to Pannenberg's questions for scientists." [[Zygon (journal)]] 24.2 (1989): 217–253. "Needless to say, the terminology is Teilhard de Chardin's..."</ref> Teilhard's term ''Omega Point'' to describe what he alleges is the [[ultimate fate of the universe]] as required by the [[laws of physics]]: roughly, Tipler argues that quantum mechanics is inconsistent unless the future of every point in spacetime contains an intelligent observer to collapse the wavefunction and that the only way for this to happen is if the Universe is closed (that is, it will collapse to a single point) and yet contains observers with a "God-like" ability to perform an unbounded series of observations in finite time.<ref name="ellis1994">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=George Francis Rayner |author-link=George Francis Rayner Ellis |date=1994 |title=Piety in the Sky |url=http://impleri.net/files/ellis.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=371 |issue=6493 |page=115 |bibcode=1994Natur.371..115E |doi=10.1038/371115a0 |s2cid=36282720 |quote=It is a masterpiece of pseudoscience |access-date=2018-04-03 |archive-date=2012-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105111212/http://impleri.net/files/ellis.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tipler's conception of the Omega Point is widely regarded as pseudoscience by mainstream science.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krauss |first=Lawrence |date=May 2007 |title=More dangerous than nonsense |pages=53 |journal=[[New Scientist]] |volume=194 |issue=2603 |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(07)61199-3 |quote=I am tempted to describe Tipler's new book as nonsense—but that would be unfair to the concept of nonsense.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2008 |title=The Strange Case of Frank Jennings Tipler |work=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |url=http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_strange_case_of_frank_jennings_tipler |access-date=21 September 2016 |quote=I began to wonder if the book could be a subtle, hilarious hoax. Sadly, it is not. |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805091339/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_strange_case_of_frank_jennings_tipler |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Mathematical physicist [[Frank J. Tipler|Frank Tipler]] generalized<ref>Tipler, Frank J. "The omega point as eschaton: Answers to Pannenberg's questions for scientists." [[Zygon (journal)]] 24.2 (1989): 217–253. "Needless to say, the terminology is Teilhard de Chardin's..."</ref> Teilhard's term ''Omega Point'' to describe what he alleges is the [[ultimate fate of the universe]] as required by the [[laws of physics]]: roughly, Tipler argues that quantum mechanics is inconsistent unless the future of every point in spacetime contains an intelligent observer to collapse the wavefunction and that the only way for this to happen is if the Universe is closed (that is, it will collapse to a single point) and yet contains observers with a "God-like" ability to perform an unbounded series of observations in finite time.<ref name="ellis1994">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=George Francis Rayner |author-link=George Francis Rayner Ellis |date=1994 |title=Piety in the Sky |url=http://impleri.net/files/ellis.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=371 |issue=6493 |page=115 |bibcode=1994Natur.371..115E |doi=10.1038/371115a0 |s2cid=36282720 |quote=It is a masterpiece of pseudoscience |access-date=2018-04-03 |archive-date=2012-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105111212/http://impleri.net/files/ellis.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tipler's conception of the Omega Point is widely regarded as pseudoscience by mainstream science.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krauss |first=Lawrence |date=May 2007 |title=More dangerous than nonsense |pages=53 |journal=[[New Scientist]] |volume=194 |issue=2603 |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(07)61199-3 |quote=I am tempted to describe Tipler's new book as nonsense—but that would be unfair to the concept of nonsense.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2008 |title=The Strange Case of Frank Jennings Tipler |work=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |url=http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_strange_case_of_frank_jennings_tipler |access-date=21 September 2016 |quote=I began to wonder if the book could be a subtle, hilarious hoax. Sadly, it is not. |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805091339/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_strange_case_of_frank_jennings_tipler |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Better source needed|date=August 2023}}


==Theological controversy==
==Theological controversy==

Revision as of 22:42, 26 August 2023

For other uses, see Omega Point (disambiguation).

The Omega Point is a theorized future event in which the entirety of the universe spirals toward a final point of unification. The term was invented by the French Jesuit Catholic priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955).[1] Teilhard argued that the Omega Point resembles the Christian Logos, namely Christ, who draws all things into himself, who in the words of the Nicene Creed, is "God from God", "Light from Light", "True God from True God", and "through him all things were made".[2] In the Book of Revelation, Christ describes himself thrice as "the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end". Several decades after Teilhard's death, the idea of the Omega Point was expanded upon in the writings of John David Garcia (1971), Paolo Soleri (1981), Frank Tipler (1994), and David Deutsch (1997).[3][4][5]

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's theory

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, 1947

Etymology

Teilhard de Chardin was a paleontologist and Roman Catholic priest in the Jesuit order. In France in the 1920s, he began incorporating his theories of the universe into lectures that placed Catholicism and evolution in the same conversation. Because of these lectures, he was suspected by the Holy Office of denying the doctrine of original sin. This caused Teilhard to be exiled to China and banned from publication by Church authorities.[6] It was not until one year after his death in 1955 that his writings were published for the world to read. His works were also supported by the writings of a group of Catholic thinkers, which includes Pope Benedict XVI.[6] His book The Phenomenon of Man has been dissected by astrophysicists and cosmologists, and is now viewed as a work positing a theological or philosophical theory that cannot be scientifically proven. Teilhard, who was not a cosmologist, opens his books with the statement:

... if this book is to be properly understood, it must be read not as a work on metaphysics, still less as a sort of theological essay, but purely and simply as a scientific treatise.[7]

Evolution

According to Teilhard, evolution does not end with mankind, and Earth's biosphere evolved before humans existed. He described evolution as a progression that begins with inanimate matter to a future state of Divine consciousness through Earth's "hominization".[8] He also maintained that one-cell organisms develop into metazoans or animals, but some of the members of this classification develop organisms with complex nervous systems. This group has the capability to acquire intelligence. When Homo sapiens inhabited Earth through evolution, a noosphere, the cognitive layer of existence, was created. As evolution continues, the noosphere gains coherence. Teilhard explained that this noosphere can be moved toward or constructed to be the Omega Point or the final evolutionary stage with the help of science.[9] Teilhard refers to this process as "planetization." Eventually, the noosphere gains total dominance over the biosphere and reaches a point of complete independence from tangential energy forming a metaphysical being, called the Omega Point.[10]

Energy

Energy exists in two basic modes:

  1. "Tangential Energy": energy that can be measured by physics.
  2. "Radial Energy": spiritual energy which accumulates into a higher state as time progresses.

Teilhard defines Radial Energy as becoming more concentrated and available as it is a critical element in man's evolution. The theory applies to all forms of matter, concluding that everything with existence has some sort of life. In regard to Teilhard's The Phenomenon of Man, Peter Medawar wrote, "Teilhard's radial, spiritual, or psychic energy may be equated to 'information' or 'information content' in the sense that has been made reasonably precise by communication engineers."[11]

Formal properties

Teilhard's theory is based on four "properties":

  1. Humans will escape the heat death of the universe. Current scientific understanding is that that intelligence cannot survive heat death.[10] He theorizes that since radial energy is non-compliant with entropy, it escapes the collapses of forces at world's end.
  2. The Omega Point does not exist within the timeline of the universe, it occurs at the exact edge of the end of time. From that point, all sequences of existence are sucked into its being.
  3. The Omega Point can be understood as a volume shaped like a cone in which each section, taken from the base to its summit, decreases until it diminishes into a final point.
  4. The volume described in the Third Property must be understood as an entity with finite boundaries. Teilhard explains:

... what would have become of humanity, if, by some remote chance, it had been free to spread indefinitely on an unlimited surface, that is to say, left only to the devices of its internal affinities? Something unimaginable. ... Perhaps even nothing at all, when we think of the extreme importance of the role played in its development by the forces of compression.[12]

Forces of compression

Teilhard calls the contributing universal energy that generates the Omega Point "forces of compression". Unlike the scientific definition, which incorporates gravity and mass, Teilhard's forces of compression are sourced from communication and contact between human beings. This value is limitless and directly correlated with entropy. It suggests that as humans continue to interact, consciousness evolves and grows. For the theory to occur, humans must also be bound to the finite earth. The creation of this boundary forces the world's convergence upon itself which he theorizes to result in time ending in communion with the Omega Point-God. This portion of Teilhard's thinking shows his lack of expectation for humans to engage in space travel and transcend the bounds of Earth.[10]

The Omega Point cosmology

Main article: Frank J. Tipler § The Omega Point cosmology
Frank J. Tipler's multiverse theory

Mathematical physicist Frank Tipler generalized[13] Teilhard's term Omega Point to describe what he alleges is the ultimate fate of the universe as required by the laws of physics: roughly, Tipler argues that quantum mechanics is inconsistent unless the future of every point in spacetime contains an intelligent observer to collapse the wavefunction and that the only way for this to happen is if the Universe is closed (that is, it will collapse to a single point) and yet contains observers with a "God-like" ability to perform an unbounded series of observations in finite time.[14] Tipler's conception of the Omega Point is widely regarded as pseudoscience by mainstream science.[15][16] [better source needed]

Theological controversy

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's life (1881–1955) was bracketed by the First Vatican Council (1869) and the Second Vatican Council (1965). He was born 20 years after the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species; soon after, the claims of scientific theories and those of traditional theological teachings became of great interest to the Vatican.[17]

In 1946, Pope Pius XII stated his concern about the theory of evolution, albeit without condemning it:

If such a doctrine were to be spread, what will become of the unchangeable Catholic dogmas, what of the unity and the stability of the Creed?[18]

Teilhard's theory was a personal attempt in creating a new Christianity in which science and theology coexist[citation needed]. The outcome was that his theory of the Omega Point was not perfectly scientific as examined by physicists, and not perfectly Christian either. By 1962, The Society of Jesus had strayed from Spanish Jesuit Priest Francisco Suarez's philosophies on Man in favor of "Teilhardian evolutionary cosmogenesis." Teilhard's Christ is the "Cosmic Christ" or the "Omega" of revelation. He is an emanation of God which is made of matter and experienced the nature of evolution by being born into this world and dying. His resurrection from the dead was not to heaven, but to the noosphere, the area of convergence of all spirituality and spiritual beings, where Christ will be waiting at the end of time. When the earth reaches its Omega Point, everything that exists will become one with divinity.[19]

Teilhard reaffirmed the role of the Church in the following letter to Auguste Valensin. It is important to note that he defines evolution as a scientific phenomenon set in motion by God – that science and the divine are interconnected and acting through one another:

I believe in the Church, mediatrix between God and the world[.] ... The Church, the reflectively christified portion of the world, the Church, the principal focus of inter-human affinities through super-charity, the Church, the central axis of universal convergence and the precise point of contact between the universe and Omega Point. ... The Catholic Church, however, must not simply seek to affirm its primacy and authority but quite simply to present the world with the Universal Christ, Christ in human-cosmic dimension, as the animator of evolution.[20]

Accelerating expansion of the universe

Main article: Accelerating expansion of the universe

In 1998, a value measured from observations of Type Ia supernovae seemed to indicate that what was once assumed to be temporary cosmological expansion was actually accelerating.[21] The apparent acceleration has caused further dismissal of the validity of Tipler's Omega Point, since the necessity of a final big crunch singularity is key to the Omega Point's workability. However, Tipler believes that the Omega Point is still workable, explaining why a big crunch/ final singularity is still required under many current universal models.[22][23]

Technological singularity

The technological singularity is the hypothetical advent of artificial general intelligence becoming capable of recursive self-improvement, resulting in an irreversible machine intelligence explosion, with unknown impact on humanity.[24] Eric Steinhart, a proponent of "Christian transhumanism," argues there is a significant overlap of ideas between the secular singularity and Teilhard's religious Omega Point.[3] Steinhart quotes Ray Kurzweil, who stated that "evolution moves inexorably toward our conception of God, albeit never reaching this ideal."[3][25] Like Kurzweil, Teilhard predicted a period of rapid technological change that results in a merger of humanity and technology. He believes that this marks the birth of the noosphere and the emergence of the "spirit of the Earth," but the Teilhardian Singularity comes later. Unlike Kurzweil, Teilhard's singularity is marked by the evolution of human intelligence reaching a critical point in which humans ascend from "transhuman" to "posthuman." He identifies this with the Christian "parousia."[3]

See also: Apollo 440#Omega Point

The Spanish painter Salvador Dalí was familiar with Teilhard de Chardin's Omega Point theory. His 1959 painting The Ecumenical Council is said to represent the "interconnectedness" of the Omega Point.[26] Point Omega by Don DeLillo takes its name from the theory and involves a character who is studying Teilhard de Chardin.[27] Flannery O'Connor's acclaimed collection of short stories taps the Omega Point theory in its title, Everything That Rises Must Converge, and science fiction writer Frederik Pohl references Frank Tipler and the Omega Point in his 1998 short story "The Siege of Eternity".[28] Scottish writer / counterculture figure Grant Morrison has used the Omega Point as a plot line in several of his Justice League of America and Batman stories.[29][30][31]

Arthur C. Clarke and Stephen Baxter's The Light of Other Days references Teilhard de Chardin and includes a brief explanation of the Omega Point.[32] Italian writer Valerio Evangelisti has used the Omega Point as main theme of his Il Fantasma di Eymerich novel.[33] In William Peter Blatty's novel The Exorcist, the character of Father Merrin references Omega Point. In 2021, Dutch symphonic metal band Epica released their eighth studio album, Omega, which features concepts related to the Omega Point theory. Epica's guitarist and vocalist, Mark Jansen, specifically referenced Teilhard's theory when describing the album's concept.[34]

See also

Related concepts:

Related people:

References

  1. ^ Castillo, Mauricio (March 2012). "The Omega Point and Beyond: The Singularity Event" (PDF). American Journal of Neuroradiology. 33 (3): 393–395. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2664. PMC 7966419. PMID 21903920. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  2. ^ Hickey, Michael (2016-03-07). Get to the End: A Catholic's View of the End Times. London: UPA. p. 104. ISBN 9780761867333.
  3. ^ a b c d Steinhart, Eric (2008). "Teilhard de Chardin and Transhumanism". Journal of Evolution and Technology. 20 (1): 1–22. ISSN 1541-0099. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
  4. ^ Green, Ronald (2012). "Challenging Transhumanism's Values". Hastings Center Report. 43 (4): 45–47. doi:10.1002/hast.195.
  5. ^ Lilley, Stephen (2013). "Transcend or Transgress?". Transhumanism and Society. Springer Briefs in Philosophy. pp. 13–24. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4981-8_2. ISBN 978-94-007-4980-1. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  6. ^ a b Bryant, M. Darrol (2018-04-20). Out of Galilee: Christian Thought as a Great Conversation. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 300. ISBN 9781532638497.
  7. ^ Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (2008). The Phenomenon of Man. Translated by Wall, Bernard. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Thought. p. 29. ISBN 978-0061632655.
  8. ^ Livingstone, David (2013). Black Terror White Soldiers: Islam, Fascism & the New Age. Sabilillah Publications. p. 451. ISBN 9781481226509.
  9. ^ Feist, Richard; Sweet, William (2013). Religion and the Challenges of Science. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 66. ISBN 9781409477624.
  10. ^ a b c Tipler, Frank J. (1994). The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God, and the Resurrection of the Dead (1st Anchor Books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. pp. 111, 113, 115. ISBN 978-0385467995.
  11. ^ Medawar, Sir Peter. "The Phenomenon of Man". bactra.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  12. ^ Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (2008). The phenomenon of man. Translated by Wall, Bernard (1st ed.). New York: Harper Perennial Modern Thought. p. 239. ISBN 978-0061632655.
  13. ^ Tipler, Frank J. "The omega point as eschaton: Answers to Pannenberg's questions for scientists." Zygon (journal) 24.2 (1989): 217–253. "Needless to say, the terminology is Teilhard de Chardin's..."
  14. ^ Ellis, George Francis Rayner (1994). "Piety in the Sky" (PDF). Nature. 371 (6493): 115. Bibcode:1994Natur.371..115E. doi:10.1038/371115a0. S2CID 36282720. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2018-04-03. It is a masterpiece of pseudoscience
  15. ^ Krauss, Lawrence (May 2007). "More dangerous than nonsense". New Scientist. 194 (2603): 53. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(07)61199-3. I am tempted to describe Tipler's new book as nonsense—but that would be unfair to the concept of nonsense.
  16. ^ "The Strange Case of Frank Jennings Tipler". Skeptical Inquirer. 2008. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2016. I began to wonder if the book could be a subtle, hilarious hoax. Sadly, it is not.
  17. ^ Trennert-Helwig, Mathias (March 1995). "The Church as the Axis of Convergence in Teilhard's Theology and Life". Zygon. 30: 73–89. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.1995.tb00052.x.
  18. ^ "6 "Si talis opinio amplectanda esse videatur, quidfiet de numquam immutandis catholias dogmatibus, quid de fidei unitale et stabuliat". L'Osservatore Romano. 19 September 1946.
  19. ^ Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (1 January 1968). Science and Christ. Collins.
  20. ^ Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (1948). "My Fundamental Vision". XI: 191–192. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. ^ Palmer, Jason (4 October 2011). "Nobel physics prize honours accelerating Universe find". BBC News.
  22. ^ Prisco, Giulio (26 September 2012). "Interview with Frank J. Tipler (Nov. 2002)". Turing Church. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  23. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: White Gardenia interview with Frank Tipler. December 2015.
  24. ^ Chalmers, David. "The singularity: A philosophical analysis." Journal of Consciousness Studies 17.9-10 (2010): 7-65.
  25. ^ Kurzweil, Ray (2005). The Singularity is Near. New York: Viking Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03384-3., p. 476; see also pp. 375, 389-390
  26. ^ "VCE Art: The Ecumenical Council" (PDF). National Gallery of Victoria Educational Resource.
  27. ^ DeLillo, Don (2010). Point Omega. Scribner.
  28. ^ Pohl, Frederik (1998). The Siege of Eternity. Tor Science Fiction. ISBN 978-0812577662.
  29. ^ Morrison, Grant. Sample page from Batman: The Return of Bruce Wayne #2 (June 2010). DC Comics.
  30. ^ Morrison, Grant. Sample page from JLA Volume 3: "The Rock of Ages".
  31. ^ Morrison, Grant. Sample page from Batman: The Return of Bruce Wayne #6 (November 2010). DC Comics.
  32. ^ Clarke, Arthur C. (2001). The Light of Other Days. Tom Doherty Associates. p. 331. ISBN 978-0-812-57640-5.
  33. ^ Evangelisti, Valerio (2018). Il Fantasma di Eymerich. Mondadori. ISBN 978-8804702245.
  34. ^ Jansen, Mark, Epica's VLOG from the Omega recording sessions.
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