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In early 1985, antigovernment discontent resulted in a [[1985 Sudanese Revolution|general strike]] in [[Khartoum]]. Demonstrators opposed rising food, gasoline, and transport costs. The general strike paralysed the country. Nimeiri, who was on a visit to the United States, was unable to suppress the rapidly growing demonstrations against his regime which lead to the [[1985 Sudanese coup d'état|1985 coup d’état]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sudan - National Reconciliation |url=https://countrystudies.us/sudan/26.htm |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=countrystudies.us}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>
In early 1985, antigovernment discontent resulted in a [[1985 Sudanese Revolution|general strike]] in [[Khartoum]]. Demonstrators opposed rising food, gasoline, and transport costs. The general strike paralysed the country. Nimeiri, who was on a visit to the United States, was unable to suppress the rapidly growing demonstrations against his regime which lead to the [[1985 Sudanese coup d'état|1985 coup d’état]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sudan - National Reconciliation |url=https://countrystudies.us/sudan/26.htm |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=countrystudies.us}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>


https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:273412/FULLTEXT02.pdf
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-26 |title=الصادق المهدي وسياسة الإمساك بالعصا من النصف |url=https://www.independentarabia.com/node/114996/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=اندبندنت عربية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=هدهود |first=محمود |date=2019-04-15 |title=تاريخ الحركة الإسلامية في السودان |url=https://www.ida2at.com/history-islamic-movement-sudan/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=إضاءات |language=ar}}</ref>

https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-occasional-papers/OP2-Sudan-what-kind-of-state-what-kind-of-crisis.pdf

https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/51d3d28c4.pdf<nowiki/>https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmintdev/uc67-i/uc67m15.htm

<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-26 |title=الصادق المهدي وسياسة الإمساك بالعصا من النصف |url=https://www.independentarabia.com/node/114996/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=اندبندنت عربية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=هدهود |first=محمود |date=2019-04-15 |title=تاريخ الحركة الإسلامية في السودان |url=https://www.ida2at.com/history-islamic-movement-sudan/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=إضاءات |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Voll |first=John O. |date=1981 |title=Reconciliation in the Sudan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45315054 |journal=Current History |volume=80 |issue=470 |pages=422–448 |issn=0011-3530}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan: What kind of state? What kind of crisis? |url=https://www.gov.uk/research-for-development-outputs/sudan-what-kind-of-state-what-kind-of-crisis |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SUDAN: THE NUMAYRI REGIME--ORIENTATION AND PROSPECTS {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80t00634a000400010013-8 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1978-01-01 |title=1977-78 Attempts at National Reconciliation - Mohamed Beshir Hamid |url=https://mbhamid.com/707/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2013-03-11 |title=Sudan: on nostalgia and wars |url=https://sudantribune.com/article44968/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A complex web: Politics and conflict in Sudan {{!}} Conciliation Resources |url=https://www.c-r.org/accord/sudan/complex-web-politics-and-conflict-sudan |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=www.c-r.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Virginia |first=Hashim, Mohamed, Religious Studies - Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of |title=Religious Politics and State Power: Religion in Sudan during War and Peace |url=https://libraetd.lib.virginia.edu/public_view/4q77fs06x |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=libraetd.lib.virginia.edu}}</ref>

https://www.google.com/search?q=1977+%22National+Reconciliation%22+Sudan+-wikipedia&sca_esv=560734445&sxsrf=AB5stBgDzYAyhkdA126f0EQNBabb6Xitqg%3A1693252065662&ei=4fnsZIaJKKTBhbIPhaGk8Ac&oq=1977+%22National+Reconciliation%22+Sudan+-wikipedia&gs_lp=EhNtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1zZXJwIi8xOTc3ICJOYXRpb25hbCBSZWNvbmNpbGlhdGlvbiIgU3VkYW4gLXdpa2lwZWRpYUirJ1DbFFiFIXAAeACQAQCYAWOgAc4DqgEBNrgBA8gBAPgBAeIDBBgBIEGIBgE&sclient=mobile-gws-wiz-serp#ip=1


[[Hassan al-Turabi]], an Islamist leader who had been imprisoned and then exiled after the May Revolution, was invited back and became [[Justice Minister of Sudan|Justice Minister]] and [[Attorney General of Sudan|Attorney General]] in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan - National Reconciliation |url=https://countrystudies.us/sudan/26.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529153009/https://countrystudies.us/sudan/26.htm |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> Relations between [[Khartoum]] and the [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–1983)|South Sudan]]<nowiki/>leadership worsened after the National Reconciliation due to the shift to [[Sharia law]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Warburg |first=Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiGPWGvlnpIC&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA167 |title=Islam, Sectarianism and Politics in Sudan Since the Mahdiyya |date=2003 |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=978-1-85065-588-6 |language=en}}</ref> and adopting Arabic as the country official language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warburg |first=Gabriel R. |date=1990 |title=The Sharia in Sudan: Implementation and Repercussions, 1983-1989 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328194 |url-status=live |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=624–637 |issn=0026-3141 |jstor=4328194 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213030201/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328194 |archive-date=2022-12-13 |access-date=2023-07-21}}</ref> The National Reconciliation itself came to a premature end in light of disagreements between the opposition and Nimeiry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan - National Reconciliation |url=https://countrystudies.us/sudan/26.htm |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref>
[[Hassan al-Turabi]], an Islamist leader who had been imprisoned and then exiled after the May Revolution, was invited back and became [[Justice Minister of Sudan|Justice Minister]] and [[Attorney General of Sudan|Attorney General]] in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan - National Reconciliation |url=https://countrystudies.us/sudan/26.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529153009/https://countrystudies.us/sudan/26.htm |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> Relations between [[Khartoum]] and the [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–1983)|South Sudan]]<nowiki/>leadership worsened after the National Reconciliation due to the shift to [[Sharia law]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Warburg |first=Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiGPWGvlnpIC&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA167 |title=Islam, Sectarianism and Politics in Sudan Since the Mahdiyya |date=2003 |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=978-1-85065-588-6 |language=en}}</ref> and adopting Arabic as the country official language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warburg |first=Gabriel R. |date=1990 |title=The Sharia in Sudan: Implementation and Repercussions, 1983-1989 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328194 |url-status=live |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=624–637 |issn=0026-3141 |jstor=4328194 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213030201/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328194 |archive-date=2022-12-13 |access-date=2023-07-21}}</ref> The National Reconciliation itself came to a premature end in light of disagreements between the opposition and Nimeiry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan - National Reconciliation |url=https://countrystudies.us/sudan/26.htm |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref>

Revision as of 20:18, 28 August 2023

Sadiq al-Mahdi sworn into the government after the 1977 National Reconciliation

Following the 1976 coup attempt, Jaafar Nimeiri and his opponents adopted more conciliatory policies. In early 1977, government officials met with the National Front in London, and arranged for a conference between Nimeiri and Sadiq al Mahdi in Port Sudan. In what became known as the "national reconciliation," the two leaders signed an eight-point agreement that readmitted the opposition to national life in return for the dissolution of the National Front. The agreement also restored civil liberties, freed political prisoners, reaffirmed Sudan's nonaligned foreign policy, and promised to reform local government. As a result of the reconciliation, the government released about 1,000 detainees and granted an amnesty to Sadiq al Mahdi. The Sudanese Socialist Union (SSU) also admitted former supporters of the National Front to its ranks. Sadiq renounced multiparty politics and urged his followers to work within the regime's one-party system.[1]

The first test of national reconciliation occurred during the February 1978 People's Assembly elections. Nimeiri authorised returning exiles who had been associated with the old Umma Party, the Democratic Unionist Party, and the Muslim Brotherhood to stand for election as independent candidates. These independents won 140 of 304 seats, leading many observers to applaud Nimeiri's efforts to democratise Sudan's political system. However, the People's Assembly elections marked the beginning of further political decline. The SSU's failure to sponsor official candidates weakened party discipline and prompted many assembly deputies who also were SSU members to claim that the party had betrayed them. As a result, an increasing number of assembly deputies used their offices to advance personal rather than national interests.[1]

The end of the SSU's political monopoly, coupled with rampant corruption at all levels of government, cast increasing doubt on Nimeiri's ability to govern Sudan. To preserve his regime, Nimeiri adopted a more dictatorial leadership style. He ordered the State Security Organisation to imprison without trial thousands of opponents and dissidents. Nimeiri also dismissed or transferred any minister or senior military officer who appeared to be developing their own power base. Nimeiri selected replacements based on their loyalty to him rather than on their abilities. This strategy caused the president to lose touch with popular feeling and the country's deteriorated political situation.[1]

On 5 June 1983, Nimeiri sought to counter the south's growing political power by redividing the Southern Region into the three old provinces of Bahr al Ghazal, Al Istiwai, and Aali an Nil; he had suspended the Southern Regional Assembly almost two years earlier. The southern-based Sudanese People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and its military wing, the Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA), which emerged in mid-1983, unsuccessfully opposed this redivision and called for the creation of a new united Sudan.[1]

Within a few months, in September 1983 Nimeiri proclaimed the sharia as the basis of the Sudanese legal system. Nimeiri's decrees, which became known as the September Laws, were bitterly resented both by secularized Muslims and by the predominantly non-Muslim southerners. The SPLM denounced the sharia and the executions and amputations ordered by religious courts. Meanwhile, the security situation in the south had deteriorated so much that by the end of 1983 it amounted to a resumption of the civil war.[1]

In early 1985, antigovernment discontent resulted in a general strike in Khartoum. Demonstrators opposed rising food, gasoline, and transport costs. The general strike paralysed the country. Nimeiri, who was on a visit to the United States, was unable to suppress the rapidly growing demonstrations against his regime which lead to the 1985 coup d’état.[1]

https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:273412/FULLTEXT02.pdf

https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-occasional-papers/OP2-Sudan-what-kind-of-state-what-kind-of-crisis.pdf

https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/51d3d28c4.pdfhttps://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmintdev/uc67-i/uc67m15.htm

[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

https://www.google.com/search?q=1977+%22National+Reconciliation%22+Sudan+-wikipedia&sca_esv=560734445&sxsrf=AB5stBgDzYAyhkdA126f0EQNBabb6Xitqg%3A1693252065662&ei=4fnsZIaJKKTBhbIPhaGk8Ac&oq=1977+%22National+Reconciliation%22+Sudan+-wikipedia&gs_lp=EhNtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1zZXJwIi8xOTc3ICJOYXRpb25hbCBSZWNvbmNpbGlhdGlvbiIgU3VkYW4gLXdpa2lwZWRpYUirJ1DbFFiFIXAAeACQAQCYAWOgAc4DqgEBNrgBA8gBAPgBAeIDBBgBIEGIBgE&sclient=mobile-gws-wiz-serp#ip=1

Hassan al-Turabi, an Islamist leader who had been imprisoned and then exiled after the May Revolution, was invited back and became Justice Minister and Attorney General in 1979.[11] Relations between Khartoum and the South Sudanleadership worsened after the National Reconciliation due to the shift to Sharia law,[12] and adopting Arabic as the country official language.[13] The National Reconciliation itself came to a premature end in light of disagreements between the opposition and Nimeiry.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Sudan - National Reconciliation". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2023-08-28.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ "الصادق المهدي وسياسة الإمساك بالعصا من النصف". اندبندنت عربية (in Arabic). 2020-04-26. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  3. ^ هدهود, محمود (2019-04-15). "تاريخ الحركة الإسلامية في السودان". إضاءات (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  4. ^ Voll, John O. (1981). "Reconciliation in the Sudan". Current History. 80 (470): 422–448. ISSN 0011-3530.
  5. ^ "Sudan: What kind of state? What kind of crisis?". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  6. ^ "SUDAN: THE NUMAYRI REGIME--ORIENTATION AND PROSPECTS | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  7. ^ "1977-78 Attempts at National Reconciliation - Mohamed Beshir Hamid". 1978-01-01. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  8. ^ SudanTribune (2013-03-11). "Sudan: on nostalgia and wars". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  9. ^ "A complex web: Politics and conflict in Sudan | Conciliation Resources". www.c-r.org. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  10. ^ Virginia, Hashim, Mohamed, Religious Studies - Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of. "Religious Politics and State Power: Religion in Sudan during War and Peace". libraetd.lib.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Sudan - National Reconciliation". countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 2023-05-29. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
  12. ^ Warburg, Gabriel (2003). Islam, Sectarianism and Politics in Sudan Since the Mahdiyya. Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-85065-588-6.
  13. ^ Warburg, Gabriel R. (1990). "The Sharia in Sudan: Implementation and Repercussions, 1983-1989". Middle East Journal. 44 (4): 624–637. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4328194. Archived from the original on 2022-12-13. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
  14. ^ "Sudan - National Reconciliation". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
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