Sultan bin Bajad al-Otaybi: Difference between revisions
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'''Sultan bin Bajad bin Hameed al-'Utaybi''' ({{lang-ar|سلطان بن بجاد بن حميد العتيبي}} ''Sulṭan ibn Bajad ibn Ḥamīd Al ʿOtaibī''; 1876 – 1932) was a member of the [[Otaibah]] tribe and |
'''Sultan bin Bajad bin Hameed al-'Utaybi''' ({{lang-ar|سلطان بن بجاد بن حميد العتيبي}} ''Sulṭan ibn Bajad ibn Ḥamīd Al ʿOtaibī''; 1876 – 1932) was a member of the [[Otaibah]] tribe and a prominent figure in the [[Ikhwan]] movement in the Arabian Peninsula. This tribal army supported [[King Abdulaziz]] in his [[unification of Saudi Arabia|efforts to unify Saudi Arabia]] between 1910 and 1927. |
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Although illiterate, al-Otaybi was deeply religious and strongly adhered to [[Salafi]] principles. However, conflicts arose after the occupation of the [[Hijaz]] when King Abdulaziz engaged in [[Ikhwan revolt|violent clashes]] with other Ikhwan leaders such as [[Faisal al-Duwaish|Faisal Al Duwaish]] and [[Dhaydan bin Hithlain]]. Abdulaziz wanted to curb incursions outside Arabia and concentrate on building the foundations of a modern state, which al-Otaybi and his associates considered sinful.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Talal Sha'yfan Muslat Al Azma' |title=The Role of the Ikhwan under 'Abdul Aziz Al Sa'ud 1916-1934 |url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/108650 |location=[[University of Durham]] |degree=PhD |date=July 1999 |page=213}}</ref> |
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Contrary to the king's agreements with the [[United Kingdom|British]] and neighboring powers, al-Otaybi openly rebelled against the Al Saud forces and participated in the [[Battle of Sabilla]].<ref name="kak">{{cite thesis|author=Khalid Abdullah Krairi |
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|title=John Philby and his political roles in the Arabian Peninsula, 1917-1953|location=[[University of Birmingham]]|degree=PhD |
|title=John Philby and his political roles in the Arabian Peninsula, 1917-1953|location=[[University of Birmingham]]|degree=PhD |
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|url=https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/7675/1/Krairi17PhD.pdf|date=October 2016|page=322}}</ref> He was captured by the Al Saud forces and |
|url=https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/7675/1/Krairi17PhD.pdf|date=October 2016|page=322}}</ref> He was subsequently captured by the Al Saud forces and imprisoned, where he died in 1932.<ref name="kak" /> |
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One of his daughters married [[Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman]], half-brother of King Abdulaziz.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Alexander Blay Bligh |
One of his daughters married [[Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman]], the half-brother of King Abdulaziz.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Alexander Blay Bligh |
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|title=Succession to the throne in Saudi Arabia. Court Politics in the Twentieth Century|location=[[Columbia University]]|page=80|degree=PhD |
|title=Succession to the throne in Saudi Arabia. Court Politics in the Twentieth Century|location=[[Columbia University]]|page=80|degree=PhD |
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|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303101806|date=1981|id={{ProQuest|303101806}}}}</ref> |
|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303101806|date=1981|id={{ProQuest|303101806}}}}</ref> |
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==Al-Ghata'at== |
==Al-Ghata'at== |
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Sultan bin Bijad al-Otaybi played a major role in establishing the Hijra al-ghutat, which was considered the most important and well-organized migration (hijra) of the Ikhwan. This is described in the book ''The Saudis and the Islamic Solution'' by Prince Abdul Rahman Al Saud, the brother of King Abdul Aziz. |
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Sultan bin Bijad established the hijra al-ghutat, the most important and most well-prepared hijra of the Ikhwan, as described by the brother of King Abdul Aziz, Prince Musaed bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud in the book The Saudis and the Islamic Solution. Sultan bin Bijad and Princess Madawi bint Mansour bin Abdul Aziz says about her in her study of desertion during the reign of King Abdulaziz: During the reign of her sheikh Sultan bin Bijad, the emigration gained great fame and five thousand fighters came out of the jihad Sultan bin Bijad . Sultan bin Bijad said about them, Sheikh Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman bin Aqla, the deputy of the Two Holy Mosques in the presidency of His Eminence Sheikh Abdul Malik bin Duhaish: Do not forget the virtue of the people, the people of the delusion, those with guidance, opinion, and morals. Hajj Mutawa Al-Sabi |
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Under Sultan bin Bijad's leadership, emigration gained widespread recognition and some five thousand fighters joined the jihad. Sultan bin Bijad himself mentioned the virtue of these individuals, especially Sheikh Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman bin Aqla, who served as the Deputy of the Two Holy Mosques under the leadership of His Eminence Sheikh Abdul Malik bin Duhaish. This migration was characterized by its emphasis on guidance, opinions and moral values, as noted by Hajj Mutawa Al-Sabi. Princess Madawi bint Mansour bin Abdul Aziz also documented this period in her study of desertion during the reign of King Abdulaziz. |
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== Battle of Turubah == |
== Battle of Turubah == |
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{{See also|Battle of Turubah}} |
{{See also|Battle of Turubah}} |
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After the end of |
After the end of World War I and the establishment of King Hussein bin Ali's rule in the Hijaz, King Hussein organized an army under the command of his son, Sharif Abdullah bin Al Hussein. He ordered this force to march on Khurmah, which they did on 25 May 1919 AD (26/8/1337 AH). Abdullah's army advanced and reached the vicinity of Al-Khurma, specifically the town of Turbah. |
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In response, Ibn Saud sent a military contingent led by Sultan al-Din bin Bijad to help Khalid bin Louay, the ruler of Al-Khurmah. However, Abdullah bin Al-Hussein's forces were caught off guard by a pre-dawn surprise attack by the Brotherhood. This attack was led by Sultan bin Bijad, and few managed to escape. |
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== Conquest of the Hejaz == |
== Conquest of the Hejaz == |
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In June 1924, King Abdul Aziz of Najd held a conference in Riyadh attended by scholars, tribal leaders and Ikhwan leaders. The purpose was to obtain a legal fatwa authorizing war against Sharif Hussein. This would ensure the freedom to perform the Hajj pilgrimage, which Sharif Hussein had prevented, causing unrest especially among the Ikhwan. The Riyadh Conference resulted in a decision to invade the Hejaz, and orders were sent to the Ikhwan forces in Torbah and Al-Khurmah to prepare. Sultan bin Bijad, their leader, was ordered to march on Taif. |
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=== The capture of Taif === |
=== The capture of Taif === |
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In the month of Safar, |
In the month of Safar, an Ikhwan contingent of 3,000 fighters led by Sultan bin Bijad positioned themselves near Taif with a strong inclination to fight. They engaged Ali bin Hussein's forces and emerged victorious. The Ikhwan forces then entered Taif, resulting in the deaths of about 300 civilians. With the capture of Taif, the road to Mecca was open, and the Ikhwan intended to proceed. However, King Abdul Aziz intervened and ordered them to halt their advance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sicker |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHfw0Mv_uFUC&q=taif+massacre+1924 |title=The Middle East in the Twentieth Century |date=2001 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96893-9 |language=en}}</ref> |
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=== The capture of Mecca and Jeddah === |
=== The capture of Mecca and Jeddah === |
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On the 17th of |
On the 17th of Rabi' al-Awwal in 1342 AH, Sultan bin Bijad and Khalid bin Louay, leaders of the Ikhwan, entered Mecca armed and accompanied by two Muharram. They sent letters to the delegates and consuls of various countries in Jeddah, announcing their occupation of Mecca and inquiring about their position in the ongoing war. Replies were received from the Consul of the United Kingdom, the Consul of the Kingdom of Italy, the Under-Consul of France, the Vice-Consul of the Netherlands, and the Deputy Consul of the Shah, declaring their complete neutrality in the conflict. |
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The Ikhwan then joined King Abdul-Aziz's forces in besieging Jeddah. After a year-long siege, Jeddah surrendered on the 6th of Jumada al-Thani in 1344 AH. After this victory, they annexed Taif and Mecca. In 1342 AH they entered Mecca accompanied by Sharif Khalid bin Luay during the retreat of Sharif Hussein. They also participated in the siege of Jeddah. |
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Sheikh Muhammad bin Othman, “the Ikhwan sheikh and judge,” describes their entry into Makkah al-Mukarramah in the book of the Mahmudiyah Group, saying: "We entered with our heads uncovered We walked around with lights and wood Let's grow up on Marw and Safa And those bright, delicious spots They are the brothers, as long as they are happy Nor is the secret of those who blame them They have an example in the company of their Prophet And their illusion is spent with the consequences." |
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In the book of the Mahmudiyah group, Sheikh Muhammad bin Othman, known as the Ikhwan sheikh and judge, described their entry into Makkah, where they walked uncovered, carrying lights and wood. This was a significant event for them, symbolizing their devotion and connection to the example of their Prophet. |
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== The case of the siege of Jeddah == |
== The case of the siege of Jeddah == |
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Ikhwan leaders |
The Ikhwan leaders advocated the conquest of Jeddah. However, Abdul Aziz did not oppose this move out of fear of them, as he remained silent when they took control of Taif and Mecca. Instead, he was worried about the possible intervention of the English fleet stationed along the coast to protect the foreigners. During the siege, Sultan bin Bijad and Faisal al-Dawish expressed their desire to be appointed rulers of Mecca and Medina. In an alternative account, they demanded the emirate of Medina for Ad-Dawish because of his role in its conquest, and the emirate of Taif and Mecca for Ibn Bijad because of his conquest there. However, Imam Abdul-Aziz rejected these requests, taking into account the sentiments of the Hijazis and the tradition of appointing provincial princes exclusively from the House of Saud. He appointed Abdullah bin Jalawi as Emir of Al-Ahsa and his cousin Abdul Aziz bin Musaed as Emir of Hail. This led to mistrust between the two leaders, suggesting that Abdulaziz Al Saud was attempting to centralize power within his family, which was contrary to their religious beliefs. |
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=== The case of the Egyptian Mahmal === |
=== The case of the Egyptian Mahmal === |
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In the summer of 1925, after the conquest of Mecca, the city welcomed pilgrims. Egyptian pilgrims, anxious to make a positive impression on the new king of the Hejaz, joined the procession with a musical group as part of the Mahmal, escorted by Egyptian guards. The Ikhwan, a religious group, objected to the music as sacrilegious, but the musicians ignored their protest and continued as they had in previous years. |
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The summer of 1925 witnessed the first pilgrimage season after the conquest of Mecca, and the city was full of brothers who came for the pilgrimage. The Egyptians were keen to give a good impression of them to the new King of Hejaz, so he entered the Mahmal, led by a musical group, surrounded by Egyptian guards. The Ikhwan demanded that the musicians stop their playing because this is considered sacrilege, so they did not pay attention to them and continued their path as they used to do in the past years. The brothers attacked them by order of Ibn Bijad and shot them and killed some of them. The mediation of Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz did not work. The result was that the Egyptians severed their relations with the new government and refused to weave the covering after that, and thus the Egyptian bearing stopped. So the brothers bequeathed a political problem to their imam as soon as they came into contact with other Muslim groups |
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On the orders of Ibn Bijad, some members of the Ikhwan attacked the musicians, causing casualties. Despite the mediation efforts of Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz, the conflict continued. As a result, the Egyptians severed ties with the new government and refused to weave the cover of the Mahmal, resulting in a halt to Egyptian involvement. This incident created a political problem for the Ikhwan that affected its relations with other Muslim groups. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 09:29, 1 September 2023
Sultan bin Bajad bin Hameed Al Utaibi سلطان بن بجاد بن حميد العتيبي | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1876 |
| Died | 1932 (aged 55–56) Al Artaweeiyah |
| Allegiance |
|
| Service |  Ikhwan |
| Years of service | 1910–1930 |
| Battles / wars | |
| Relations | Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud (son-in-law) |
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
Sultan bin Bajad bin Hameed al-'Utaybi (Template:Lang-ar Sulṭan ibn Bajad ibn Ḥamīd Al ʿOtaibī; 1876 – 1932) was a member of the Otaibah tribe and a prominent figure in the Ikhwan movement in the Arabian Peninsula. This tribal army supported King Abdulaziz in his efforts to unify Saudi Arabia between 1910 and 1927.
Although illiterate, al-Otaybi was deeply religious and strongly adhered to Salafi principles. However, conflicts arose after the occupation of the Hijaz when King Abdulaziz engaged in violent clashes with other Ikhwan leaders such as Faisal Al Duwaish and Dhaydan bin Hithlain. Abdulaziz wanted to curb incursions outside Arabia and concentrate on building the foundations of a modern state, which al-Otaybi and his associates considered sinful.[1]
Contrary to the king's agreements with the British and neighboring powers, al-Otaybi openly rebelled against the Al Saud forces and participated in the Battle of Sabilla.[2] He was subsequently captured by the Al Saud forces and imprisoned, where he died in 1932.[2]
One of his daughters married Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman, the half-brother of King Abdulaziz.[3]
Al-Ghata'at
Sultan bin Bijad al-Otaybi played a major role in establishing the Hijra al-ghutat, which was considered the most important and well-organized migration (hijra) of the Ikhwan. This is described in the book The Saudis and the Islamic Solution by Prince Abdul Rahman Al Saud, the brother of King Abdul Aziz.
Under Sultan bin Bijad's leadership, emigration gained widespread recognition and some five thousand fighters joined the jihad. Sultan bin Bijad himself mentioned the virtue of these individuals, especially Sheikh Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman bin Aqla, who served as the Deputy of the Two Holy Mosques under the leadership of His Eminence Sheikh Abdul Malik bin Duhaish. This migration was characterized by its emphasis on guidance, opinions and moral values, as noted by Hajj Mutawa Al-Sabi. Princess Madawi bint Mansour bin Abdul Aziz also documented this period in her study of desertion during the reign of King Abdulaziz.
Battle of Turubah
After the end of World War I and the establishment of King Hussein bin Ali's rule in the Hijaz, King Hussein organized an army under the command of his son, Sharif Abdullah bin Al Hussein. He ordered this force to march on Khurmah, which they did on 25 May 1919 AD (26/8/1337 AH). Abdullah's army advanced and reached the vicinity of Al-Khurma, specifically the town of Turbah.
In response, Ibn Saud sent a military contingent led by Sultan al-Din bin Bijad to help Khalid bin Louay, the ruler of Al-Khurmah. However, Abdullah bin Al-Hussein's forces were caught off guard by a pre-dawn surprise attack by the Brotherhood. This attack was led by Sultan bin Bijad, and few managed to escape.
Conquest of the Hejaz
In June 1924, King Abdul Aziz of Najd held a conference in Riyadh attended by scholars, tribal leaders and Ikhwan leaders. The purpose was to obtain a legal fatwa authorizing war against Sharif Hussein. This would ensure the freedom to perform the Hajj pilgrimage, which Sharif Hussein had prevented, causing unrest especially among the Ikhwan. The Riyadh Conference resulted in a decision to invade the Hejaz, and orders were sent to the Ikhwan forces in Torbah and Al-Khurmah to prepare. Sultan bin Bijad, their leader, was ordered to march on Taif.
The capture of Taif
In the month of Safar, an Ikhwan contingent of 3,000 fighters led by Sultan bin Bijad positioned themselves near Taif with a strong inclination to fight. They engaged Ali bin Hussein's forces and emerged victorious. The Ikhwan forces then entered Taif, resulting in the deaths of about 300 civilians. With the capture of Taif, the road to Mecca was open, and the Ikhwan intended to proceed. However, King Abdul Aziz intervened and ordered them to halt their advance.[4]
The capture of Mecca and Jeddah
On the 17th of Rabi' al-Awwal in 1342 AH, Sultan bin Bijad and Khalid bin Louay, leaders of the Ikhwan, entered Mecca armed and accompanied by two Muharram. They sent letters to the delegates and consuls of various countries in Jeddah, announcing their occupation of Mecca and inquiring about their position in the ongoing war. Replies were received from the Consul of the United Kingdom, the Consul of the Kingdom of Italy, the Under-Consul of France, the Vice-Consul of the Netherlands, and the Deputy Consul of the Shah, declaring their complete neutrality in the conflict.
The Ikhwan then joined King Abdul-Aziz's forces in besieging Jeddah. After a year-long siege, Jeddah surrendered on the 6th of Jumada al-Thani in 1344 AH. After this victory, they annexed Taif and Mecca. In 1342 AH they entered Mecca accompanied by Sharif Khalid bin Luay during the retreat of Sharif Hussein. They also participated in the siege of Jeddah.
In the book of the Mahmudiyah group, Sheikh Muhammad bin Othman, known as the Ikhwan sheikh and judge, described their entry into Makkah, where they walked uncovered, carrying lights and wood. This was a significant event for them, symbolizing their devotion and connection to the example of their Prophet.
The case of the siege of Jeddah
The Ikhwan leaders advocated the conquest of Jeddah. However, Abdul Aziz did not oppose this move out of fear of them, as he remained silent when they took control of Taif and Mecca. Instead, he was worried about the possible intervention of the English fleet stationed along the coast to protect the foreigners. During the siege, Sultan bin Bijad and Faisal al-Dawish expressed their desire to be appointed rulers of Mecca and Medina. In an alternative account, they demanded the emirate of Medina for Ad-Dawish because of his role in its conquest, and the emirate of Taif and Mecca for Ibn Bijad because of his conquest there. However, Imam Abdul-Aziz rejected these requests, taking into account the sentiments of the Hijazis and the tradition of appointing provincial princes exclusively from the House of Saud. He appointed Abdullah bin Jalawi as Emir of Al-Ahsa and his cousin Abdul Aziz bin Musaed as Emir of Hail. This led to mistrust between the two leaders, suggesting that Abdulaziz Al Saud was attempting to centralize power within his family, which was contrary to their religious beliefs.
The case of the Egyptian Mahmal
In the summer of 1925, after the conquest of Mecca, the city welcomed pilgrims. Egyptian pilgrims, anxious to make a positive impression on the new king of the Hejaz, joined the procession with a musical group as part of the Mahmal, escorted by Egyptian guards. The Ikhwan, a religious group, objected to the music as sacrilegious, but the musicians ignored their protest and continued as they had in previous years.
On the orders of Ibn Bijad, some members of the Ikhwan attacked the musicians, causing casualties. Despite the mediation efforts of Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz, the conflict continued. As a result, the Egyptians severed ties with the new government and refused to weave the cover of the Mahmal, resulting in a halt to Egyptian involvement. This incident created a political problem for the Ikhwan that affected its relations with other Muslim groups.
References
- ^ Talal Sha'yfan Muslat Al Azma' (July 1999). The Role of the Ikhwan under 'Abdul Aziz Al Sa'ud 1916-1934 (PhD thesis). University of Durham. p. 213.
- ^ a b Khalid Abdullah Krairi (October 2016). John Philby and his political roles in the Arabian Peninsula, 1917-1953 (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Birmingham. p. 322.
- ^ Alexander Blay Bligh (1981). Succession to the throne in Saudi Arabia. Court Politics in the Twentieth Century (PhD thesis). Columbia University. p. 80. ProQuest 303101806.
- ^ Sicker, Martin (2001). The Middle East in the Twentieth Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96893-9.