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|[[File:Starr-110307-2129-Platycerium bifurcatum-habit-Kula Botanical Garden-Maui (24959509032).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium bifurcatum]]'' {{small| (Cav.) C. Chr .}}|| Australia states of New South Wales and Queensland.
|[[File:Starr-110307-2129-Platycerium bifurcatum-habit-Kula Botanical Garden-Maui (24959509032).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium bifurcatum]]'' {{small| (Cav.) C. Chr .}}|| Australia states of New South Wales and Queensland.
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|[[File:Staghorn Fern (Platycerium coronarium) (8752670563).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium coronarium]]'' {{small| (J. Koenig ex O. F. Müll.) Desv .}}|| Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam.
|[[File:Staghorn Fern (Platycerium coronarium) (8752670563).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium coronarium]]'' {{small| (J. Koenig ex O. F. Müll.) Desv .}}|| Indonesia Sumatra, Kalimantan, West Java, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam.
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| ||''[[Platycerium ellisii]]'' {{small| Baker}}|| Madagascar only in the provinces of Antsiranana and Toamasina.
| ||''[[Platycerium ellisii]]'' {{small| Baker}}|| Madagascar only in the provinces of Antsiranana and Toamasina.
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|[[File:Platycerium angolense - Wilhelma Zoo - Stuttgart, Germany - DSC02037.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium elephantotis]]'' {{small| Schweinf.}} || Colombia, tropical Africa.
|[[File:Platycerium angolense - Wilhelma Zoo - Stuttgart, Germany - DSC02037.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium elephantotis]]'' {{small| Schweinf.}} || Congo, Angola, Rwanda, Uganda, Malawi, Central Africa Republic, Tropical Africa.
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|[[File:Platycerium grande (114).JPG|120px]] ||Large antler fern (''[[Platycerium grande]]'' {{small| (Fée) Kunze)}}|| the Philippines.
|[[File:Platycerium grande (114).JPG|120px]] ||Large antler fern (''[[Platycerium grande]]'' {{small| (Fée) Kunze)}}|| the Philippines and Indonesia, in the Province of North Sulawesi and Gorontalo.
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|[[File:Elkhorn fern.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium hillii]]'' {{small| T. Moore}} (Also referred to as a variety of Platycerium bifurcatum var. Hillii (T. Moore) Domin)|| Queensland and New Guinea.
|[[File:Elkhorn fern.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium hillii]]'' {{small| T. Moore}} (Also referred to as a variety of Platycerium bifurcatum var. Hillii (T. Moore) Domin)|| Queensland and New Guinea.
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|[[File:Holttum's Staghorn - Platycerium holttumii (7105572791).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium holttumii]]'' {{small| de Jonch. & Hennipman}}|| Thailand and Indochina.
|[[File:Holttum's Staghorn - Platycerium holttumii (7105572791).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium holttumii]]'' {{small| de Jonch. & Hennipman}}|| Malaysia, Northern Peninsular, State of Perlis, Kedah, Perak and Kelantan, Thailand and Indochina.
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|[[File:Platycerium madagasariense tropicalferns.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium madagascariense]]'' {{small| Baker}}|| Madagascar in the provinces of Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa and Toamasina.
|[[File:Platycerium madagasariense tropicalferns.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium madagascariense]]'' {{small| Baker}}|| Madagascar in the provinces of Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa and Toamasina.
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| ||''[[Platycerium quadridichotomum]]'' {{small| (Bonap.) Tardieu}}|| Madagascar only in Ankarana, Bemaraha, Bemarivo, Montagne d’Ambre including Fôret d'Ambre.
| ||''[[Platycerium quadridichotomum]]'' {{small| (Bonap.) Tardieu}}|| Madagascar only in Ankarana, Bemaraha, Bemarivo, Montagne d’Ambre including Fôret d'Ambre.
|-
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|[[File:Platycerium ridleyi.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium ridleyi]]'' {{small| Christ}}|| Malaysia, Sumatra and Kalimantan.
|[[File:Platycerium ridleyi.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium ridleyi]]'' {{small| Christ}}|| Malaysia, Southern Thailand, Indonesia Sumatra and Kalimantan.
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|[[File:Platycerium stemaria kz1.JPG|120px]] ||Triangle antler fern (''[[Platycerium stemaria]]'' {{small| (P. Beauv.) Desv.)}}|| tropical Africa.
|[[File:Platycerium stemaria kz1.JPG|120px]] ||Triangle antler fern (''[[Platycerium stemaria]]'' {{small| (P. Beauv.) Desv.)}}|| tropical Africa.
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|[[File:Platycerium superbum Coffs Harbour.jpg|120px]] ||Magnificent antler fern (''[[Platycerium superbum]]'' {{small| de Jonch. & Hennipman)}}|| Queensland.
|[[File:Platycerium superbum Coffs Harbour.jpg|120px]] ||Magnificent antler fern (''[[Platycerium superbum]]'' {{small| de Jonch. & Hennipman)}}|| Queensland and New South Wales.
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|[[File:Platycerium veitchii.jpg|120px]]||''[[Platycerium veitchii]]'' {{small| (Underw.) C. Chr.}} (Syn .: Platycerium bifurcatum subsp. Veitchii (Underw.) Hennipman & M. C. Roos)|| Queensland.
|[[File:Platycerium veitchii.jpg|120px]]||''[[Platycerium veitchii]]'' {{small| (Underw.) C. Chr.}} (Syn .: Platycerium bifurcatum subsp. Veitchii (Underw.) Hennipman & M. C. Roos)|| Queensland.
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|[[File:Platycerium wallichii kz01.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium wallichii]]'' {{small| Hook .}}|| eastern India, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar and western Yunnan.
|[[File:Platycerium wallichii kz01.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium wallichii]]'' {{small| Hook .}}|| eastern India, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar and western Yunnan.
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|[[File:PlatyceriumWandae.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium wandae]]'' {{small| Racib .}}|| Papua New Guinea.
|[[File:PlatyceriumWandae.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium wandae]]'' {{small| Racib .}}|| Papua New Guinea, Indonesia Papua and Maluku Island.
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| ||''[[Platycerium willinckii]]'' {{small|T. Moore}} (Also referred to as a subspecies of Platycerium bifurcatum subsp. Willinckii (T. Moore) Hennipman & M. C. Roos ).|| Sulawesi and Java
| ||''[[Platycerium willinckii]]'' {{small|T. Moore}} (Also referred to as a subspecies of Platycerium bifurcatum subsp. Willinckii (T. Moore) Hennipman & M. C. Roos ).|| Sulawesi and Java

Revision as of 00:40, 3 September 2023

Platycerium
Platycerium bifurcatum from the Australian National Botanical Gardens, Canberra
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Suborder: Polypodiineae
Family: Polypodiaceae
Subfamily: Platycerioideae
Genus: Platycerium
Desv.
Species

Platycerium is a genus of about 18 fern species in the polypod family, Polypodiaceae. Ferns in this genus are widely known as staghorn or elkhorn ferns due to their uniquely shaped fronds. This genus is epiphytic and is native to tropical and temperate areas of South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia, and New Guinea.[1]

Description

Platycerium sporophytes (adult plants) have tufted roots, growing from a short rhizome, and bear two types of fronds - basal and fertile fronds. Basal fronds are sterile, shield- or kidney-shaped, and laminate against the tree, to protect the fern's roots from damage and desiccation. In some Platycerium species, the top margin of these fronds will grow into an open crown of lobes; catching rainwater, falling forest litter, bird/animal droppings, and even the occasional fallen baby bird or deceased animal, these plants build up their own “compost” system of nutrition over many years.

Fertile fronds bear spores on their undersurface, are dichotomous or antler-shaped, and jut out or hang from the rhizome. The spores are born in sporangia, clustered in large sori that are usually positioned on the lobes, or at the sinus between frond lobes.

Some species of Platycerium are solitary, having only one rhizome. Other species form colonies when their rhizomes branch, or when new rhizomes are formed from root tips. If the conditions are right, the spores will germinate naturally, on surrounding trees. Platycerium gametophytes are a small, heart-shaped thallus.

Platycerium have diverged into four natural groups. Several Platycerium are strongly adapted to xeric conditions, with a naturally drought-tolerant metabolism method having been reported for P. veitchii.[2]

Species

Image Name Distribution
Platycerium alcicorne Desv . Colombia, Mozambique and Madagascar.
Platycerium andinum Baker Colombia, Bolivia and Peru.
Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C. Chr . Australia states of New South Wales and Queensland.
Platycerium coronarium (J. Koenig ex O. F. Müll.) Desv . Indonesia Sumatra, Kalimantan, West Java, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam.
Platycerium ellisii Baker Madagascar only in the provinces of Antsiranana and Toamasina.
Platycerium elephantotis Schweinf. Congo, Angola, Rwanda, Uganda, Malawi, Central Africa Republic, Tropical Africa.
Large antler fern (Platycerium grande (Fée) Kunze) the Philippines and Indonesia, in the Province of North Sulawesi and Gorontalo.
Platycerium hillii T. Moore (Also referred to as a variety of Platycerium bifurcatum var. Hillii (T. Moore) Domin) Queensland and New Guinea.
Platycerium holttumii de Jonch. & Hennipman Malaysia, Northern Peninsular, State of Perlis, Kedah, Perak and Kelantan, Thailand and Indochina.
Platycerium madagascariense Baker Madagascar in the provinces of Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa and Toamasina.
Platycerium quadridichotomum (Bonap.) Tardieu Madagascar only in Ankarana, Bemaraha, Bemarivo, Montagne d’Ambre including Fôret d'Ambre.
Platycerium ridleyi Christ Malaysia, Southern Thailand, Indonesia Sumatra and Kalimantan.
Triangle antler fern (Platycerium stemaria (P. Beauv.) Desv.) tropical Africa.
Magnificent antler fern (Platycerium superbum de Jonch. & Hennipman) Queensland and New South Wales.
Platycerium veitchii (Underw.) C. Chr. (Syn .: Platycerium bifurcatum subsp. Veitchii (Underw.) Hennipman & M. C. Roos) Queensland.
Platycerium wallichii Hook . eastern India, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar and western Yunnan.
Platycerium wandae Racib . Papua New Guinea, Indonesia Papua and Maluku Island.
Platycerium willinckii T. Moore (Also referred to as a subspecies of Platycerium bifurcatum subsp. Willinckii (T. Moore) Hennipman & M. C. Roos ). Sulawesi and Java

Cultivation

The species Platycerium bifurcatum and Platycerium superbum are commonly cultivated as ornamental plants. These oddly shaped ferns grow on trees and rocks and can be found in gardens, especially tropical gardens.

Staghorns can be propagated by spores produced on the underside of the fertile fronds. Colonial Platycerium can also be vegetatively propagated by carefully dividing large healthy ones into smaller, separate plants. These new plants can then be attached to board mounts or be strapped to trees until they take to the tree themselves.

A mature staghorn can grow more than 1 metre (3.3 ft) wide.

References

  1. ^ Hennipman, E. (1982). A monograph of the fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae). Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Natuurkunde. Tweede reeks. Amsterdam ; New York: North-Holland. ISBN 0444855696.
  2. ^ Kreier, Hans-Peter; Schneider, Harald (2006). "Phylogeny and biogeography of the staghorn fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiidae)". American Journal of Botany. 93 (2): 217–225. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.2.217. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21646182.
  • Holtum, Joseph A.M.; Klaus Winter (1999-01-01). "Degrees of crassulacean acid metabolism in tropical epiphytic and lithophytic ferns". Functional Plant Biology. 26 (8): 749–757. doi:10.1071/PP99001.
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