Theoretical key: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 01:32, 4 September 2023

In music theory, a theoretical key is a key whose key signature would have at least one double-flat () or double-sharp (). (Representative examples include F flat major, D flat minor, G sharp major, and E sharp minor.)

Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but when used in key signatures, they generally degrade readability and are almost unnecessary, especially in 12edo.

Enharmornics

${ \new Staff \with{ \magnifyStaff #3/2 } << \time 1/4 \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f { \clef treble \set Staff.keyAlterations = #`((3 . ,DOUBLE-SHARP)(0 . ,SHARP)(4 . ,SHARP)(1 . ,SHARP)(5 . ,SHARP)(2 . ,SHARP)(6 . ,SHARP)) s16 ^\markup "" } >> }$	${ \new Staff \with{ \magnifyStaff #3/2 } << \time 1/4 \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f { \clef treble \key f \minor s16 ^\markup "" } >> }$
G-sharp major, a key signature with a double-sharp	A-flat major, equivalent key

G♯ major:	G♯	A♯	B♯	C♯	D♯	E♯	F
A♭ major:	A♭	B♭	C	D♭	E♭	F	G

For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone), giving it eight sharps. An equal-tempered scale of G-sharp major scale consists of the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major which has four flats.

Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into the key signature. Nevertheless, examples of the latter can be found (see below).

Modulation

While a piece of Western music generally has a home key, a passage within it may modulate to another key, which is usually closely related to the home key (in the Baroque and early Classical eras), that is, close to the original around the circle of fifths. When the key is near the top of the circle (a key signature of zero or few accidentals), the notation of both keys is straightforward. But if the home key is near the bottom of the circle (a key signature of many accidentals), and particularly if the new key is on the opposite side (in the late Classical and Romantic eras), it becomes necessary to consider enharmonic equivalence (if double accidentals are to be avoided).

In each of the bottom three places on the circle of fifths the two enharmonic equivalents can be notated entirely with single accidentals and so do not classify as 'theoretical keys':

Major (minor)	Key signature	Major (minor)	Key signature
B (g♯)	5 sharps	C♭ (a♭)	7 flats
F♯ (d♯)	6 sharps	G♭ (e♭)	6 flats
C♯ (a♯)	7 sharps	D♭ (b♭)	5 flats

The need to consider theoretical keys

However, when a parallel key ascends the opposite side of the circle from its home key, then theory suggests that double-sharps and double-flats would have to be incorporated into the notated key signature. The following keys (six of which are the parallel major/minor keys of those above) would require up to seven double-sharps or double-flats:

Major	Key signature	Minor
F♭ major (E major)	8 flats	D♭ minor (C♯ minor)
B major (A major)	9 flats	G♭ minor (F♯ minor)
E major (D major)	10 flats	C♭ minor (B minor)
A major (G major)	11 flats	F♭ minor (E minor)
D major (C major)	12 flats	B minor (A minor)
G major (F major)	13 flats	E minor (D minor)
C major (B♭ major)	14 flats	A minor (G minor)
G♯ major (A♭ major)	8 sharps	E♯ minor (F minor)
D♯ major (E♭ major)	9 sharps	B♯ minor (C minor)
A♯ major (B♭ major)	10 sharps	F minor (G minor)
E♯ major (F major)	11 sharps	C minor (D minor)
B♯ major (C major)	12 sharps	G minor (A minor)
F major (G major)	13 sharps	D minor (E minor)
C major (D major)	14 sharps	A minor (B minor)

For example, pieces in the major mode commonly modulate up a fifth to the dominant; for a key with sharps in the signature this leads to a key whose key signature has an additional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F♯ already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's Suite bergamasque: in the third movement "Clair de lune" the key shifts for a few measures from D-flat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement "Passepied", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major.

Notation

Such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, which has this passage in G-sharp major, Bars 10-12.

In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' A World Requiem are written in G♯ major (with F in the key signature), No. 18 of Anton Reicha's Practische Beispiele is written in B♯ major, and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F♭ major (with B in the key signature).^[1]^[2] Examples of theoretical key signatures are pictured below:

$\relative c' { \hide Staff.TimeSignature \set Staff.printKeyCancellation = ##f \key gis \major <gis' bis dis>_\markup { \halign #0.2 "G# maj" } \bar "||" \key dis \major <dis fisis ais>_\markup { \halign #0.2 "D# maj" } \bar "||" \key fes \major <fes as ces>_\markup { \halign #0.2 "F♭ maj" } \bar "||" \key beses \major <beses des fes>_\markup { \halign #0.2 "B♭♭ maj" } }$

There does not appear to be a standard on how to notate theoretical key signatures:

The default behaviour of LilyPond (pictured above) writes all single signs in the circle-of-fifths order, before proceeding to the double signs. This is the format used in John Foulds' A World Requiem, Op. 60, which ends with the key signature of G♯ major exactly as displayed above.^[3] The sharps in the key signature of G♯ major here proceed C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯, F. This likely makes more sense than the last example because the notes represented in the key signature increase by a perfect fifth (or decrease by a perfect fourth) from left to right.
The single signs at the beginning are sometimes repeated as a courtesy, e.g. Max Reger's Supplement to the Theory of Modulation, which contains D♭ minor key signatures on pp. 42–45.^[4] These have a B♭ at the start and also a B at the end (with a double-flat symbol), going B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭, B.
Sometimes the double signs are written at the beginning of the key signature, followed by the single signs. For example, the F♭ key signature is notated as B, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭. This convention is used by Victor Ewald^[5] and by some theoretical works.

Tunings other than twelve-tone equal-temperament

In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone equal temperament) there may be keys that do require a double-sharp or double-flat in the key signature, and no longer have conventional equivalents. For example, in 19 tone equal temperament, the key of B major (9 flats) is equivalent to A-sharp major (10 sharps). Thus in non-12-tone tuning systems, keys that are enharmonic in a 12 tone system (for example, A-flat and G-sharp major) may be notated completely differently.

References

^ Anton Reicha: Practische Beispiele, pp. 52-53.: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
^ "Ewald, Victor: Quintet No 4 in A♭, op 8". imslp. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
^ John Foulds: A World Requiem, pp. 153ff.: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
^ Max Reger (1904). Supplement to the Theory of Modulation. Translated by John Bernhoff. Leipzig: C. F. Kahnt Nachfolger. pp. 42–45.
^ "Ewald, Victor: Quintet No 4 in A♭, op 8", Hickey's Music Center

[1] Anton Reicha: Practische Beispiele, pp. 52-53.: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project

[2] "Ewald, Victor: Quintet No 4 in A♭, op 8". imslp. Retrieved 14 February 2023.

[3] John Foulds: A World Requiem, pp. 153ff.: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project

[4] Max Reger (1904). Supplement to the Theory of Modulation. Translated by John Bernhoff. Leipzig: C. F. Kahnt Nachfolger. pp. 42–45.

[5] "Ewald, Victor: Quintet No 4 in A♭, op 8", Hickey's Music Center

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 In [[music theory]], a '''theoretical key''' is a [[key (music)|key]] whose [[key signature]] would have at least one [[Flat (music)|double-flat]] ({{Music|bb}}) or [[Sharp (music)|double-sharp]] ({{Music|##}}). (Representative examples include [[F flat major]], [[D flat minor]], [[G sharp major]], and [[E-sharp minor|E sharp minor]].)
+Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as [[Accidental (music)|accidentals]], but when used in key signatures, they generally degrade readability and are almost unnecessary, especially in [[12edo]].
-== Summary ==
+== Enharmornics ==
 {|class="wikitable floatright" style="max-width:360px;"
 |<score>{ \new Staff \with{ \magnifyStaff #3/2 } << \time 1/4 \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f { \clef treble \set Staff.keyAlterations = #`((3 . ,DOUBLE-SHARP)(0 . ,SHARP)(4 . ,SHARP)(1 . ,SHARP)(5 . ,SHARP)(2 . ,SHARP)(6 . ,SHARP)) s16 ^\markup "" } >> }</score>||<score>{ \new Staff \with{ \magnifyStaff #3/2 } << \time 1/4 \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f { \clef treble \key f \minor s16 ^\markup "" } >> }</score>
@@ Line 15: / Line 17: @@
 |A{{music|b}} major:||A{{music|b}}||B{{Music|b}}||C||D{{music|b}}||E{{music|b}}||F||G
 |}
-Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as [[Accidental (music)|accidentals]], but when used in key signatures, they generally degrade readability and are almost unnecessary, especially in [[12edo]].
 For example, the key of [[G-sharp major]] is a key of this type, because its corresponding [[key signature]] has an F{{Music|doublesharp}} (on its [[leading-tone]]), giving it eight sharps. An equal-tempered [[Scale (music)|scale]] of G-sharp major scale consists of the same pitches as the [[A-flat major]] scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be [[enharmonic|enharmonically equivalent]]. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major which has four flats.