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The '''2011 Smithville, Mississippi tornado''' was an extremely violent EF5 wedge tornado that devastated areas of rural Mississippi, including the town of [[Smithville, Mississippi]] during the afternoon of April 27, 2011, resulting in catastrophic damage and numerous fatalities.<ref name="NWSMemphisSmithvilleEF5">{{cite web |date=May 30, 2011 |title=Smithville, MS EF-5 Tornado |url=https://www.weather.gov/meg/apr2011toroutbreaksmithville |accessdate=December 27, 2022 |work=National Weather Service in Memphis, Tennessee |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref> The tornado was a part of the [[2011 Super Outbreak]], the largest tornado outbreak in United States history. The tornado reached an estimated maximum width of {{convert|3/4|mi|km|disp=preunit|of a | }} with wind speeds up to {{convert|205|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.
The '''2011 Smithville, Mississippi tornado''' was an extremely powerful EF5 wedge tornado that devastated areas of rural Mississippi and Alabama, most notable for the damage inflicted on the town of [[Smithville, Mississippi]] during the afternoon of April 27, 2011, resulting in catastrophic damage and numerous fatalities.<ref name="NWSMemphisSmithvilleEF5">{{cite web |date=May 30, 2011 |title=Smithville, MS EF-5 Tornado |url=https://www.weather.gov/meg/apr2011toroutbreaksmithville |accessdate=December 27, 2022 |work=National Weather Service in Memphis, Tennessee |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref> This tornado was a part of the [[2011 Super Outbreak]], the largest tornado outbreak in United States history. The tornado reached an estimated maximum width of {{convert|3/4|mi|km|disp=preunit|of a | }} with estimated wind speeds up to {{convert|205|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. This tornado holds the distinction of displaying incredible feats of strength even by EF5 standards, making it perhaps one of the single most violent tornadoes documented in recent history.


==Meteorological synopsis==
==Meteorological synopsis==

Revision as of 05:17, 16 September 2023

2011 Smithville, Mississippi tornado
EF5 damage to a large, well-built, anchored house in Smithville, Mississippi.
Meteorological history
DateApril 27, 2011 (Part of the 2011 Super Outbreak)
FormedApril 27, 2011, 3:42 p.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
DissipatedApril 27, 2011, 4:23 p.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
Duration41 minutes
EF5 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds205 mph (330 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities23
Injuries137
Damage$14.4 million (2011 USD)
Part of the 2011 Super Outbreak and Tornadoes of 2011

The 2011 Smithville, Mississippi tornado was an extremely powerful EF5 wedge tornado that devastated areas of rural Mississippi and Alabama, most notable for the damage inflicted on the town of Smithville, Mississippi during the afternoon of April 27, 2011, resulting in catastrophic damage and numerous fatalities.[1] This tornado was a part of the 2011 Super Outbreak, the largest tornado outbreak in United States history. The tornado reached an estimated maximum width of 3⁄4 of a mile (1.2 of a km) with estimated wind speeds up to 205 mph (330 km/h). This tornado holds the distinction of displaying incredible feats of strength even by EF5 standards, making it perhaps one of the single most violent tornadoes documented in recent history.

Meteorological synopsis

Radar image showing the supercell and hook echo of the storm that produced the Smithville tornado.

The environmental conditions leading up to the April 2011 Super Outbreak were among the "most conducive to violent tornadoes ever documented".[2] On April 25, a vigorous upper-level shortwave trough moved into the Southern Plains states.[3] Ample instability, low-level moisture, and wind shear fueled a significant tornado outbreak from Texas to Tennessee; at least 64 tornadoes touched down on this day.[2] An area of low pressure consolidated over Texas on April 26 and traveled east while the aforementioned shortwave trough traversed the Mississippi River and Ohio River valleys.[4] Another 50 tornadoes touched down on this day.[2] The multi-day outbreak culminated on April 27 with the most violent day of tornadic activity since the 1974 Super Outbreak. Multiple episodes of tornadic activity ensued with two waves of mesoscale convective systems in the morning hours followed by a widespread outbreak of supercells from Mississippi to North Carolina during the afternoon into the evening.[2]

Activity on April 27 was precipitated by a 995 mbar (hPa; 29.39 inHg) surface low situated over Kentucky and a deep, negatively tilted (aligned northwest to southeast) trough over Arkansas and Louisiana. A strong southwesterly surface jet intersected these systems at a 60° angle, an ageostrophic flow that led to storm-relative helicity values in excess of 500 m2s−2—indicative of extreme wind shear and a very high potential for rotating updrafts within supercells. Ample moisture from the Gulf of Mexico was brought north across the Deep South, leading to daytime high temperatures of 77 to 81 °F (25 to 27 °C) and dewpoints of 66 to 72 °F (19 to 22 °C). Furthermore, convective available potential energy (CAPE) values reached 2,500–3,000 J/kg−1.[2]

The Smithville supercell itself existed within a thermal boundary in northeastern Mississippi. This was an east-west oriented outflow boundary left behind by the morning QLCS. This boundary is additionally thought of as the same boundary that the Hackleburg tornado existed within. Due to this, it is possible that conditions were locally enhanced by more southeasterly/easterly surface winds. Additionally, the Smithville tornado generally travelled 8 degrees and 4 knots slower/easterly than the forecasted bunkers right motion showed, which would allow optimal ingestion of 0-3km SRH and efficient downdraft transportation due to a change in the inflection height. [2]

Tornado summary

After producing a long-tracked EF3 tornado that passed near New Wren, the same supercell produced this tornado that began 3 miles (4.8 km) west-southwest of Smithville along the Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway near the Glover Wilkins Lock at 3:42 p.m. CDT (2042 UTC), snapping numerous trees near the Smithville Recreation Area. The fast-moving tornado then rapidly intensified as it approached town, reaching EF5 intensity. As the storm crossed Davis Road South, the ground was deeply scoured in a nearby field, leaving a trench in the ground that was still visible in aerial photographs taken more than a year later.[5][6] The tornado began producing remarkably intense damage and swept away multiple homes and structures as it moved northeast, following MS 25. The first fatality from the tornado occurred in this area as a bed and breakfast was obliterated and swept from its foundation, with debris from the structure scattered long distances downwind. Cinder blocks from the structure were broken into small pieces of concrete and strewn throughout a nearby field. A semi-truck was thrown 300 yd (270 m) and destroyed in this area, and an RV was thrown 250 yd (230 m) and partially embedded into the ground nearby. A second semi-truck was completely torn apart, with its bumper later found hanging from the struts of the Smithville water tower, located 1.4-mile (2.3 km) to the northeast. One brick residence was swept away along this segment of the path as well, and part of its concrete foundation slab was pulled up and slightly dislodged, with extensive ground scouring and debarking of trees noted on the property. The tornado scoured the topsoil to a depth of a foot. Some metal storage buildings and 14 mobile homes were obliterated nearby, with metal framing from some of the mobile homes thrown and twisted into pieces. A semi truck was torn apart with the only remaining piece found 1.4 miles away.[6][1][5][dead link‍]

File:SmithvilleSUV.jpg
The remains of an SUV that was thrown half a mile into the top of the water tower seen in the background before bouncing off of it, traveling another 1/4 mile in the air, impacting the ground and eventually coming to rest near the parking lot of the E.E. Pickle Funeral Home on the opposite side of town.

The tornado then entered Smithville at maximum intensity, producing EF5 damage as it moved through both commercial and residential areas. Dozens of large, anchor-bolted, well-built brick homes were completely swept away in town, and many large hardwood trees were completely debarked and denuded. One large brick home had its foundation partially dislodged and shifted, with intense hardwood debarking and shredded low-lying vegetation visible. All furniture, appliances, and plumbing from homes in the tornado's direct path of were either shredded or missing, and some homes had floor tiles scoured from their foundations. Shrubbery along the perimeters of some homes was shredded and/or stripped as well, and debris from many of the obliterated homes was finely granulated into small pieces. An SUV was thrown a 1⁄2-mile (0.80 km) into the top of the Smithville water tower, then bounced off of it, and was hurled an additional 1⁄4-mile (400 m) before impacting the ground and eventually coming to rest on the opposite side of the city, where it was later found crushed into a tiny ball. The city hall, the post office, four churches, several businesses, the water system, and the police station were all destroyed as the tornado moved through town. Tar and chip pavement was torn from a road in town and rolled into piles, intense ground scouring was noted in several areas, and a 1965 Chevrolet pickup truck was thrown from one residence and never found. Several other vehicles in town were thrown hundreds of yards, torn into multiple pieces, stripped down to their frames, or wrapped around trees as well.[7] Some instances of damage show that many of the vehicles wrapped around trees encountered extreme sub-vortices. The local medical clinic was destroyed as well, with supplies being scattered around the city.[8] The large brick E.E. Pickle Funeral Home was reduced to a bare slab as the tornado exited at the northeast side of the city, with the debris scattered and wind-rowed into an adjacent wooded area. Extreme debarking of trees was noted in this area, and pieces of vehicles and structures were strewn long distances throughout the woods. The mangled remains of the SUV that impacted the water tower was found in a ditch at the edge of this wooded area. Around this area, it's possible that a "secondary core" existed, this is evident by nearby granite tombstones from a cemetery being blown over in the opposite direction of the tornado's passage, with some being broken and thrown.[9] Overall, the tornado destroyed 117 structures in Smithville and damaged 50 others, killing 16 people.[10] The tornado weakened as it continued through rural areas northeast of town and moved into Itawamba County, where it uprooted numerous trees and power lines and caused roof damage to a house before exiting the county.[5][dead link‍][11][6]

The tornado then continued across the Alabama state line into Marion County, where it caused EF1 damage to outbuildings and mobile homes near Bexar. Continuing northeast, the tornado re-intensified as it struck the rural community of Shottsville at high-end EF3 intensity, where homes and mobile homes were destroyed, hundreds of trees were snapped and debarked, and seven more people were killed. The tornado produced additional high-end EF3 damage as it continued north of Hamilton, where several mobile homes and frame homes were destroyed, including one frame home at the bottom of a ravine that was swept clean from its foundation (though lack of road access prevented close inspection of the home's construction, precluding a potential higher rating at that location).[12] Several additional homes were damaged and a chicken house was destroyed as the tornado approached Franklin County. The tornado then crossed the county line and weakened to EF2 strength, where it snapped and uprooted numerous large trees, damaged or destroyed several chicken houses, totaled a car, destroyed a mobile home, tore much of the roof off of a two-story house, and caused significant roof damage to several other homes before dissipating near the town of Hodges at 4:23 p.m. CDT (2123 UTC). The damage path was 37.3 miles (60.0 km) long and 3⁄4 mile (1.2 km) wide at its widest point, and it killed a total of 23 people along its path. 137 other people were injured.[12][13]

Internet fiction

In 2012, a presentation and paper, given at the 26th Conference on Severe Local Storms by Eugene W. McCaul, with the Universities Space Research Association; Kevin R. Knupp, an atmospheric science professor at the University of Alabama; Chris Darden, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service of Huntsville, Alabama; and Kevin Laws, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service of Birmingham, Alabama, stated fictional information about the tornado was being spread online. Specifically, reports that the EF5 tornado had ripped a steel drainage pipe out of the ground were proven to have been fabricated and that road crews had dug up the pipe to ensure vehicular safety as the road was previously declared unsafe.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Smithville, MS EF-5 Tornado". National Weather Service in Memphis, Tennessee. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 30, 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Kevin R. Knupp; et al. (July 2014). "Meteorological Overview of the Devastating 27 April 2011 Tornado Outbreak". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 95 (7). American Meteorological Society: 1, 041–1, 062. Bibcode:2014BAMS...95.1041K. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00229.1. S2CID 22335326.
  3. ^ Ryan E. Jewell (April 25, 2011). Apr 25, 2011 0600 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook (Report). Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  4. ^ Ryan E. Jewell (April 26, 2011). Apr 26, 2011 0600 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook (Report). Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  5. ^ a b c "April 2011 Tornado Response Imagery". National Geodetic Survey. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-12-29. Retrieved June 20, 2014. [dead link‍]
  6. ^ a b c Tucker, Nelson (June 25, 2020). "The Smithville, MS EF-5 Tornado – April 27, 2011". tornadotalk.com. Tornado Talk. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  7. ^ Richard Okulski; Brad Panovich (October 17, 2011). Smithville, MS Tornado presentation. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. YouTube. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
  8. ^ Kristina Goetz (October 23, 2011). "Deadly tornado destroyed town, not spirit, of tiny Smithville, Miss". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
  9. ^ "Patreon Only – Tornado Talk". Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  10. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2011). "NCDC Storm Events Database". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
  11. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2011). "NCDC Storm Events Database". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
  12. ^ a b "Franklin County Alabama (Hodges Area) EF-2". National Weather Service in Huntsville, Alabama. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 5, 2012. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  13. ^ "Shottsville (Marion County) EF-3 Tornado April 27, 2011". National Weather Service in Birmingham, Alabama. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 23, 2011. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
  14. ^ Eugene W. McCaul; Kevin R. Knupp; Chris Darden; Kevin Laws (7 November 2012). "Extreme damage incidents in the 27 April 2011 tornado superoutbreak". 26th Conference on Severe Local Storms. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  1. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/meg/?n=apr2011toroutbreaksmithville Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  2. https://web.archive.org/web/20160520115254/http://ngs.woc.noaa.gov/storms/apr11_tornado/
  3. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=303562
  4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmI_2iYuchc
  5. http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2011/oct/23/deadly-tornado-smithville-mississippi Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
  6. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=303563
  7. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/hun/?n=4272011_franklin_county_hodges Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  8. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/bmx/?n=event_04272011shotsville Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
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