Euryapsida: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Skull_euryapsida_1.svg|thumb|right|235px|A euryapsid skull.]] |
[[Image:Skull_euryapsida_1.svg|thumb|right|235px|A euryapsid skull.]] |
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'''Euryapsida''' is a [[polyphyletic]] (unnatural, as the various members are not closely related) group of [[Sauropsida|sauropsids]] that are distinguished by a single temporal fenestra, an opening behind the [[orbit (anatomy)|orbit]], under which the post-orbital and squamosal bones articulate. They are different from [[Synapsida]], which also have a single opening behind the orbit, by the placement of the fenestra. In synapsids, this opening is below the articulation of the post-orbital and squamosal bones. It is now commonly believed that euryapsids (particularly [[Sauropterygia|sauropterygians]]) are in fact [[diapsid]]s (which have two fenestrae behind the orbit) that lost the lower temporal fenestra. Euryapsids are usually considered entirely extinct, although [[Turtle|turtles]] might be part of the sauropterygian clade<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=M. S. Y. |date=2013 |title=Turtle origins: insights from phylogenetic retrofitting and molecular scaffolds |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jeb.12268 |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=2729–2738 |doi=10.1111/jeb.12268|doi-access=free }}</ref> while other authors disagree.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simões |first=Tiago R. |last2=Kammerer |first2=Christian F. |last3=Caldwell |first3=Michael W. |last4=Pierce |first4=Stephanie E. |date=2022-08-19 |title=Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abq1898 |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=8 |issue=33 |pages=eabq1898 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abq1898 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=9390993 |pmid=35984885}}</ref> |
'''Euryapsida''' is a [[polyphyletic]] (unnatural, as the various members are not closely related) group of [[Sauropsida|sauropsids]] that are distinguished by a single temporal fenestra, an opening behind the [[orbit (anatomy)|orbit]], under which the post-orbital and squamosal bones articulate. They are different from [[Synapsida]], which also have a single opening behind the orbit, by the placement of the fenestra. In synapsids, this opening is below the articulation of the post-orbital and squamosal bones. It is now commonly believed that euryapsids (particularly [[Sauropterygia|sauropterygians]]) are in fact [[diapsid]]s (which have two fenestrae behind the orbit) that lost the lower temporal fenestra. Euryapsids are usually considered entirely extinct, although [[Turtle|turtles]] might be part of the sauropterygian clade<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=M. S. Y. |date=2013 |title=Turtle origins: insights from phylogenetic retrofitting and molecular scaffolds |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jeb.12268 |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=2729–2738 |doi=10.1111/jeb.12268|doi-access=free }}</ref> while other authors disagree.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simões |first=Tiago R. |last2=Kammerer |first2=Christian F. |last3=Caldwell |first3=Michael W. |last4=Pierce |first4=Stephanie E. |date=2022-08-19 |title=Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abq1898 |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=8 |issue=33 |pages=eabq1898 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abq1898 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=9390993 |pmid=35984885}}</ref> |
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Historically, a variety of reptiles with upper fenestrae, either alone or with a lower emargination, have been considered euryapsid or parapsid, and to have had their patterns of fenestration originate separately from those of diapsids. This includes [[araeoscelida]]ns, [[mesosaur]]s, [[squamate]]s, [[pleurosaurid]]s<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williston |first=Samuel Wendell |title=Osteology of the Reptiles|year=1925}}</ref>, [[weigeltisaurid]]s, [[protorosaur]]s, and [[trilophosaur]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Romer |first=Alfred Sherwood |title=Osteology of the Reptiles|year=1956}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Romer |first=Alfred Sherwood |title=Vertebrate Paleontology|year=1966}}</ref> With the exception of mesosaurs, which only have the lower temporal opening, all of these are universally agreed to be diapsids which either secondarily closed the lower opening (araeoscelids, trilophosaurs) or lost the lower bar (squamates, pleurosaurs, protorosaurs). |
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The [[Ichthyosaur|ichthyosaurian]] skull is sometimes described as having a ''metapsid'' (or ''parapsid'') condition instead of a truly euryapsid one. In ichthyosaurs, the squamosal bone is never part of the fenestra's margin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maisch |first=M. |date=2010 |title=Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria - the state of the art |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Phylogeny%2C-systematics%2C-and-origin-of-the-the-state-Maisch/6714748e6d928dc5bd37f9e317fc97c716b22253 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.semanticscholar.org |language=en}}</ref> |
The [[Ichthyosaur|ichthyosaurian]] skull is sometimes described as having a ''metapsid'' (or ''parapsid'') condition instead of a truly euryapsid one. In ichthyosaurs, the squamosal bone is never part of the fenestra's margin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maisch |first=M. |date=2010 |title=Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria - the state of the art |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Phylogeny%2C-systematics%2C-and-origin-of-the-the-state-Maisch/6714748e6d928dc5bd37f9e317fc97c716b22253 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.semanticscholar.org |language=en}}</ref> |
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The terms '''Enaliosauria''' and '''Halisauria''' are also used for a taxon including ichthyosaurs and sauropterygians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Enaliosauria|title=Definition of ENALIOSAURIA|website=Merriam-webster.com|access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haeckel |first=Ernst |title=Die systematische Phylogenie (Dritter Theil/Systematische Phylogenie der Wirbelthiere (Vertebrata)) |publisher=Georg Reimer |year=1895 |volume=3}}</ref> |
The terms '''Enaliosauria''' and '''Halisauria''' are also used for a taxon including ichthyosaurs and sauropterygians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Enaliosauria|title=Definition of ENALIOSAURIA|website=Merriam-webster.com|access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haeckel |first=Ernst |title=Die systematische Phylogenie (Dritter Theil/Systematische Phylogenie der Wirbelthiere (Vertebrata)) |publisher=Georg Reimer |year=1895 |volume=3}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Anapsida]] |
* [[Anapsida]] |
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Revision as of 02:46, 20 September 2023
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2011) |
Euryapsida is a polyphyletic (unnatural, as the various members are not closely related) group of sauropsids that are distinguished by a single temporal fenestra, an opening behind the orbit, under which the post-orbital and squamosal bones articulate. They are different from Synapsida, which also have a single opening behind the orbit, by the placement of the fenestra. In synapsids, this opening is below the articulation of the post-orbital and squamosal bones. It is now commonly believed that euryapsids (particularly sauropterygians) are in fact diapsids (which have two fenestrae behind the orbit) that lost the lower temporal fenestra. Euryapsids are usually considered entirely extinct, although turtles might be part of the sauropterygian clade[1] while other authors disagree.[2]
Historically, a variety of reptiles with upper fenestrae, either alone or with a lower emargination, have been considered euryapsid or parapsid, and to have had their patterns of fenestration originate separately from those of diapsids. This includes araeoscelidans, mesosaurs, squamates, pleurosaurids[3], weigeltisaurids, protorosaurs, and trilophosaurs.[4][5] With the exception of mesosaurs, which only have the lower temporal opening, all of these are universally agreed to be diapsids which either secondarily closed the lower opening (araeoscelids, trilophosaurs) or lost the lower bar (squamates, pleurosaurs, protorosaurs).
The ichthyosaurian skull is sometimes described as having a metapsid (or parapsid) condition instead of a truly euryapsid one. In ichthyosaurs, the squamosal bone is never part of the fenestra's margin.[6]
The terms Enaliosauria and Halisauria are also used for a taxon including ichthyosaurs and sauropterygians.[7][8]
See also
References
- ^ Lee, M. S. Y. (2013). "Turtle origins: insights from phylogenetic retrofitting and molecular scaffolds". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 26 (12): 2729–2738. doi:10.1111/jeb.12268.
- ^ Simões, Tiago R.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Pierce, Stephanie E. (2022-08-19). "Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles". Science Advances. 8 (33): eabq1898. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq1898. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 9390993. PMID 35984885.
- ^ Williston, Samuel Wendell (1925). Osteology of the Reptiles.
- ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1956). Osteology of the Reptiles.
- ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1966). Vertebrate Paleontology.
- ^ Maisch, M. (2010). "Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria - the state of the art". www.semanticscholar.org. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
- ^ "Definition of ENALIOSAURIA". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ^ Haeckel, Ernst (1895). Die systematische Phylogenie (Dritter Theil/Systematische Phylogenie der Wirbelthiere (Vertebrata)). Vol. 3. Georg Reimer.
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