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The Comparative Constitutions Project is an [[Research|academic study]] of the content of the world's [[constitutions]] from 1789 to 2022, with yearly updates. The project was founded by Zachary Elkins and [[Tom Ginsburg]] in 2022 when they were colleagues at the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois]] and fellows at the Cline Center for Advanced Social Research.<ref>The American Bar Foundation. "The Comparative Constitutions Project." 2013. ''Researching Law'' [https://www.americanbarfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/rl_vol._24_no._4_fall_2013.pdf Vol. 24, No. 4. https://www.americanbarfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/rl_vol._24_no._4_fall_2013.pdf]</ref> The [[Goal|primary objective]] of the project is to understand the origins and consequences of constitutional choices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=Comparative Constitutions Project - Informing Constitutional Design |url=https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Most of the [[seed money]] for the project came from the Cline Center, as well as two successive grants from the [[National Science Foundation]].<ref>"Comparative Constitutions Project." https://clinecenter.illinois.edu/project/CollaborativeResearch/comparative-constitutions-project</ref><ref>Elkins, Zachary and Tom Ginsburg. "Formal Characteristics of National Constitutions: A Cross-National Historical Dataset." National Science Foundation, Award Nos. 0648288 and 0819102. Online at https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0648288&HistoricalAwards=false and https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0819102&HistoricalAwards=false</ref> James Melton, a [[Postgraduate education|graduate]] student at Illinois, joined Elkins and Ginsburg as a full collaborator before leaving [[Academic procession|academia]] in 2015. The project continues to be administered by Elkins and Ginsburg as a collaboration between the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] and the [[University of Chicago]], where they are based, respectively.<ref>"Comparative Constitutions Project - Informing Constitutional Design". ''Comparative Constitutions Project''. 2023-08-08. Retrieved 2023-09-13.</ref><ref>Alex Reshanov. "Laws of the Lands: Exploring the World's Constitutions." ''Life and Letters.'' March 22, 2023.</ref>
The Comparative Constitutions Project is an [[Research|academic study]] of the content of the world's [[constitutions]] from 1789 to 2022, with yearly updates. The project was founded by Zachary Elkins and [[Tom Ginsburg]] in 2022 when they were colleagues at the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois]] and fellows at the Cline Center for Advanced Social Research.<ref>The American Bar Foundation. "The Comparative Constitutions Project." 2013. ''Researching Law'' [https://www.americanbarfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/rl_vol._24_no._4_fall_2013.pdf Vol. 24, No. 4. https://www.americanbarfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/rl_vol._24_no._4_fall_2013.pdf]</ref> The [[Goal|primary objective]] of the project is to understand the origins and consequences of constitutional choices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=Comparative Constitutions Project - Informing Constitutional Design |url=https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Most of the [[seed money]] for the project came from the Cline Center, as well as two successive grants from the [[National Science Foundation]].<ref>"Comparative Constitutions Project." https://clinecenter.illinois.edu/project/CollaborativeResearch/comparative-constitutions-project</ref><ref>Elkins, Zachary and Tom Ginsburg. "Formal Characteristics of National Constitutions: A Cross-National Historical Dataset." National Science Foundation, Award Nos. 0648288 and 0819102. Online at https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0648288&HistoricalAwards=false and https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0819102&HistoricalAwards=false</ref> James Melton, a [[Postgraduate education|graduate]] student at Illinois, joined Elkins and Ginsburg as a full collaborator before leaving [[Academic procession|academia]] in 2015. The [[project]] continues to be administered by Elkins and Ginsburg as a collaboration between the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] and the [[University of Chicago]], where they are based, respectively.<ref>"Comparative Constitutions Project - Informing Constitutional Design". ''Comparative Constitutions Project''. 2023-08-08. Retrieved 2023-09-13.</ref><ref>Alex Reshanov. "Laws of the Lands: Exploring the World's Constitutions." ''Life and Letters.'' March 22, 2023.</ref>


== Project Datasets ==
== Project Datasets ==
Data from the project is used primarily by scholars of [[comparative politics]] and [[comparative law]].<ref>"Comparative Constitutions Project." Google Scholar Citations. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=mhIGFq8AAAAJ&citation_for_view=mhIGFq8AAAAJ:3ssty3PwuTgC</ref> The data, particularly the repository of indexed texts (constitute), are also widely used by constitutional drafters to guide the inventory and choices of constitutional drafters.<ref>''The Economist''. "Mix and Match: Countries change their constitutions often. There’s an app for that." November 9, 2019. https://www.economist.com/international/2013/11/09/mix-and-match</ref>
[[Data]] from the project is used primarily by scholars of [[comparative politics]] and [[comparative law]].<ref>"Comparative Constitutions Project." Google Scholar Citations. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=mhIGFq8AAAAJ&citation_for_view=mhIGFq8AAAAJ:3ssty3PwuTgC</ref> The data, particularly the repository of indexed texts (constitute), are also widely used by constitutional drafters to guide the [[inventory]] and choices of [[Constitution|constitutional]] drafters.<ref>''The Economist''. "Mix and Match: Countries change their constitutions often. There’s an app for that." November 9, 2019. https://www.economist.com/international/2013/11/09/mix-and-match</ref>


=== Constitutional Events ===
=== Constitutional Events ===
A first stage of the project has entailed the documentation, or [[census]], of each historical constitutional "event" (e.g., replacement, amendment, suspension, etc.) for each of the countries included in the sample.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=Comparative Constitutions Project - Informing Constitutional Design |url=https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |language=en-US}}</ref> This [[Chronology|chronological]] dataset is published as the "Chronology of Constitutional Events."<ref>Elkins, Zachary, Tom Ginsburg, and James Melton. "Chronology of Constitutional Events, v.1.3." Online at https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org</ref> The sample includes every recognized [[Independence|independent state]] in the Ward and Gleditsch list<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gleditsch |first1=Kristian S. |last2=Ward |first2=Michael D. |date=1999-12-01 |title=A revised list of independent states since the congress of Vienna |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050629908434958 |journal=International Interactions |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=393–413 |doi=10.1080/03050629908434958 |issn=0305-0629}}</ref> (including most [[Microstate|micro states]]) in existence for at least ''some'' period since 1789. This recording of events has been useful to researchers who study [[Institution|institutional reform]] historically has become a standard accounting of the census of historical constitutions.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Elkins |first1=Zachary |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511817595 |title=The Endurance of National Constitutions |last2=Ginsburg |first2=Tom |last3=Melton |first3=James |date=2009-10-12 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511817595 |isbn=978-0-521-73132-4}}</ref><ref>Cite to the event data </ref> Currently, the project lists the existence of 799 constitutional "systems" since 1789, 2,999 amendments to these 799 systems, 85 suspensions, 66 reinstated constitutions, and 95 [[interim]] constitutions.<ref>Elkins, Zachary, Tom Ginsburg, and James Melton. "Chronology of Constitutional Events, v.1.3." Online at [https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org/ https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org]</ref> The project maintains a visualization of these chronologies.
A first stage of the project has entailed the [[documentation]], or [[census]], of each historical constitutional "event" (e.g., replacement, amendment, suspension, etc.) for each of the countries included in the sample.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=Comparative Constitutions Project - Informing Constitutional Design |url=https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |language=en-US}}</ref> This [[Chronology|chronological]] dataset is published as the "Chronology of Constitutional Events."<ref>Elkins, Zachary, Tom Ginsburg, and James Melton. "Chronology of Constitutional Events, v.1.3." Online at https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org</ref> The sample includes every recognized [[Independence|independent state]] in the Ward and Gleditsch list<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gleditsch |first1=Kristian S. |last2=Ward |first2=Michael D. |date=1999-12-01 |title=A revised list of independent states since the congress of Vienna |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050629908434958 |journal=International Interactions |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=393–413 |doi=10.1080/03050629908434958 |issn=0305-0629}}</ref> (including most [[Microstate|micro states]]) in existence for at least ''some'' period since 1789. This recording of events has been useful to researchers who study [[Institution|institutional reform]] historically has become a standard accounting of the [[census]] of historical constitutions.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Elkins |first1=Zachary |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511817595 |title=The Endurance of National Constitutions |last2=Ginsburg |first2=Tom |last3=Melton |first3=James |date=2009-10-12 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511817595 |isbn=978-0-521-73132-4}}</ref><ref>Cite to the event data </ref> Currently, the project lists the existence of 799 constitutional "systems" since 1789, 2,999 amendments to these 799 systems, 85 suspensions, 66 reinstated constitutions, and 95 [[interim]] constitutions.<ref>Elkins, Zachary, Tom Ginsburg, and James Melton. "Chronology of Constitutional Events, v.1.3." Online at [https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org/ https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org]</ref> The project maintains a visualization of these [[chronologies]].


=== Constitutional Texts ===
=== Constitutional Texts ===
The project's researchers have collected the text for nearly every system (in the year of its enactment) as well as most of the amendments to these systems. (They list a set of "most wanted" texts for those that they are missing<ref>"CCP’s Most Wanted Texts." Post from September 5, 2018. [https://comparative https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org]</ref>). They maintain an indexed repository of these texts on Constitute, an online tool that the researchers built with engineers at [[Google]] (see below).
The project's researchers have collected the text for nearly every system (in the year of its enactment) as well as most of the amendments to these systems. (They list a set of "most wanted" texts for those that they are missing<ref>"CCP’s Most Wanted Texts." Post from September 5, 2018. [https://comparative https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org]</ref>). They maintain an indexed repository of these texts on Constitute, an [[online]] tool that the researchers built with [[Engineer|engineers]] at [[Google]] (see below).


=== Characteristics of Constitutions ===
=== Characteristics of Constitutions ===
A central, component of the project is the coding of some 650 characteristics of constitutions (and their revisions, aggregated yearly). These data are disseminated in a dataset published yearly as the "Characteristics of National Constitutions."<ref>Characteristics of National Constitutions. Documentation and Data. To be completed</ref> More than 200 studies have employed the data for the analysis of the origins and effects of constitutional choices, as well as a description of institutional forms over time.<ref>"Comparative Constitutions Project." Google Scholar Citations. <nowiki>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=mhIGFq8AAAAJ&citation_for_view=mhIGFq8AAAAJ:3ssty3PwuTgC</nowiki></ref> The authors have published several studies about the reliability and comparability of the data.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Melton |first1=James |last2=Elkins |first2=Zachary |last3=Ginsburg |first3=Tom |last4=Leetaru |first4=Kalev |date=2012-10-09 |title=On the Interpretability of Law: Lessons from the Decoding of National Constitutions |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123412000361 |journal=British Journal of Political Science |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=399–423 |doi=10.1017/s0007123412000361 |hdl=2152/22252 |s2cid=28979765 |issn=0007-1234}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elkins |first1=Zachary |last2=Ginsburg |first2=Tom |date=2021-05-11 |title=What Can We Learn from Written Constitutions? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-100720-102911 |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=321–343 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-100720-102911 |s2cid=233925573 |issn=1094-2939}}</ref>
A central, component of the project is the coding of some 650 characteristics of constitutions (and their revisions, aggregated yearly). These data are disseminated in a dataset published yearly as the "Characteristics of National Constitutions."<ref>Characteristics of National Constitutions. Documentation and Data. To be completed</ref> More than 200 studies have [[employed]] the data for the analysis of the origins and effects of constitutional choices, as well as a description of institutional forms over time.<ref>"Comparative Constitutions Project." Google Scholar Citations. <nowiki>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=mhIGFq8AAAAJ&citation_for_view=mhIGFq8AAAAJ:3ssty3PwuTgC</nowiki></ref> The authors have published several studies about the reliability and comparability of the data.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Melton |first1=James |last2=Elkins |first2=Zachary |last3=Ginsburg |first3=Tom |last4=Leetaru |first4=Kalev |date=2012-10-09 |title=On the Interpretability of Law: Lessons from the Decoding of National Constitutions |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123412000361 |journal=British Journal of Political Science |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=399–423 |doi=10.1017/s0007123412000361 |hdl=2152/22252 |s2cid=28979765 |issn=0007-1234}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elkins |first1=Zachary |last2=Ginsburg |first2=Tom |date=2021-05-11 |title=What Can We Learn from Written Constitutions? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-100720-102911 |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=321–343 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-100720-102911 |s2cid=233925573 |issn=1094-2939}}</ref>


=== Related Data ===
=== Related Data ===
A number of data projects have spun off from the project's core sets of data. For example, some data projects have recorded information about the process of constitution making.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Blount |first1=Justin |title=Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter? |date=2012-02-27 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139105712.004 |work=Comparative Constitutional Design |pages=31–66 |access-date=2023-09-13 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |last2=Elkins |first2=Zachary |last3=Ginsburg |first3=Tom|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139105712.004 |hdl=2152/22257 |isbn=9781139105712 }}</ref> Other researchers have deepened the topic coverage by coding topics in more detail. The project site maps some of these related data projects through a set of standardized topics ([[Ontology (information science)|ontology]]), for which the team received a third grant from the [[National Science Foundation]].<ref>Zachary Elkins (PI). "Concept Integration in Comparative Law: Linking Constitutional, Consultation, and Court Analysis."https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2315189&HistoricalAwards=false</ref>
A number of data projects have spun off from the project's core sets of data. For example, some data projects have recorded information about the process of constitution making.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Blount |first1=Justin |title=Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter? |date=2012-02-27 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139105712.004 |work=Comparative Constitutional Design |pages=31–66 |access-date=2023-09-13 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |last2=Elkins |first2=Zachary |last3=Ginsburg |first3=Tom|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139105712.004 |hdl=2152/22257 |isbn=9781139105712 }}</ref> Other researchers have deepened the topic coverage by coding topics in more detail. The project site maps some of these related data projects through a set of standardized topics ([[Ontology (information science)|ontology]]), for which the team received a third grant from the [[National Science Foundation]].<ref>Zachary Elkins (PI). "Concept Integration in Comparative Law: Linking Constitutional, Consultation, and Court Analysis."https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2315189&HistoricalAwards=false</ref>


== Repository of Texts (Constitute) ==
== Repository of Texts (Constitute) ==
In 2013, CCP teamed up with [[Google Ideas]] (now [[Jigsaw (company)|Jigsaw]]) to launch Constitute, an indexed repository of currently-in-force constitutional texts.<ref>Fareed Zakaria. {{Citation |title=Last Look: Google's constitution database {{!}} CNN |date=2013-09-30 |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/bestoftv/2013/09/30/exp-gps-0929-last-look-constitution.cnn |access-date=2023-09-19 |language=en}}</ref> The point of Constitute is to provide representative text for each of 330 constitutional topics for constitutional drafters throughout the world. The site has been localized in Spanish and Arabic, which include a small number of texts translated into those languages.<ref>"Constitute in Arabic and Spanish."
In 2013, CCP teamed up with [[Google Ideas]] (now [[Jigsaw (company)|Jigsaw]]) to launch Constitute, an indexed repository of currently-in-force constitutional texts.<ref>Fareed Zakaria. {{Citation |title=Last Look: Google's constitution database {{!}} CNN |date=2013-09-30 |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/bestoftv/2013/09/30/exp-gps-0929-last-look-constitution.cnn |access-date=2023-09-19 |language=en}}</ref> The point of Constitute is to provide representative text for each of 330 constitutional topics for constitutional drafters throughout the world. The site has been localized in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Arabic]], which include a small number of texts translated into those languages.<ref>"Constitute in Arabic and Spanish."


https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org/arabic-constitute/</ref> The site receives some 7,000 visitors a day and has won a number of awards for civic tech contributions and information design.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.constituteproject.org/content/media | title=Constitute }}</ref>
https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org/arabic-constitute/</ref> The site receives some 7,000 visitors a day and has won a number of awards for civic tech contributions and information design.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.constituteproject.org/content/media | title=Constitute }}</ref>


=== Semantic Web and Controlled Vocabularies ===
=== Semantic Web and Controlled Vocabularies ===
The data model for the site, which has evolved since 2013, represents one of the early uses of [[Semantic Web]] technology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elkins |first1=Zachary |last2=Ginsburg |first2=Tom |last3=Melton |first3=James |last4=Shaffer |first4=Robert |last5=Sequeda |first5=Juan |last6=Miranker |first6=Daniel P. |date=2014 |title=Constitute: The World's Constitutions to Read, Search, and Compare |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3199104 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3199104 |issn=1556-5068}}</ref> A central focus of the project has been the articulation of a [[Standardization|standardized vocabulary]] to track constitutional topics and to link various datasets on constitutions and politics.
The data model for the site, which has evolved since 2013, represents one of the early uses of [[Semantic Web]] technology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elkins |first1=Zachary |last2=Ginsburg |first2=Tom |last3=Melton |first3=James |last4=Shaffer |first4=Robert |last5=Sequeda |first5=Juan |last6=Miranker |first6=Daniel P. |date=2014 |title=Constitute: The World's Constitutions to Read, Search, and Compare |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3199104 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3199104 |issn=1556-5068}}</ref> A central focus of the project has been the articulation of a [[Standardization|standardized vocabulary]] to track constitutional topics and to link various [[Data set|datasets]] on constitutions and politics.


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 19:21, 21 September 2023

The Comparative Constitutions Project is an academic study of the content of the world's constitutions from 1789 to 2022, with yearly updates. The project was founded by Zachary Elkins and Tom Ginsburg in 2022 when they were colleagues at the University of Illinois and fellows at the Cline Center for Advanced Social Research.[1] The primary objective of the project is to understand the origins and consequences of constitutional choices.[2] Most of the seed money for the project came from the Cline Center, as well as two successive grants from the National Science Foundation.[3][4] James Melton, a graduate student at Illinois, joined Elkins and Ginsburg as a full collaborator before leaving academia in 2015. The project continues to be administered by Elkins and Ginsburg as a collaboration between the University of Texas and the University of Chicago, where they are based, respectively.[5][6]

Project Datasets

Data from the project is used primarily by scholars of comparative politics and comparative law.[7] The data, particularly the repository of indexed texts (constitute), are also widely used by constitutional drafters to guide the inventory and choices of constitutional drafters.[8]

Constitutional Events

A first stage of the project has entailed the documentation, or census, of each historical constitutional "event" (e.g., replacement, amendment, suspension, etc.) for each of the countries included in the sample.[9] This chronological dataset is published as the "Chronology of Constitutional Events."[10] The sample includes every recognized independent state in the Ward and Gleditsch list[11] (including most micro states) in existence for at least some period since 1789. This recording of events has been useful to researchers who study institutional reform historically has become a standard accounting of the census of historical constitutions.[12][13] Currently, the project lists the existence of 799 constitutional "systems" since 1789, 2,999 amendments to these 799 systems, 85 suspensions, 66 reinstated constitutions, and 95 interim constitutions.[14] The project maintains a visualization of these chronologies.

Constitutional Texts

The project's researchers have collected the text for nearly every system (in the year of its enactment) as well as most of the amendments to these systems. (They list a set of "most wanted" texts for those that they are missing[15]). They maintain an indexed repository of these texts on Constitute, an online tool that the researchers built with engineers at Google (see below).

Characteristics of Constitutions

A central, component of the project is the coding of some 650 characteristics of constitutions (and their revisions, aggregated yearly). These data are disseminated in a dataset published yearly as the "Characteristics of National Constitutions."[16] More than 200 studies have employed the data for the analysis of the origins and effects of constitutional choices, as well as a description of institutional forms over time.[17] The authors have published several studies about the reliability and comparability of the data.[18][19]

A number of data projects have spun off from the project's core sets of data. For example, some data projects have recorded information about the process of constitution making.[20] Other researchers have deepened the topic coverage by coding topics in more detail. The project site maps some of these related data projects through a set of standardized topics (ontology), for which the team received a third grant from the National Science Foundation.[21]

Repository of Texts (Constitute)

In 2013, CCP teamed up with Google Ideas (now Jigsaw) to launch Constitute, an indexed repository of currently-in-force constitutional texts.[22] The point of Constitute is to provide representative text for each of 330 constitutional topics for constitutional drafters throughout the world. The site has been localized in Spanish and Arabic, which include a small number of texts translated into those languages.[23] The site receives some 7,000 visitors a day and has won a number of awards for civic tech contributions and information design.[24]

Semantic Web and Controlled Vocabularies

The data model for the site, which has evolved since 2013, represents one of the early uses of Semantic Web technology.[25] A central focus of the project has been the articulation of a standardized vocabulary to track constitutional topics and to link various datasets on constitutions and politics.

References

  1. ^ The American Bar Foundation. "The Comparative Constitutions Project." 2013. Researching Law Vol. 24, No. 4. https://www.americanbarfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/rl_vol._24_no._4_fall_2013.pdf
  2. ^ "Comparative Constitutions Project - Informing Constitutional Design". Comparative Constitutions Project. August 8, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  3. ^ "Comparative Constitutions Project." https://clinecenter.illinois.edu/project/CollaborativeResearch/comparative-constitutions-project
  4. ^ Elkins, Zachary and Tom Ginsburg. "Formal Characteristics of National Constitutions: A Cross-National Historical Dataset." National Science Foundation, Award Nos. 0648288 and 0819102. Online at https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0648288&HistoricalAwards=false and https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0819102&HistoricalAwards=false
  5. ^ "Comparative Constitutions Project - Informing Constitutional Design". Comparative Constitutions Project. 2023-08-08. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
  6. ^ Alex Reshanov. "Laws of the Lands: Exploring the World's Constitutions." Life and Letters. March 22, 2023.
  7. ^ "Comparative Constitutions Project." Google Scholar Citations. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=mhIGFq8AAAAJ&citation_for_view=mhIGFq8AAAAJ:3ssty3PwuTgC
  8. ^ The Economist. "Mix and Match: Countries change their constitutions often. There’s an app for that." November 9, 2019. https://www.economist.com/international/2013/11/09/mix-and-match
  9. ^ "Comparative Constitutions Project - Informing Constitutional Design". Comparative Constitutions Project. August 8, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
  10. ^ Elkins, Zachary, Tom Ginsburg, and James Melton. "Chronology of Constitutional Events, v.1.3." Online at https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org
  11. ^ Gleditsch, Kristian S.; Ward, Michael D. (December 1, 1999). "A revised list of independent states since the congress of Vienna". International Interactions. 25 (4): 393–413. doi:10.1080/03050629908434958. ISSN 0305-0629.
  12. ^ Elkins, Zachary; Ginsburg, Tom; Melton, James (October 12, 2009). The Endurance of National Constitutions. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511817595. ISBN 978-0-521-73132-4.
  13. ^ Cite to the event data
  14. ^ Elkins, Zachary, Tom Ginsburg, and James Melton. "Chronology of Constitutional Events, v.1.3." Online at https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org
  15. ^ "CCP’s Most Wanted Texts." Post from September 5, 2018. https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org
  16. ^ Characteristics of National Constitutions. Documentation and Data. To be completed
  17. ^ "Comparative Constitutions Project." Google Scholar Citations. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=mhIGFq8AAAAJ&citation_for_view=mhIGFq8AAAAJ:3ssty3PwuTgC
  18. ^ Melton, James; Elkins, Zachary; Ginsburg, Tom; Leetaru, Kalev (October 9, 2012). "On the Interpretability of Law: Lessons from the Decoding of National Constitutions". British Journal of Political Science. 43 (2): 399–423. doi:10.1017/s0007123412000361. hdl:2152/22252. ISSN 0007-1234. S2CID 28979765.
  19. ^ Elkins, Zachary; Ginsburg, Tom (May 11, 2021). "What Can We Learn from Written Constitutions?". Annual Review of Political Science. 24 (1): 321–343. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-100720-102911. ISSN 1094-2939. S2CID 233925573.
  20. ^ Blount, Justin; Elkins, Zachary; Ginsburg, Tom (February 27, 2012), "Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?", Comparative Constitutional Design, Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–66, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139105712.004, hdl:2152/22257, ISBN 9781139105712, retrieved September 13, 2023
  21. ^ Zachary Elkins (PI). "Concept Integration in Comparative Law: Linking Constitutional, Consultation, and Court Analysis."https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2315189&HistoricalAwards=false
  22. ^ Fareed Zakaria. Last Look: Google's constitution database | CNN, September 30, 2013, retrieved September 19, 2023
  23. ^ "Constitute in Arabic and Spanish." https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org/arabic-constitute/
  24. ^ "Constitute".
  25. ^ Elkins, Zachary; Ginsburg, Tom; Melton, James; Shaffer, Robert; Sequeda, Juan; Miranker, Daniel P. (2014). "Constitute: The World's Constitutions to Read, Search, and Compare". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3199104. ISSN 1556-5068.
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