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===Lawsuits===
===Lawsuits===
On 2012, FDA has issued a warning for the Stryker Rejuvenate hip replacement after it was discovered that the hip replacement was considered defective and can cause similar side effects to [[DePuy Synthes|DePuy Hip Implants]]. As a result, in 2014, Stryker was fined 1 billion and 2.5 billion respectively for their defective Rejuvenate and ABG II hip replacements that can cause excruciating pain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stryker Hip Lawsuit {{!}} Settlement Amounts & 2021 Updates|url=https://www.drugwatch.com/hip-replacement/stryker/lawsuits/|access-date=2021-10-09|website=Drugwatch.com|language=en}}</ref>
On 2012, FDA has issued a warning for the Stryker Rejuvenate hip replacement after it was discovered that the hip replacement was considered defective and can cause similar side effects to [[DePuy Synthes|DePuy hip implants]]. As a result, in 2014, Stryker was fined 1 billion and 2.5 billion respectively for their defective Rejuvenate and ABG II hip replacements that can cause excruciating pain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stryker Hip Lawsuit {{!}} Settlement Amounts & 2021 Updates|url=https://www.drugwatch.com/hip-replacement/stryker/lawsuits/|access-date=2021-10-09|website=Drugwatch.com|language=en}}</ref>


==Response to 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine==
==Response to 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine==

Revision as of 04:52, 25 September 2023

Stryker Corporation
Company typePublic
IndustryMedical technology
Founded1941
FounderHomer Stryker
HeadquartersKalamazoo, Michigan, U.S.
Key people
Kevin A. Lobo
(Chairman and CEO)
Timothy J. Scannell
(President and COO)
ProductsMedical devices
orthopaedic implants
surgical equipment
neurovascular products
patient handling and emergency medical equipment
RevenueIncrease US$17.108 billion (2021)
Increase US$2.281 billion (2021)
Increase US$1.994 billion (2021)
Number of employees
46,000 (2021)[1]
Websitestryker.com

Stryker Corporation is an American multinational medical technologies corporation based in Kalamazoo, Michigan.[2] Stryker's products include implants used in joint replacement and trauma surgeries; surgical equipment and surgical navigation systems; endoscopic and communications systems; patient handling and emergency medical equipment; neurosurgical, neurovascular and spinal devices; as well as other medical device products used in a variety of medical specialties.

In the United States, most of Stryker's products are marketed directly to doctors, hospitals and other healthcare facilities. Internationally, Stryker products are sold in over 100 countries through company-owned sales subsidiaries and branches as well as third-party dealers and distributors.

Business segments

Stryker segregates their reporting into three reportable business segments: Orthopedics, Medical and Surgical (MedSurg), and Neurotechnology and Spine.[3]

  • Orthopedics products consist primarily of implants used in hip and knee joint replacements and trauma and extremities surgeries.
  • MedSurg products include surgical equipment and surgical navigation systems (Instruments); endoscopic and communications systems (Endoscopy); patient handling and emergency medical equipment (Medical); and reprocessed and remanufactured medical devices as well as other medical device products used in a variety of medical specialties.
  • Stryker Neurotechnology and Spine products include a portfolio of products including both neurosurgical and neurovascular devices. Their neurotechnology offering includes products used for minimally invasive endovascular techniques, as well as a line of products for traditional brain and open skull base surgical procedures, orthobiologic and biosurgery products including synthetic bone grafts and vertebral augmentation products, as well as minimally invasive products for the treatment of acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Stryker also develops, manufactures and markets spinal implant products including cervical, thoracolumbar and interbody systems used in spinal injury, deformity and degenerative therapies.[4]

History

The Orthopedic Frame Company, the precursor of Stryker Corporation, was formed in 1941 by Dr. Homer Stryker, a Kalamazoo, Michigan, orthopedist and a 1925 graduate of the University of Michigan Medical School .[5] Stryker developed the Turning Frame, a mobile hospital bed that allowed for repositioning of injured patients while providing necessary body immobility; the cast cutter, a cast cutting apparatus that removed cast material without damaging underlying tissues; and the walking heel, among others. In 1964, the company name was officially changed to Stryker Corporation.[6]

In 1979, Stryker made an initial public offering of stock and later acquired Osteonics Corporation, entering the replacement hip, knee, and other orthopedic implants market (Stryker). In 1999 annual sales reached $2.1 billion, and in 2000 Stryker was included in the S&P 500 and the Forbes Platinum 400 for the first time. In 2002 sales reached $3.0 billion and Stryker was listed in the Fortune 500 for the first time.[citation needed]

In 2003, Stephen P. MacMillan joined Stryker as president and CEO. In 2005, annual sales reached $4.9 billion and John W. Brown transitioned to the single role of chairman of the board, a role he retired from in 2010,[7] while MacMillan became president and CEO. By 2007, Stryker sold its Physiotherapy Associates division to private equity firm Water Street Healthcare Partners for $150 million. In February 2012, Mr. MacMillan resigned and Curt R. Hartman was named Interim Chief Executive Officer and vice president and chief financial officer. Mr. William U. Parfet was named non-executive chairman of the board. On October 1, 2012, Mr. Kevin A. Lobo was appointed as president and chief executive officer.[citation needed]

At the end of 2012, Stryker had approximately 22,000 global employees and annual sales of $8.7 billion. 35% of those sales were outside the U.S.[citation needed]

Stryker Roll-In-Stretcher
Stryker Roll-In-Stretcher

In a 2012 global market overview of top medical technology firms, Stryker was ranked number 10 with total portfolio sales in excess of $8.6 billion. Moreover, the firm maintains 35% worldwide reconstructive market share; 50% worldwide MedSurg market share; 15% worldwide Neurotechnology and Spine market share.[8]

The company was recognized by Hermann Simon as a role model for other small to medium-sized business in his book Hidden Champions.[9] Stryker recently hired former Johnson & Johnson executive Rob Fletcher as its new chief legal officer.[10]

John Brown

Brown served as president, CEO and finally chairman of the board across a 32-year career with Stryker.[7] One report attributes Stryker's rise from a maker of hospital beds to a world-class medical technology company to Brown.[7] As of 2013, Brown's retained investment in Stryker placed him on the Forbes 400 list with a net worth of US$1,500,000,000.[7]

Corporate governance

As of 2018, members of the board of directors of Stryker Corporation are:[11]

  • Kevin A. Lobo, chairman and CEO
  • Allan C. Golston, lead independent director
  • Mary K. Brainerd
  • Srikant M. Datar, Ph.D.
  • Dr. Roch Doliveux, DVM
  • Louise L. Francesconi
  • Sherilyn S. McCoy
  • Andrew K. Silvernail
  • Ronda E. Stryker
  • Rajeev Suri
  • John W. Brown, chairman emeritus
  • Howard E. Cox, Jr, director emeritus

Recent acquisitions

1998–2010

In 1998, Stryker purchased Howmedica, the orthopaedic division of Pfizer, for $1.65 billion. Howmedica became Stryker Orthopaedics. In August 2000, Stryker acquired, with stock, Guided Technologies, a developer and manufacturer of optical localizers purposed for use in healthcare and industrial.[12]

In August 2004, Stryker acquired, for $120 million, SpineCore, a company involved in the development of artificial spinal disks. About two years preceding this date, in June 2002, the firm acquired the Spinal Implant Business of Surgical Dynamics for $135 million.[citation needed]

In March 2006, Stryker absorbed the Haifa, Israel-based Sightline Technologies into its operations. Sightline, a manufacturer of gastrointestinal endoscopy apparatuses, propelled Stryker into the flexible endoscopy market. In February of the same year, the firm acquired eTrauma.com, a privately held entity involved in the development of software for Picture archiving and communication system (PACS); the company was incorporated into Stryker Endoscopy Business. December 2005 marked the company's acquisition of PlasmaSol Corp. for $17.5 million. PlasmaSol produces technologies allowing sterilization of various MedSurg equipments.

In 2009, Stryker acquired Ascent Healthcare Solutions the market leader in the reprocessing and remanufacturing of medical devices in the U.S.

2011–today

In January 2011, Stryker acquired the Neurovascular Division of Boston Scientific, which includes products used for the minimally invasive treatment of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. In June 2011, Stryker purchased Malvern, Pennsylvania-based Orthovita, a biomaterials company specializing in bone augmentation and substitution technologies. The Orthovita business now makes up the Stryker Orthobiologics division, which specializes in biomaterials for all Stryker divisions.[13] In July 2011, Stryker completed the acquisition of privately held Memometal Technologies S.A.. France based Memometal develops, manufactures and markets products for extremity indications based on its proprietary methods for preparing and manufacturing a shape memory metal alloy.[14] In August 2011, Stryker signed a definitive agreement to acquire privately held Concentric Medical, Inc. in an all-cash transaction for $135 million. Concentric's products include devices for the removal of thrombus in patients experiencing acute ischemic stroke along with a broad range of AIS access products.[15]

In November 2012, Stryker acquired the Tel Aviv, Israel-based Surpass Medical Ltd., a company developing a flow diversion stent technology to treat brain aneurysms using a mesh design and delivery system, for $135 million.[16]

In March 2013, Stryker acquired Trauson Holdings Company Limited. Trauson is a trauma manufacturer in China and a major competitor in the spine segment.[17] In December 2013, Stryker acquired MAKO Surgical Corporation. MAKO is a company in South Florida that manufactures and markets surgical robotic arm assistance platforms, most notably the RIO (Robotic Arm Interactive Orthopedic System) as well as orthopedic implants used by orthopedic surgeons for use in partial knee and total hip arthroplasty.[18] Stryker also acquired Patient Safety Technologies, Inc. The company offers Safety-Sponge System, an integrated counting and documentation system that prevents surgical sponges and towels from being unintentionally left in patients after surgical procedures.[19]

In March 2014, Stryker acquired Pivot Medical, Inc. Pivot is a privately held business selling innovative products for hip arthroscopy with operating facilities in Sunnyvale, CA.[20] In April 2014 Stryker acquires Berchtold Holding AG (Berchtold), a provider of customer-centric healthcare equipment for over 90 years. Berchtold's product portfolio includes surgical tables, equipment booms, and surgical lighting systems geared towards maximizing efficiency and safety in operating rooms and ICUs.[21] On July 1, 2014, Stryker Corp. announced that it had agreed to buy the assets of Small Bone Innovations Inc., a Morrisville, Pa.-based company that specializes in products that help surgeons treat and replace small bones and joints for $358 million.[22] The company also acquired Patient Safety Technologies for $120 million.

In September 2015, Stryker acquired Turkish company Muka Metal A.S. which is manufacturing hospital beds and patient furniture in Kayseri.[23]

In February 2016, the company announced it would acquire Sage Products for $2.8 billion.[24] Later in the same month the company announced the acquisition of Physio-Control from Bain Capital Outline of the Northern Mariana Islands Equity for $1.28 billion.[25]

In June 2017, Stryker acquired Arthrogenx, LLC, which developed the Cobra reusable suture passer for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [26] and Novadaq.[27] In September, Stryker completed its acquisition of Novadaq Technologies for $700 million.[28] In October, the company acquired Vexim for €183 million.[29] In November 2017 the company announced it would acquire Entellus Medical Inc $662 million, bolstering Strykers ENT business.[30]

In 2018 Stryker acquired K2M Group Holdings, Inc., producer of complex spine and minimally invasive technology.[31] In May the business acquired Hygia Health, Services[32] SafeAir AG,[33] HyperBranch Medical Technology, Inc.,[34] and Invuity, Inc.[35]

In February 2019 the company announced it would acquire Arrinex, Inc. manufacturer of cryoablation technology for the treatment of chronic rhinitis.[36] In March Stryker acquired the Israeli-based OrthoSpace, Ltd for up to $220 million.[37] In October, the business acquired Mobius Imaging, LLC and GYS Tech, LLC (DBA Cardan Robotics).[38] In November of the same year the company announced it would acquire Wright Medical Group N.V. for around $4 billion ($5.4 billion including debt), expanding into upper-body implants.[39]

In January 2021, Stryker announced it would acquire joint replacement technology business, OrthoSensor, Inc.[40] In May 2021, Stryker announced the acquisition of TMJ Concepts.

In January 2022, the company announced it would acquire digital care business Vocera Communications for around $3 billion.[41][42]

In 2023, Stryker has introduced a new minimally invasive bunion treatment system, Prostep MIS Lapidus, as part of its growing extremities portfolio, acquired through its takeover of Wright Medical in 2020. The device aims to reduce bunion recurrence, minimize scarring, and lower opioid use, debuting at the 2023 American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society Annual Meeting.[43]

Acquisition history

Stryker Corporation Acquisitions
  • Stryker Corporation (Est. 1941 as The Orthopedic Frame Company)
    • Osteonics Corporation
    • Howmedica (Acq 1998)
    • Leibinger GmbH(Acq 1996)
    • Guided Technologies, Inc. (Sold 2007, SpineCore Inc.)
    • Water Street Healthcare Partners (Sold 2007)
    • Surgical Dynamics Inc. (Acq 2002)
    • SpineCore Inc. (Acq 2004)
    • PlasmaSol Corporation (Acq 2005)
    • Sightline Technologies Ltd (Acq 2006)
    • eTrauma.com Corporation (Acq 2006)
    • Ascent Healthcare Solutions, Inc. (Acq 2009)
    • Boston Scientific (Neurovascular div) (Acq 2011)
    • Orthovita (Acq 2011)
    • Memometal Technologies S.A. (Acq 2011)
    • Concentric Medical, Inc. (Acq 2011)
    • Trauson Holdings Company Limited (Acq 2012)
    • MAKO Surgical Corporation (Acq 2012)
    • Patient Safety Technologies (Acq 2012)
    • Surpass Medical Ltd (Acq 2012)
    • Pivot Medical, Inc. (Acq 2014)
    • Berchtold Holding AG (Acq 2014)
    • Small Bone Innovations Inc. (Acq 2014)
    • Sage Products (Acq 2016)
    • Physio-Control (Acq 2016)
    • Stanmore Implants Worldwide Ltd (Acq 2016)
    • Entellus Medical Inc (Acq 2017)
    • Arthrogenx, LLC (Acq 2017)
    • Novadaq (Acq 2017)
    • Vexim (Acq 2017)
    • Scopis GmbH (Acq 2017)
    • K2M Group Holdings, Inc. (Acq 2018)
    • Hygia Health Services (Acq 2018)
    • SafeAir AG (Acq 2018)
    • HyperBranch Medical Technology, Inc. (Acq 2018)
    • Invuity, Inc (Acq 2018)
    • Arrinex, Inc. (Acq 2019)
    • OrthoSpace, Ltd (Acq 2019)
    • GYS Tech, LLC (Acq 2019)
    • Mobius Imaging, LLC (Acq 2019)
    • Stryker B.V.[44]
      • Stryker Unite, (Bermuda) Ltd
        • Wright Medical Group N.V. (Acq 2019)
          • Wright Luxembourg S.A.
          • Wright Medical (Bermuda) Ltd
          • IMASCAP SAS (Acq 2017)
          • Cartiva, Inc. (Acq 2018)
    • OrthoSensor, Inc. (Acq 2020)
    • TMJ Concepts (Acq 2020)
    • Vocera Communications (Acq 2021)

Controversies & lawsuits

On January 27, 2000, Stryker Corporation restated its operating results for the year ended December 31, 1998, to reduce acquisition-related charges by $30.9 million.[45]

Since early 2007, the company has received three warning letters from the Food & Drug Administration citing issues in compliancy.[46][47] The first of these, a seven-page correspondence, named various issues at an Irish manufacturing facility, such as untimely fix of failures and procedural noncompliance in the testing of failed or otherwise problem-prone devices.[48] The second, sent November 2007, cites issues at the firm's Mahwah, New Jersey, facility, including poor fixation of hip implant components, in some instances requiring mitigation by revision surgeries; exceeded microbial level violations in the cleaning and final packaging areas of the sterile implants; and failure to institute measures in prevention of recurrence of these and other problems.[49] The final warning letter, sent April 2008, cites issues at the firm's Hopkinton, MA biotechnology facility. Again, issues relate to quality and noncompliance including falsification of documents relevant to the selling of products to hospitals which are to be sold under a limited, government-mandated basis. Stryker maintains that employees involved in the falsification of documents have since been terminated.[50]

In the fall of 2007, Stryker, along with the related companies Biomet, Zimmer Holdings, DePuy Orthopaedics and Smith & Nephew, were involved in civil litigation with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General. This litigation called for a net payout of $311 million as the governmental department maintains the aforementioned companies engaged in unlawful kickbacks to physicians who urged hospitals to purchase their respective products. Stryker, however, having cooperated early in the investigation, was not fined.[51]

As of February 2008, a dispute exists between Stryker Corp. and the U.S. Department of Justice concerning a subpoena linking the company to aforementioned misconduct in sale of products. Since governmental filing of the injunction, Stryker notes that it has produced in excess of 300,000 pages of documentation in compliance with the mandate. U.S. Government counters, however, that the documentation was not proper in scope and format. Law officials expect the investigation to continue for several months.[52]

Stryker recalled several models of medical vacuums sold under the Neptune Waste Management System brand in June and September 2012. The devices, some of which had not been cleared by the Food and Drug Administration, caused a fatal accident when the vacuum was mistakenly used to suction a passive drainage tube.[53][54]

Lawsuits

On 2012, FDA has issued a warning for the Stryker Rejuvenate hip replacement after it was discovered that the hip replacement was considered defective and can cause similar side effects to DePuy hip implants. As a result, in 2014, Stryker was fined 1 billion and 2.5 billion respectively for their defective Rejuvenate and ABG II hip replacements that can cause excruciating pain.[55]

Response to 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Stryker was among those that continued business-as-usual in Russia rather than join the more than a thousand international corporations that have curtailed operations there. Research from Yale School of Management evaluating companies' reaction to the Russian invasion put Stryker in the "Grade F" category of "Digging In", meaning "Defying Demands for Exit or Reduction of Activities."[56][Original research?]

References

  1. ^ "Stryker (SYK)". Forbes.
  2. ^ "Fortune 500: Stryker". Fortune. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  3. ^ "Stryker on the Forbes America's Largest Public Companies List". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
  4. ^ "Stryker 2012 10K Filing". February 27, 2013.
  5. ^ "Our history - Stryker". Stryker.
  6. ^ Lamiman, Kevin. "Stryker Corporation." Better Investing 1 November 2005: 44–46.
  7. ^ a b c d Staff (October 7, 2013). "352. John Brown". The Forbes 400. Forbes (print): 244.
  8. ^ Owen, Katherine; Becker, Yin (3 May 2013). "Fact Book 2012. Investor Relations, Public Affairs & Media Relations, Stryker Corporation".
  9. ^ Simon, Hermann: Hidden Champions of the 21st Century : Success Strategies of unknown World Market Leaders. London: Springer, 2009. ISBN 978-0-387-98147-5.
  10. ^ "Stryker names J&J lawyer as chief legal officer". MedTech Dive. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  11. ^ "Our Board of Directors". Stryker. 28 August 2018.
  12. ^ "Press Releases". Stryker Corporation. 16 October 2008.
  13. ^ George, John (16 May 2011), "Orthovita to be bought by medical technology giant Stryker", Philadelphia Business Journal, American City Business Journals, retrieved 16 May 2011
  14. ^ "Press Release". July 6, 2011.
  15. ^ "Press Release". August 2011.
  16. ^ "Stryker acquires Surpass Medical for $135m". 16 October 2012.
  17. ^ "Press Release". March 1, 2013.
  18. ^ "Press Release". December 17, 2013.
  19. ^ "Press Release". December 17, 2013.
  20. ^ "Press Release". March 7, 2014.
  21. ^ "Press Release". April 15, 2014.
  22. ^ Jones, Al (30 June 2014). "Stryker Corp. to pay up to $375 million to buy assets of Small Bone Innovations Inc". M Live.
  23. ^ "Our history - Stryker". Stryker.
  24. ^ "UPDATED: Stryker to buy disposable device maker for $2.8B to reduce hospital-acquired infections | FierceBiotech". Fierce Medical Devices. 2016-02-01. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  25. ^ "UPDATED: Stryker bulks up in emergency medicine with $1.3B purchase of Physio-Control | FierceBiotech". Fierce Medical Devices. 2016-02-16. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  26. ^ "Stryker unveils market's first reusable suture passer for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, Cobra - Stryker". Stryker.
  27. ^ "Stryker Takes Out Novadaq in $701 Million Deal". Biospace. June 20, 2017. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  28. ^ "Stryker to pony up $700M for imaging player Novadaq". FierceBiotech. 19 June 2017.
  29. ^ "VEXIM Acquired by Stryker in EUR 183M Deal". Biospace. October 25, 2017. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  30. ^ "Stryker beefs up ENT business with $662 million Entellus buy". Reuters. 7 December 2017.
  31. ^ "Stryker completes acquisition of K2M". Stryker.
  32. ^ "Stryker acquires Hygia Health Services | Stryker". Stryker.
  33. ^ "Stryker announces definitive agreement to acquire SafeAir AG". Stryker.
  34. ^ "Stryker acquires HyperBranch Medical Technology, Inc. | Stryker". Stryker.
  35. ^ "Stryker completes acquisition of Invuity, Inc. | Stryker". Stryker.
  36. ^ "Stryker acquires Arrinex | Stryker". Stryker.
  37. ^ "Stryker acquires OrthoSpace, Ltd". Stryker.
  38. ^ "Stryker completes acquisition of Mobius Imaging and Cardan Robotics". Stryker.
  39. ^ "Stryker boosts bone implants with $4 billion Wright Medical buyout". November 4, 2019 – via Reuters.
  40. ^ "Stryker acquires OrthoSensor". BioSpace.
  41. ^ "Stryker announces definitive agreement to acquire Vocera Communications".
  42. ^ "Medical device maker Stryker to buy Vocera Communications for $2.97 bln | Reuters". Reuters. 6 January 2022.
  43. ^ Paul Taylor, Nick (2023-09-21). "Stryker adds minimally invasive bunion device to fast-growing extremities portfolio".
  44. ^ "Stryker completes acquisition of Wright Medical". BioSpace.
  45. ^ "Stryker Operating Results for Quarter and Year Ended December 31, 1999".
  46. ^ Kamp, Jon; "Stryker's Growth Streak Runs Into Doubts" The Wall Street Journal, 17 September 2008, Eastern edition: B.5A
  47. ^ McCuddy, Michael K. (2011). "Teamwork Challenges at Stryker Corporation". In Nelson, Debra L.; Quick, James Campbell (eds.). Organizational Behavior.: Science, the Real World, and You. Mason: Cengage Learning. pp. 323–324. ISBN 978-1439042298.
  48. ^ Dixon, Kim (19 June 2007). "Stryker gets FDA warning letter for Ireland plant". Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
  49. ^ Ellsworth, Douglas (28 November 2007). ""Warning Letter." Letter to Steven MacMillan". Kalamazoo, Mich. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
  50. ^ "Stryker Gets Third Warning Letter From FDA Regarding Problems With Biotech Division". Rodman Publishing. 5 May 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
  51. ^ "Big orthopedic settlement could swing pricing pendulum toward hospitals." Hospital Materials Management 1 September 2008: 1–3.
  52. ^ Kamp, Jon. "Stryker Dispute With U.S. Could Continue for Months." The Wall Street Journal [New York, N.Y.] 1 October 2008, Eastern edition: D.8.
  53. ^ Cortez, Michelle Fay (25 September 2012). "Stryker Recalls Neptune Devices After Death Reported". Bloomberg. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  54. ^ "Stryker Issues Class 1 Recall of Neptune Rover Waste Management System in the United States, Asia Pacific, Canada, Japan, Latin America and EMEA" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 25 September 2012. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  55. ^ "Stryker Hip Lawsuit | Settlement Amounts & 2021 Updates". Drugwatch.com. Retrieved 2021-10-09.
  56. ^ "Over 1,000 Companies Have Curtailed Operations in Russia—But Some Remain". Yale School of Management. 2022-12-23. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
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