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*{{flag|Germany}}
*{{flag|Germany}}
| combatant2 = {{Flagdeco|ISIL|25px}} [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]
| combatant2 = {{Flagdeco|ISIL|25px}} [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]
| strength1 = 8,000 Peshmerga soldiers 500-800 PKK Soldiers 3,400-4,500 YPG Soldiers</ref>
| strength1 = 8,000 Peshmerga soldiers
500-800 PKK Soldiers
3,400-4,500 YPG Soldiers
name="Masoud_Barzani" />
| strength2 = 12,000 in mosul province
| strength2 = 12,000 in mosul province
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Iraqi Kurdistan}} [[Masoud Barzani]]<ref name="Masoud_Barzani" /> <br/> {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}} [[Murat Karayilan]] <br/> {{flagicon image|Flag of YBŞ.svg|border=no}} [[Sheikh Khairy Khedr]]{{KIA}}
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Iraqi Kurdistan}} [[Masoud Barzani]]<ref name="Masoud_Barzani" /> <br/> {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}} [[Murat Karayilan]] <br/> {{flagicon image|Flag of YBŞ.svg|border=no}} [[Sheikh Khairy Khedr]]{{KIA}}

Revision as of 16:27, 8 October 2023

Sinjar offensive
Part of the War in Iraq and the American-led intervention in Iraq

Map of the Sinjar offensive
Date17–22 December 2014
(6 days)
Location
Nineveh Governorate, Iraq
Result

Limited Kurdish gains:

  • Kurdish forces secured the road from Zummar to Sinjar, but fail to take control of the whole of the Sinjar mountains
  • Kurdish forces capture a part of Sinjar city
  • A total of 1,295–3,000 square kilometers (500–1,158 square miles) of mostly desert and highway are recaptured by Kurdish forces[7]
  • YPG and YBŞ cut the connection of ISIS of Raqqa and Mosul in Şengal.
Belligerents

Iraqi Kurdistan

PKK

Rojava

YBŞ
MLKP[1]

Air support:

Other Support:

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Commanders and leaders
Masoud Barzani[8]
Murat Karayilan
Sheikh Khairy Khedr †

Islamic State Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Leader)

Abu Suleiman al-Naser (Replacement Military Chief)[9]
Strength

8,000 Peshmerga soldiers 500-800 PKK Soldiers

3,400-4,500 YPG Soldiers		 12,000 in mosul province
Casualties and losses
4 wounded ~3,000+ killed (Peshmerga claim)[10]
54 vehicles destroyed and 26 damaged

The Sinjar offensive was a combination of operations of Kurdish Peshmerga, PKK and People's Protection Units forces in December 2014, to recapture regions formerly lost to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in their August offensive.

In a six-day-long offensive, the PKK and Peshmerga took control over part of the city of Sinjar and part of the mountains which had been conquered by ISIL in August 2014, and expanded their offensive on to Tal Afar.

Background

Main articles: Sinjar massacre and Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)

In August 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant launched an offensive in Northern Iraq and pushed into Kurdish held areas of the Nineveh Governorate, capturing the city of Sinjar, among others. Some 50,000 Yazidis fled to and remained in the Sinjar Mountains, located to the city's north.[11]

By the end of August, the majority of those 50,000 Yazidis had left the mountains, although several thousands stayed there. ISIL held onto Sinjar city and the southern entrance of the Sinjar Mountains.

On 21 October 2014, ISIL seized terrain north of the mountains, thus cutting the area's escape route to Kurdish areas. The Yazidi militias then withdrew from there into the Sinjar Mountains, where the number of Yazidi civilian refugees was estimated at 2,000–7,000.[12] An American source called this new situation a partial ISIL "siege" of the mountain range.[13]

Offensive

Peshmerga offensive

Sinjar area offensive

On 17 December 2014, at 7 AM (04.00 GMT), Peshmerga forces, directed personally by Masoud Barzani, the President of Iraqi Kurdistan,[8] launched an offensive on the Sinjar area, backed by US-led coalition airstrikes that had started the night before.[14] About 8,000 Peshmerga forces started advancing westward from Zummar, which had been recaptured by the Peshmerga in October 2014. A total of 45 airstrikes had been conducted by the US-led Coalition by end of the day.[15] The Peshmerga were supported with training and equipment by a British Army training team.[2]

Breaking the 'partial siege' of Mount Sinjar

On 18 December, the Peshmerga advanced even farther and managed to recapture a total of 700 square kilometers of territory and open a corridor from Zummar to Mount Sinjar, thus breaking the 'partial siege' of those mountains. According to a statement from the Kurdish command, large numbers of ISIL militants were fleeing, westward into Syria, and eastward into Mosul.[15] A total of 53 airstrikes had been carried out as of Thursday evening 18 December. According to the U.S. Pentagon, the airstrikes near Sinjar had targeted ISIL storage units, bulldozers, guard towers, vehicles, and three bridges.[16] Kurdish officials said on 19 December that, so far, more than 100 ISIL militants had been killed in this Kurdish Sinjar offensive.[17]

Rabia offensive and closing in on Tal Afar

On 19 December, one day after the retaking of Mount Sinjar, the Peshmerga launched a new offensive from the Rabia border crossing southward to Mount Sinjar. The new offensive was launched at 8 AM (05.00 GMT), with the aim of further clearing the area north of Mount Sinjar.[18] Simultaneously, Peshmerga forces on Mount Sinjar started pushing northward and captured Snuny, located on the road to Rabia.[8]

As ISIL militants withdrew to Tal Afar and Mosul amid constant air attack, the Peshmerga expanded their offensive to Tal Afar — a large Turkmen city, located between Sinjar to Mosul and captured by ISIL in their June offensive[18] — Kurdish officials said.[19] On 19 December, Peshmerga were closing in on Tal Afar, firing artillery at ISIL positions nearby, residents reported.[18]

Entering Sinjar, advance on Tal Afar stalled

Kurdish forces entered the city of Sinjar on the night of 20 December.[20] The Kurdish advance on Tal Afar was stalled before 22 December, as Kurdish forces faced fierce resistance from ISIL militants inside the city of Sinjar.[21]

On 21 December, 1,500 Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga fighters, backed by local militia units, reportedly drove ISIL from the center of Sinjar.[21] By this time, Kurdish forces had recaptured more than 500 square miles of mostly desert and highway.[19] On the morning of 22 December, Peshmerga took control of much of Sinjar city.[22]

A few days after Kurdish forces entered Sinjar, a high-ranking Peshmerga commander said in an interview that the push into the town was premature, as retaking Sinjar was not planned to be carried out in this offensive. According to him, some of the Peshmerga entered Sinjar without orders to do so, after seeing ISIL militants on the run.[23]

YPG offensive

The Rojava's army, known as People's Protection Units (YPG), announced on 19 December that they were moving south towards the Iraqi border to reopen a corridor connecting Mount Sinjar to the Syrian border. The YPG had first opened that corridor in August 2014 to relieve tens of thousands of Yazidis stranded on Mount Sinjar.[18] Two days later, the YPG said they had captured three villages on the Syrian side of the border and four villages on the Iraqi side, and that they had successfully reopened the corridor.[24]

Aftermath

The Kurdish forces took control of a large area of the Sinjar mountains.[25]

Mass graves

A Yazidi shrine; 18 such shrines had been destroyed by ISIL by the end of 2014
Main article: Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL
See also: Sinjar massacre

On the third day of the offensive, it was reported that a Yazidi mass grave containing 70 bodies had been found.[26] According to Kurdish sources, nine Yazidi mass graves had been found by the end of the offensive. 18 Yazidi shrines have also been destroyed by ISIL militants since June 2014.[27] Dozens of mass graves have been found.[28]

ISIL execution of deserters

According to local residents, ISIL executed more than 45 of its own members during the offensive, for failing to stand their ground against the Kurdish forces.[20] The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) reported that ISIL had killed a total of 200 of its own fighters in December 2014, for fleeing the battlefield.[29] In March 2015, ISIL again executed 18 of its own fighters in northern Iraq, amid accusations that the men texted the Kurdish enemy and planned on surrendering, SOHR reported.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ "MLKP fighter: We will be at the front until Sinjar is liberated". Firat News Agency. 29 December 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  2. ^ a b "RAF air strikes in Iraq: December 2014". 22 January 2015.
  3. ^ Barbarani, Sofia (21 December 2014). "Jihadists in retreat as Iraqi Kurds retake Mt Sinjar".
  4. ^ "Operation IMPACT – Air Task Force-Iraq airstrikes". 25 November 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  5. ^ "Department of Defence – Air Force". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  6. ^ "Australian air strikes support liberation of Mount Sinjar" (Press release). Department of Defence. 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  7. ^ "Kurdish Sinjar offensive too late for some Yazidis". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  8. ^ a b c "Iraqi Kurds claim more territory after breaking siege of Sinjar". Trust. 19 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  9. ^ Alessandria Masi (11 November 2014). "If ISIS Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Is Killed, Who Is Caliph Of The Islamic State Group?". International Business Times. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  10. ^ "ISIL Casualties in Shingal Revealed". Bas News. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  11. ^ "An Early Success for the Kurds in Sinjar". The New Yorker. 19 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  12. ^ "Iraq Sinjar battle (21 Oct 2014)". Agathocle de Syracuse. 21 October 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  13. ^ "Islamic State counterattacks refinery as fight for Iraq swings back and forth". McClatchy DC. 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  14. ^ "Kurdish peshmerga forces launch offensive to retake Isis held areas". The Guardian. 17 December 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  15. ^ a b "Isis latest: Kurdish forces 'break' the siege of Mount Sinjar". The Independent. 19 December 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  16. ^ Arango, Tim (18 December 2014). "Backed by U.S. Airstrikes, Kurds Reverse an ISIS Gain". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  17. ^ "Kurdish pershmerga forces prepare escape route for Yazidis trapped on Sinjar". The Guardian. 19 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  18. ^ a b c d "Kurds press Sinjar operation in north Iraq". Gulf News. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  19. ^ a b "Islamic State counterattacks refinery as fight for Iraq swings back and forth". McClatchy DC. 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  20. ^ a b "Iraq's Kurds press offensive against Islamic State in Sinjar". DPA International. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  21. ^ a b "Iraqi Kurds Advance Against Islamic State in Sinjar". Wall Street Journal. 21 December 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  22. ^ "Islamic State counterattacks refinery as fight for Iraq swings back and forth". McClatchy DC. 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  23. ^ "Interview with Sheikh Jafar Mustafa". Bas News. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  24. ^ "Kurdish fighters move on ISIL's Mosul hub". Aljazeera. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  25. ^ "Sinjar battle: Kurds 'take control' of large area from IS". BBC News. 21 December 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  26. ^ "Ezidi mass grave found in northern Iraq". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  27. ^ "Nine mass graves of Iraq's Yezidis found in Sinjar, official says". DPA News. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  28. ^ Hendawi, Hamza; Abdul-Zahra, Qassim; Salim, Salar (2018-10-27), Iraqi minority shuns children born of IS rape, enslavement, Association Press
  29. ^ a b ‘ISIS Executes Own Fighters For Allegedly Texting Kurds To Surrender In Ongoing Islamic State Battle For Iraq’ Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine. SOHR website, 21 March 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015
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