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'''Ramananda''' ([[IAST]]: Rāmānanda) or '''Swami Ramanand''' was a 14th-century [[Vaishnava]] devotional poet [[Sant (religion)|saint]], who lived in the [[Gangetic basin]] of northern India.<ref name=william/> The Hindu tradition recognizes him as the founder<ref name=schomer/> of the [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]], the largest [[Sannyasa|monastic]] Hindu renunciant community in modern times.<ref name=selva>Selva Raj and William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791467084}}, pages 165-166</ref><ref name=lochtefeld>James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0823931804}}, pages 553-554</ref> |
'''Ramananda''' ([[IAST]]: Rāmānanda) or '''Swami Ramanand''' was a 14th-century [[Vaishnava]] devotional poet [[Sant (religion)|saint]], who lived in the [[Gangetic basin]] of northern India.<ref name=william/> The Hindu tradition recognizes him as the founder<ref name=schomer/> of the [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]], the largest [[Sannyasa|monastic]] Hindu renunciant community in modern times.<ref name=selva>Selva Raj and William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791467084}}, pages 165-166</ref><ref name=lochtefeld>James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0823931804}}, pages 553-554</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Born in a [[Gaur Brahmin]] family,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macauliffe |first=Max Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B0JEN2ct94C&dq=gaur+brahman&pg=PA100 |title=The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors |date=2013-03-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-05548-2 |language=en}}</ref> Ramananda for the most part of his life lived in the holy city of [[Varanasi]].<ref name=ronald/><ref name=lorenzen>[[David Lorenzen]], Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History, {{ISBN|978-8190227261}}, pages 104-106</ref> His date of birth is December 30 but death is uncertain, but historical evidence suggests he was one of the earliest [[sant (religion)|saint]]s and a pioneering figure of the [[Bhakti movement]] as it rapidly grew in [[North India]], sometime between the 14th and mid-15th century during its [[Islamic rule in India|Islamic rule]] period.<ref name=schomer/><ref name=william/> Tradition asserts that Ramananda developed his philosophy and devotional themes inspired by the south Indian [[Vedanta]] philosopher [[Ramanuja]], however, evidence also suggests that Ramananda was influenced by [[Nath]]panthi ascetics of the [[Yoga]] school of Hindu philosophy.<ref name=lochtefeld/> |
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According to legend of Ramanand and sectarian records by [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]], Ramanand was Born in a [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]] family of [[Prayag]] .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van Der Veer |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=jwIPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64&dq=ramanandi+Kanyakubja&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjj8cDY_fWBAxWr1zgGHYeXDugQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=ramanandi%20Kanyakubja&f=false |title=Gods on Earth – The Management of Religious Experience and Identity in a North Indian Pilgrimage Centre |date=2020-12-17 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=9781000324570 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Vidyotma |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=esUlAQAAIAAJ&q=ramanandi+Kanyakubja&dq=ramanandi+Kanyakubja&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjj8cDY_fWBAxWr1zgGHYeXDugQ6AF6BAgKEAM#Kanyakubja |title=Saints of Ancient and Medieval India |date=2005 |publisher=Vista International Publishing House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=books |first=folk |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MIXXAAAAMAAJ&q=ramanandi+Kanyakubja&dq=ramanandi+Kanyakubja&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-x7WFgfaBAxXexjgGHbuRA9A4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#ramanandi%20Kanyakubja|title=Journal of Vaiṣṇava Studies |date=1999 |publisher=Folk books |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad Abu laylah |first=George F. mclean |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=glfYPh0yVdAC&pg=PA90&dq=Bhandarkar+penaya+sadana&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwivs7DyhvaBAxVuxjgGHZvRDnMQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Bhandarkar%20penaya%20sadana&f=false |title=المنقذ من الضّلال والموصل إلى ذي العزّة والجلال |date=1989 |publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy|language=en |page=100}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Ramananda for the most part of his life lived in the holy city of [[Varanasi]].<ref name=ronald/><ref name=lorenzen>[[David Lorenzen]], Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History, {{ISBN|978-8190227261}}, pages 104-106</ref> His date of birth is December 30 but death is uncertain, but historical evidence suggests he was one of the earliest [[sant (religion)|saint]]s and a pioneering figure of the [[Bhakti movement]] as it rapidly grew in [[North India]], sometime between the 14th and mid-15th century during its [[Islamic rule in India|Islamic rule]] period.<ref name=schomer/><ref name=william/> Tradition asserts that Ramananda developed his philosophy and devotional themes inspired by the south Indian [[Vedanta]] philosopher [[Ramanuja]], however, evidence also suggests that Ramananda was influenced by [[Nath]]panthi ascetics of the [[Yoga]] school of Hindu philosophy.<ref name=lochtefeld/> |
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An early social reformer, Ramananda accepted disciples without discriminating anyone by gender, class. Traditional scholarship holds that his disciples included later Bhakti movement ''poet-sants'' such as [[Kabir]], [[Ravidas]], [[Bhagat Pipa]] and others,<ref name="lochtefeld" /><ref name="lorenzen" /> however, some postmodern scholars have questioned some of this spiritual lineage while others have supported this lineage with historical evidence.<ref name="McLeod 1987 page 54">Schomer and McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|9788120802773}}, page 54</ref><ref name="julia">Julia Leslie (1996), Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700703036}}, pages 117-119</ref> His verse is mentioned in the Sikh holy scripture [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref name="lochtefeld" /><ref>Winnand Callewaert (2015), The Hagiographies of Anantadas: The Bhakti Poets of North India, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1138862463}}, pages 405-407</ref> |
An early social reformer, Ramananda accepted disciples without discriminating anyone by gender, class. Traditional scholarship holds that his disciples included later Bhakti movement ''poet-sants'' such as [[Kabir]], [[Ravidas]], [[Bhagat Pipa]] and others,<ref name="lochtefeld" /><ref name="lorenzen" /> however, some postmodern scholars have questioned some of this spiritual lineage while others have supported this lineage with historical evidence.<ref name="McLeod 1987 page 54">Schomer and McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|9788120802773}}, page 54</ref><ref name="julia">Julia Leslie (1996), Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700703036}}, pages 117-119</ref> His verse is mentioned in the Sikh holy scripture [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref name="lochtefeld" /><ref>Winnand Callewaert (2015), The Hagiographies of Anantadas: The Bhakti Poets of North India, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1138862463}}, pages 405-407</ref> |
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Little is known with certainty about the life of Ramananda, including year of birth and death<ref name=lochtefeld/><ref name=mcgregor51>Enzo Turbiani (Editor: RS McGregor, 1992), Devotional Literature in South Asia, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521413114}}, page 51</ref> ''[[Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature]]'' give dates of 1366–1467 for his lifespan.''<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo, Volume 1 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987 |isbn=9788126018031 |pages=79 |quote=}}</ref>'' His biography has been derived from mentions of him in secondary literature and inconsistent hagiographies.<ref name=schomer/><ref name=william/><ref name=julia/> |
Little is known with certainty about the life of Ramananda, including year of birth and death<ref name=lochtefeld/><ref name=mcgregor51>Enzo Turbiani (Editor: RS McGregor, 1992), Devotional Literature in South Asia, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521413114}}, page 51</ref> ''[[Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature]]'' give dates of 1366–1467 for his lifespan.''<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo, Volume 1 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987 |isbn=9788126018031 |pages=79 |quote=}}</ref>'' His biography has been derived from mentions of him in secondary literature and inconsistent hagiographies.<ref name=schomer/><ref name=william/><ref name=julia/> |
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The most accepted version holds that Ramananda was born in a [[ |
The most accepted version holds that Ramananda was born in a [[Gaur Brahmin|Brahmin]] family,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macauliffe |first=Max Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B0JEN2ct94C&dq=gaur+brahman&pg=PA100 |title=The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors |date=2013-03-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-05548-2 |language=en |page=100}}</ref>''<ref name=":6" />'' about mid 14th-century, and died about mid 15th-century.<ref>[[Charlotte Vaudeville]] (1974), Kabir, Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0198265269}}, pages 110-117</ref><ref>Selva Raj and William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791467084}}, pages 165-185</ref><ref name=nirmaldass>Nirmal Dass (2000), Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791446843}}, page 160-164</ref>''<ref name=":6" />'' Although few people hold him to be of southern origin, there's no evidence to support such a claim. In fact, all genuinely Indian sources agree in stating that Ramananda was born at Prayaga (Allahabad).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Grierson|first=George A.|date=1920|title=The Home of Saint Ramananda|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|issue=4|pages=593|issn=0035-869X|jstor=25209662}}</ref><blockquote>"Not one word is said as to his southern origin, and the fact that he was stated to be a [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]] is decisively against such a theory" –[[George A. Grierson|George A. Greirson]] (1920).<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>According to the medieval era ''Bhaktamala'' text by Nabhadas, Ramananda studied under ''Raghavananda'', a ''guru'' (teacher) in [[Vedanta]]-based Vatakalai (northern, Rama-avatar) school of Vaishnavism.<ref name="karen">Karen Pechelis (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, page 36</ref> <blockquote>"It was Ramananda's teacher, Raghavananda, who came from the South, and after much wandering had settled at Benares. There, and not in the South, he had Ramananda as his disciple." –[[George A. Grierson|George A. Greirson]] (1920).<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Other scholars state that Ramananda's education started in [[Adi Shankara]]'s Advaita Vedanta school, before he met ''Raghavananda'' and began his studies in [[Ramanuja]]'s Vishishtadvaita Vedanta school.<ref>Edmour J Babineau (2008), Love of God and Social Duty in the Rāmcaritmānas, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120823990}}, pages 65-66</ref> |
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==Literary works== |
==Literary works== |
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Revision as of 13:41, 15 October 2023
Ramananda | |
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| Born | December 30, ~1300-1380 CE[1][2]l Prayagraj, present day Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Died | uncertain date, ~1400-1475 CE[2] |
| Known for | Founder of Bairagi Ramanandi Sampradaya, Guru of Major Poet-saints, a Pioneer of Bhakti movement in north India, Social Reformer. |
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| Religion | Hinduism |
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Ramananda (IAST: Rāmānanda) or Swami Ramanand was a 14th-century Vaishnava devotional poet saint, who lived in the Gangetic basin of northern India.[3] The Hindu tradition recognizes him as the founder[2] of the Ramanandi Sampradaya, the largest monastic Hindu renunciant community in modern times.[4][5]
Born in a Gaur Brahmin family,[6] Ramananda for the most part of his life lived in the holy city of Varanasi.[1][7] His date of birth is December 30 but death is uncertain, but historical evidence suggests he was one of the earliest saints and a pioneering figure of the Bhakti movement as it rapidly grew in North India, sometime between the 14th and mid-15th century during its Islamic rule period.[2][3] Tradition asserts that Ramananda developed his philosophy and devotional themes inspired by the south Indian Vedanta philosopher Ramanuja, however, evidence also suggests that Ramananda was influenced by Nathpanthi ascetics of the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy.[5]
An early social reformer, Ramananda accepted disciples without discriminating anyone by gender, class. Traditional scholarship holds that his disciples included later Bhakti movement poet-sants such as Kabir, Ravidas, Bhagat Pipa and others,[5][7] however, some postmodern scholars have questioned some of this spiritual lineage while others have supported this lineage with historical evidence.[8][9] His verse is mentioned in the Sikh holy scripture Guru Granth Sahib.[5][10]
Ramananda was known for composing his works and discussing spiritual themes in vernacular Hindi, stating that this makes knowledge accessible to the masses.[3]
Biography
Little is known with certainty about the life of Ramananda, including year of birth and death[5][11] The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature give dates of 1366–1467 for his lifespan.[12] His biography has been derived from mentions of him in secondary literature and inconsistent hagiographies.[2][3][9]
The most accepted version holds that Ramananda was born in a Brahmin family,[13][12] about mid 14th-century, and died about mid 15th-century.[14][15][16][12] Although few people hold him to be of southern origin, there's no evidence to support such a claim. In fact, all genuinely Indian sources agree in stating that Ramananda was born at Prayaga (Allahabad).[17]
"Not one word is said as to his southern origin, and the fact that he was stated to be a Kanyakubja Brahmin is decisively against such a theory" –George A. Greirson (1920).[17]
According to the medieval era Bhaktamala text by Nabhadas, Ramananda studied under Raghavananda, a guru (teacher) in Vedanta-based Vatakalai (northern, Rama-avatar) school of Vaishnavism.[18]
"It was Ramananda's teacher, Raghavananda, who came from the South, and after much wandering had settled at Benares. There, and not in the South, he had Ramananda as his disciple." –George A. Greirson (1920).[17]
Other scholars state that Ramananda's education started in Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta school, before he met Raghavananda and began his studies in Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita Vedanta school.[19]
Literary works
Ramananda is credited as the author of many devotional poems, but like most Bhakti movement poets, whether he actually was the author of these poems is unclear. Two treatises in Hindi, Gyan-lila and Yog-cintamani are also attributed to Ramanand, as are the Sanskrit works Vaisnava Mata Bhajabhaskara and Ramarcana paddhati.[11] However, poems found in the original and well-preserved manuscripts of Sikhism and handwritten Nagari-pracarini Sabha are considered authentic and highlight the Nirguna (attributeless god) stream of thought in Ramananda.[11]
Philosophy
Ramananda developed his philosophy and devotional themes inspired by the south Indian Vedanta philosopher Ramanuja, however, evidence also suggests that Ramananda was influenced by Nathpanthi ascetics of the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy.[5]
Antonio Rigopoulos states Ramananda's teachings were "an attempt towards a synthesis between Advaita Vedanta and Vaishnava bhakti".[20] He adds that the same link can be found in the 15th-century text of Adhyatma Ramayana, but there is no historical proof that Ramananda's teachings inspired that text.[20]
Shastri has proposed the theory that Ramananda's complex theological schooling in two distinct Hindu philosophies explains why he accepted both Saguna Brahman and Nirguna Brahman, or god with attributes and god without attributes, respectively. Shastri suggests his theory offers an explanation why Ramananda's disciples co-developed saguna and nirguna as the two parallel currents in the Bhakti movement.[21] However, this theory lacks historical evidence and has not gained wide acceptance by scholars.[21]
The Ramananda literature that is considered authentic, states Enzo Turbiani, suggest a milestone development in metaphysical principles of the Bhakti movement.[22] Ramananda asserts that austerity and penances through asceticism are meaningless, if an individual does not realize Hari (Vishnu) as their inner self. He criticizes fasting and rituals, stating that the mechanics are not important, and that these are useless if the individual does not take the opportunity to reflect and introspect on the nature of Brahman (supreme being).[22] Ramananda states that rote reading of a sacred text is of no benefit, if the person fails to understand what the text is trying to communicate.[22]
Legacy
Ramananda is often honored as the founder of Sant-parampara (literally, the tradition of bhakti sants) in north India.[23] His efforts, in a time when Ganges river plains of north India was under Islamic rule, helped revive and refocus Hindus to a personalized, direct devotional form of Rama worship, his liberalism and focus on the devotee's commitment rather than birth or gender set a precedent that attracted people to spirituality from various walks of life, and his use of vernacular language instead of Sanskrit for spiritual ideas made sharing and reflection easier for the masses.[24]
Fourteen disciples of Ramananda
Fourteen influential disciples of Ramananda included 12 men and 2 women poet-sants. According to Bhaktamal, these were:[25]
Men scholars:
- Anantananda
- Sursurananda
- Sukhanand
- Naraharidāsa
- Bhavanand
- Vitthalpant Kulkarni
- Bhagat Pipa
- Kabir
- Ravidas
- Sen
- Dhanna
- Sadhana
Women scholars:
- Sursuri
- Padyawati
Postmodern scholars have questioned some of the above guru-disciple lineage while others have supported this lineage with historical evidence.[8][9]
Largest ascetic community in India: Ramanandi Sampraday
Ramananda is the founder of the eponymous Ramanandi Sampraday (Shri Ramavat or Shri Sampraday or Vairagi Sampradaya). This is the largest ascetic community in India, and their members are known as Ramanandis, Vairagis or Bairagis.[26][27] They are known for their self-imposed highly disciplined, austere, structured and simple lifestyle.[4] Richard Burghart acknowledges that Ramananda is revered as the founder in the Ramanandi Sampraday's tradition, but adds that historical evidence about its origin is meager and India's largest monastic community may have gathered strength a few centuries after Ramananda's death.[28]
Social reforms
Ramananda was an influential social reformer of Northern India. He championed the pursuit of knowledge and direct devotional spirituality, and did not discriminate based on birth family, gender or religion.[26]
Swami Ramanand poem
One poem of Ramananda, originally written in Hindi, is a response to an invitation to go to a temple,[29] and the answer states there is no need to visit a temple because God is within a person, all pervasive in everything and everyone.[16]
Where should I go?
I am happy at home.
My heart will not go with me,
My mind has become crippled.
One day, a desire welled up in my mind,
I ground up sandalwood, along with several fragrant oils.
I went to the temple, to worship Him there,
Then my Guru showed me Brahman [Ultimate Reality, God], within my heart.
Wherever I go, I find only water and stones,
But Brahman is in everything.
I have searched through all the Vedas and the Puranas,
You go there, only if Brahman were not here.
I am a sacrifice to You, O True Guru.
You have dispelled all my confusion and doubt.
Ramanand's Lord is the all-pervading Brahman,
The word of the Guru ends millions of karma.
See also
- Bhakti movement
- Ramanandi Sampradaya
- Goswami Nabha Das
- Bhaktamala
- Galtaji dham peeth
- Thakurdwara Bhagwan Narainji
Further reading
- JS Hawley (2015), A Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement, Harvard University Press, Chapter 3
- William Pinch (1996), Peasants and Monks in British India, University of California Press
- David Lorenzen (1995), Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action, State University of New York Press
- Richard Burghard (1978), The Founding of the Ramanandi Sect, London: London School of Economics and Political Science
External links
- Saint Ramananda Jyotsna Kamat (2008)
- Kanakadasa: The Golden Servant, Basavaraj Naikar (2007), Indian Literature, Vol. 51, No. 5, pages 88–100
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References
- ^ a b Ronald McGregor (1984), Hindi literature from its beginnings to the nineteenth century, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447024136, pages 42-44
- ^ a b c d e Schomer and McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 9788120802773, pages 4-6
- ^ a b c d William Pinch (1996), Peasants and Monks in British India, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520200616, pages 53-89
- ^ a b Selva Raj and William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791467084, pages 165-166
- ^ a b c d e f James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0823931804, pages 553-554
- ^ Macauliffe, Max Arthur (28 March 2013). The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-05548-2.
- ^ a b David Lorenzen, Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History, ISBN 978-8190227261, pages 104-106
- ^ a b Schomer and McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 9788120802773, page 54
- ^ a b c Julia Leslie (1996), Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition, Routledge, ISBN 978-0700703036, pages 117-119
- ^ Winnand Callewaert (2015), The Hagiographies of Anantadas: The Bhakti Poets of North India, Routledge, ISBN 978-1138862463, pages 405-407
- ^ a b c Enzo Turbiani (Editor: RS McGregor, 1992), Devotional Literature in South Asia, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521413114, page 51
- ^ a b c Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo, Volume 1. Sahitya Akademi. p. 79. ISBN 9788126018031.
- ^ Macauliffe, Max Arthur (28 March 2013). The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-108-05548-2.
- ^ Charlotte Vaudeville (1974), Kabir, Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0198265269, pages 110-117
- ^ Selva Raj and William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791467084, pages 165-185
- ^ a b c Nirmal Dass (2000), Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791446843, page 160-164
- ^ a b c Grierson, George A. (1920). "The Home of Saint Ramananda". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (4): 593. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25209662.
- ^ Karen Pechelis (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195351903, page 36
- ^ Edmour J Babineau (2008), Love of God and Social Duty in the Rāmcaritmānas, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120823990, pages 65-66
- ^ a b Antonio Rigopoulos (1993), The Life And Teachings Of Sai Baba Of Shirdi, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791412671, page 264
- ^ a b Edmour J Babineau (2008), Love of God and Social Duty in the Rāmcaritmānas, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120823990, pages 66-67
- ^ a b c Enzo Turbiani (Editor: RS McGregor, 1992), Devotional Literature in South Asia, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521413114, pages 52-54
- ^ Antonio Rigopoulos (1993), The Life And Teachings Of Sai Baba Of Shirdi, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791412671, page 37
- ^ Edmour J Babineau (2008), Love of God and Social Duty in the Rāmcaritmānas, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120823990, pages 65-68
- ^ Rekha Pande (2014), Divine Sounds from the Heart—Singing Unfettered in their Own Voices, Cambridge Scholars, ISBN 978-1443825252, page 77
- ^ a b Gerald James Larson (1995), India's Agony Over Religion, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791424124, page 116
- ^ Ramdas Lamb (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut A Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120832329, pages 317-330
- ^ Richard Burghart (1978), The Founding of the Ramanandi Sect, Ethnohistory, Vol. 25, No. 2, pages 121-139
- ^ a b Max Arthur Macauliffe (2013 Reprint), The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors, Volume 6, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1108055482, pages 105-106