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==Regional variations==
==Regional variations==


In [[San Andrés Mixquic]], {{lang|es|despeinadas}} (literally, {{transliteration|es|unkempt ones}}) are made with [[sprinkles]] and [[sesame]] seeds.<ref name="VivirMexico">{{cite web |url=http://vivirmexico.com/2011/10/pan-de-muerto-una-sabrosa-tradicion |title=Pan de muerto: una sabrosa tradición |trans-title=Pan de muerto: a tasty tradition |language=es |date=October 26, 2011|work=Vivir Mexico}}</ref>
In [[San Andrés Mixquic]], {{lang|es|despeinadas}} (literally, {{transliteration|es|unkempt or unbrushed ones}}) are made with [[sprinkles]] and [[sesame]] seeds.<ref name="VivirMexico">{{cite web |url=http://vivirmexico.com/2011/10/pan-de-muerto-una-sabrosa-tradicion |title=Pan de muerto: una sabrosa tradición |trans-title=Pan de muerto: a tasty tradition |language=es |date=October 26, 2011|work=Vivir Mexico}}</ref>


{{lang|es|Muertes}} ({{transliteration|es|deaths}}), made in the [[State of Mexico]], are made with a mix of sweet and plain dough with a small amount of [[cinnamon]]. Other types in the region include {{lang|es|gorditas de maíz}}, {{lang|es|aparejos de huevo}} ({{transliteration|es|egg sinkers}}, apparently after [[Fishing sinker|fishing weights]]) and {{lang|es|huesos}} ({{transliteration|es|bones}}).<ref name="VivirMexico"/>
{{lang|es|Muertes}} ({{transliteration|es|deaths}}), made in the [[State of Mexico]], are made with a mix of sweet and plain dough with a small amount of [[cinnamon]]. Other types in the region include {{lang|es|gorditas de maíz}}, {{lang|es|aparejos de huevo}} ({{transliteration|es|egg sinkers}}, apparently after [[Fishing sinker|fishing weights]]) and {{lang|es|huesos}} ({{transliteration|es|bones}}).<ref name="VivirMexico"/>

Revision as of 10:18, 24 October 2023

Pan de Muerto
Alternative namesBread of the dead
TypeSweet bread
Place of originMexico
A basket of pan de muerto

Pan de muerto (Spanish for 'bread of the dead') is a type of pan dulce traditionally baked in Mexico and the Mexican diaspora during the weeks leading up to the Día de los Muertos, which is celebrated from November 1 to November 2.[1]

Description

It is a sweetened soft bread shaped like a bun, often decorated with bone-shaped phalanx pieces.[2][3] Some traditions state that the rounded or domed top of the bread represents a grave.[3] Bread of the dead usually has skulls or crossbones added in extra dough.[4] The bones represent the deceased one (difuntos or difuntas), or perhaps bones coming out of a grave, there is normally a baked tear drop on the bread to represent goddess Chīmalmā's tears for the living.[3] The bones are often represented in a circle to portray the circle of life. The bread is topped with sugar, sometimes white and sometimes dyed pink.[5] This bread can be found in Mexican grocery stores in the U.S.

The classic recipe for pan de muerto is a simple sweet bread recipe, often with the addition of anise seeds, and other times flavored with orange flower water or orange zest.[5] The bread often contains some fat, such as butter. Its texture has been described as similar to that of challah, brioche, or falling between a concha and a hamburger bun.[6][5][7][3]

Other variations are made depending on the region or the baker. The one baking the bread will usually wear decorated wristbands, a tradition which was originally practiced to protect from burns on the stove or oven.

Pan de muerto is eaten on Día de Muertos, at the gravesite or alternatively, at a domestic altar called an ofrenda.[8] In some regions, it is eaten for months before the official celebration of Dia de Muertos. As part of the celebration, loved ones eat pan de muerto as well as the relative's favorite foods, but not those that have been placed on the ofrenda. It is believed the spirits do not eat, but absorb its essence, along with water at their ofrenda, after their long journey back to Earth.[5]

History

Origin

The Day of the Dead is an example of Spanish-indigenous cultural mixing. Wheat and the baking culture were introduced to America by the Spanish, so it is not uncommon to see that many classic Mexican breads, such as cemita, pan bazo or telera, have their respective counterparts in Spain. For its part, the pan de muerto has its origin in the pan de ánimas ('soul bread'),[9][10][11] a votive product (an offering) that was formerly prepared for All Saints and Faithful Departed (November 1 and 2) in areas of Castile, Portugal, Aragon and Sicily (among other places) to honor to deceased loved ones.[12][13][14][15] The parishioners came annually to the cemetery and put bread, wine and flowers on the graves.[16] The bread was blessed by the local priest, so it was also known as pan bendecido ("blessed bread").[12][17] During the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the pan de ánimas was used by the Spanish as an offering for their dead, and was assimilated by the indigenous people because of their pre-Hispanic beliefs.[18][19] At first, the breads produced in Mexico were crude and poorly developed doughs, but over time, the country strengthened its baking tradition by making increasingly refined pieces.[20] In certain Mexican states, such as Puebla or Tlaxcala (both with noticeable Spanish influence), pan de muertos is still occasionally called pan de ánimas.[21]

A frequently repeated myth explains that the Mexican bread of the dead dates back to the pre-Hispanic custom of human sacrifice: "A maiden was offered to the gods, and they placed her still beating heart in a pot with amaranth, they had to bite it as a symbol of gratitude".[22] Legend has it that the conquistadors, disgusted with the cannibalistic practice, forced the natives to replace the heart with a nice sweet bun.[23][24] Although this origin is not true, it serves to interpret the "ritual" meaning of the dead bread, since it is an allegory of the deceased person: the circular shape symbolizes the cycle of life and death; the ball of dough in the center is the skull, as well as the decoration that represents the bones, symbolically arranged in the shape of a cross. Thus, the bread comes to embody the dead person himself. In the words of José Luis Curiel Monteagudo: "Eating the dead is a true pleasure for the Mexican, it is considered the anthropophagy of bread and sugar. The phenomenon is assimilated with respect and irony, death is challenged, they make fun of it by eating it."[25]

Various Mexican public institutions omit the Hispano-Christian origin of pan de muerto, attributing it to pre-Hispanic preparations. For example, the National Institute of Indigenous Peoples relates the bread of the dead with the papalotlaxcalli. According to the chronicles of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, the papalotlaxcalli was literally a butterfly (papalotl)-shaped tortilla (tlaxcalli) that was offered to women who died in childbirth or Cihuapipiltin.[26][27] Likewise, the blog of the Cuautitlán Izcalli University points out another possible ancestor of the pan de muerto, the huitlatamalli, a votive tamale.[23] The papalotlaxcalli as remote origin of the bread of the dead is a thesis defended by the Government of Mexico on its website,[28] and it is the most widespread theory today.[29] The Spanish pan de ánimas is not mentioned at any time in the theories disclosed by these three entities. However, the very composition of the ingredients of the pan de muerto reveals its origin: wheat, cane sugar, cow's milk and butter, eggs and orange aroma. All these products arrived in America in what is known as the "Columbian exchange". According to Dr. Malvido (1999), although much weight has been given to pre-Hispanic ideas in the celebration of the Day of the Dead, the influence that the Spanish culture and Catholic religion has exerted in colonial Mexico is also very important. According to this author, in an essay published by the National Institute of Anthropology and History: "continuing to think that [the pan de muerto] is a tradition of pre-Hispanic origin means that we did not understand anything, since it is profoundly Roman".[27] With the industrialization of Europe, the traditions of panes de ánimas ('soul breads') disappeared from the Old Continent, but curiously the tradition is still alive on the other side of the ocean, in Mexico, as well as in the Central Andes, where the bread of the dead is known as guagua or tanwawa.

Pan de muertos and other offerings on an altar de muertos

In this regard, Stanley Brandes, historian and anthropologist of Mexican culture (and in particular of the Day of the Dead), comments:

To the question of European vs indigenous origins, there can be no simple resolution until more extensive colonial sources come to light. For now, evidence indicates that the Mexican Day of the Dead is a colonial invention, a unique product of colonial demographic and economic processes. The principal types and uses of food on this holiday definitely derive from Europe. After all, there is no tortilla de muertos but rather pan de muertos, just one highly significant detail. Nor did cane sugar exist in the Americas prior to the Spanish conquest. The existence of special breads and sugar based sweets, the custom of placing these and other food substances on gravesites and altars, and the practice of begging and other distributive mechanisms all derive from Spain. At the same time, the particular anthropomorphic form that Day of the Dead sweets assume is part of both Spanish and Aztec traditions. This combination of Spanish and indigenous culinary habits and tastes no doubt culminated in the ofrenda patterns we observe today. The ofrenda itself is probably Spanish, although it has long assumed significance in Mexico that far outstrips that in the mother country.

— Skulls to the Living, Bread to the Dead (2009), pg. 40., by Stanley Brandes[30]

20th and 21st centuries

Until the 1970s and 1980s in the United States, pan de muerto was not common in celebrations of what was then largely called All Saints' Day, but the rise of Chicano cultural activism lead to an embrace of the bread, public altars, and the name Dia de los Muertos.[31] In Latin communities in Los Angeles, for example, many public altars serve as protests, such as those dedicated to the victims of police brutality.[5]

With the rise of globalized cultural awareness starting in the 1990s, pan de muerto has become a cultural ambassador for Mexican popular culture. A 2019 Japanese exhibition at the National Museum of Ethnology on Mexican folk art, for example, included a baking demonstration and samples of the bread for visitors.[32] As a form of cultural outreach and collaboration with local communities, some American museums and institutions create public altars that include pan de muerto.[33][34]

Regional variations

In San Andrés Mixquic, despeinadas (literally, unkempt or unbrushed ones) are made with sprinkles and sesame seeds.[35]

Muertes (deaths), made in the State of Mexico, are made with a mix of sweet and plain dough with a small amount of cinnamon. Other types in the region include gorditas de maíz, aparejos de huevo (egg sinkers, apparently after fishing weights) and huesos (bones).[35]

In Michoacán, breads include pan de ofrenda (offering bread), the shiny pan de hule (rubber bread), and corn-based corundas, made with tomato sauce and chile de árbol.[35]

In Puebla, and in diaspora communities, the bread often is coated with bright pink sugar.[7] Within Puebla, there are further regional specializations, with towns such as San Sebastián Zinacatepec known for baking pan de muerto.[36]

While the bread has always been an expression of popular religious celebrations, by the late 2010s, pan de muerto had become more known through several American pop culture representations. It appeared in the 2017 Pixar film Coco, which broadened recognition of the bread outside the Mexican diaspora.[37][5] In the award-winning young adult novel Cemetery Boys by Latino-American author Aiden Thomas (2020), pan de muerto is a central component in a Dia de los Muertos celebration.[38]

See also

Bibliography

  • Malvido, Elsa (1999). "Ritos funerarios en el México colonial". Arqueología Mexicana. 40 (7): 46–51.

References

  1. ^ Castella, Krystina (October 2010). "Pan de Muerto Recipe". "Epicurious". Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  2. ^ Béligand, Nadine; Orensanz, Lucrecia (2007). "La muerte en la ciudad de México en el siglo XVIII". Historia Mexicana (in Spanish). 57 (1): 6. ISSN 0185-0172. JSTOR 25139765.
  3. ^ a b c d Delgadillo, Natalie (October 31, 2016). "The Treat That Defines L.A.'s Day of the Dead". Bloomberg CityLab. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  4. ^ Brandes, Stanley (1998). "Iconography in Mexico's Day of the Dead: Origins and Meaning". Ethnohistory. 45 (2): 181–218. doi:10.2307/483058. ISSN 0014-1801. JSTOR 483058.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Morales, Christina (2021-10-29). "To Feed the Dead, You First Need Pan de Muerto". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  6. ^ Tecante, Alberto (2020-01-16), Nishinari, Katsuyoshi (ed.), "Textural Characteristics of Traditional Mexican Foods", Textural Characteristics of World Foods (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 53–68, doi:10.1002/9781119430902.ch5, ISBN 978-1-119-43069-8, S2CID 214182252, retrieved 2021-12-16
  7. ^ a b Wharton, Rachel (2013-10-29). "Pan de Muerto Is Bread That Gets Into the Spirit". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  8. ^ Norget, Kristin (2021-07-14). "Popular-Indigenous Catholicism in Southern Mexico". Religions. 12 (7): 531. doi:10.3390/rel12070531. ISSN 2077-1444.
  9. ^ Guerrero Gómez, Gerardo, et al. (2009). La celebración del Día de Muertos en el estado de Guerrero (in Spanish). Ed. Sigla. pp. 20. Otra ofrenda de alimentos era el pan de ánimas como se llama en Segovia, claro antecedente del pan de muerto que se consume actualmente en México{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Muñoz Sánchez, Patricia (2001). Día de muertos en Chapingo: tradición, festejo y ritual de reencuentro con la memoria colectiva (in Spanish). Museo Nacional de Agricultura, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. pp. 34. El pan de muerto es otro componente imprescindible en las ofrendas. De origen europeo, en algunas regiones de España, el pan conocido como ánima o pan de muerto se depositaba en las tumbas. El antecedente del pan en el México (...)
  11. ^ "Europa Medieval | México colonial" (PDF). Día de los muertos (Day of the dead). Museum of International Folk Art: 6–7. 2017. (...) Una de estas tradiciones en el norte de España fue el pan, pan de ánimas o pan de alma, que se distribuyó a los pobres durante el mes de noviembre (...) A partir de esa fecha, los próximos 300 años de la colonia española en México, las personas tomaron reliquias de pan o de pasta de azúcar para ser bendecidas el 2 de noviembre en busca de protección y bendiciones para el año. Esta costumbre preparó el escenario para la tradición actual de calaveras de azúcar y la adición de pequeños huesos hechos de masa del tradicional pan de ánimas español, ahora conocido como pan de muertos.
  12. ^ a b Hernández, Ángel Gil (2015-02-02). Libro Blanco del Pan (in Spanish). Ed. Médica Panamericana. pp. 58. ISBN 978-84-9835-505-5.
  13. ^ De Hoyos Sainz, Luis (1945). "Folklore español del culto a los muertos". Revista de dialectología y tradiciones populares. I (1, 2). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas: 30–53.
  14. ^ Kalish, Richard (2019). Death and Dying: Views from Many Cultures. Routledge. pp. 125–128. ISBN 978-1-351-84489-5.
  15. ^ Nicolau, Antoni; Zimmermann, Simone; Bernardette Amouretti, Marie-Claire (2001). Sacred foods: bread, wine and oil in the ancient Mediterranean (in Catalan, English, and Spanish). Barcelona: City History Museum, Institute of Culture, City Council of Barcelona. pp. 105–106. ISBN 84-932113-2-X. OCLC 48639106.
  16. ^ Salles Manuel, Marcelo (2005-02-28). "La Conquista y la Colonia. El sincretismo". Conocimiento prehispánico de la muerte. Plaza y Valdés. ISBN 978-970-722-371-4. Según Scheffler (1999), con la fusión de las culturas prehispánica y española, el culto a la muerte se eliminó casi por completo, pero el culto a los muertos perduró con un sincretismo bien marcado. Según esta autora, hay investigadores hispánicos que señalan que en la península Ibérica, durante el siglo XVI, se hacía una visita anual al cementerio y se colocaba pan, vino y flores en las sepulturas. En la celebración de Todos Santos, se preparó una comida en recuerdo de los muertos. En Salamanca y León se repartía el "pan de muerto" entre los pobres y en Segovia el día de los Fieles Difuntos se les daba "pan de ánimas".
  17. ^ Villodas, Manuel (1796). Analisis de las antiguedades eclesiasticas de España, para instruccion de los jovenes: comprehende los sucesos mas notables de los once siglos primeros (in Spanish). Oficina de la Viuda é Hijos de Santander. pp. 183.
  18. ^ Corkovic, Laura M. (2012). La cultura indígena en la fotografía mexicana de los 90s (in Spanish). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. pp. 292. ISBN 978-84-9012-143-6. El antecesor del pan de muertos es el pan de ánimas originado en Segovia. El pan de ánimas fue utilizado por los conquistadores para ofrendar a sus muertos durante el virreinato y fue asimilado por los indígenas por sus creencias prehispánicas
  19. ^ Banda, Domingo (2021-11-02). "Pan de muerto: Una dulce tradición". La Prensa de Houston (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  20. ^ "¿Cuál es la historia del Pan de Muerto?". Muy Interesante (in Spanish). 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  21. ^ "Tipos de pan de muerto en México". Larousse Cocina (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  22. ^ "La historia del pan de muerto". Revista Chilango (in Spanish). 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  23. ^ a b "Pan de Muerto: ¿Quién lo inventó, de dónde vino?". Universidad de Cuautitlán Izcalli. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  24. ^ "El Pan de Muerto". Universidad de Oriente Cancún (in Spanish). 2018-10-23. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  25. ^ Kurczyn, Silvia (1999). "Los mexicanos muertos de placer, por Curiel Monteagudo, J. L." Azucarados Afanes, Dulces y Panes: 63. ISBN 9789687533186.
  26. ^ "El Pan de muerto, este es su origen y sus variedades en México". W Radio México (in Mexican Spanish). 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  27. ^ a b Martínez, Alonso (2020-10-01). "El (supuesto) origen caníbal del Pan de Muerto". GQ (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  28. ^ "El origen del pan de muerto y las variedades regionales actuales". Government of Mexico (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  29. ^ Lucía, Melgosa (2021-11-02). "Pan de muerto mexicano, ¡está de muerte!". Información Gastronómica (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  30. ^ Brandes, Stanley (2009). Skulls to the Living, Bread to the Dead: The Day of the Dead in Mexico and Beyond. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 40. ISBN 978-1-4051-7870-9.
  31. ^ Marchi, Regina (2013). "Hybridity and Authenticity in US Day of the Dead Celebrations". The Journal of American Folklore. 126 (501): 277. doi:10.5406/jamerfolk.126.501.0272. ISSN 0021-8715. S2CID 145305495.
  32. ^ Osorio Sunnucks, Laura; Levell, Nicola; Shelton, Anthony; Suzuki, Motoi; Isaac, Gwyneira; Marsh, Diana E. (2020-07-01). "Interruptions: Challenges and Innovations in Exhibition-Making: The Second World Museologies Workshop, National Museum of Ethnology (MINPAKU), Osaka, December 2019". Museum Worlds. 8 (1): 168–187. doi:10.3167/armw.2020.080112. ISSN 2049-6729. S2CID 229543070. Furthermore, Suzuki also emphasized the importance of multisensory installations and programming, and echoed Nakamura in feeling that these creative elements in the exhibition could communicate the language of Mexican culture sensorially rather than visually. … Suzuki described his delight when part of his museum became a bakery for making pan de muerto ("Day of the Dead bread"), and talked about his transformation from curator to baker.
  33. ^ Isaac, Gwyneira; Bojorquez, April; Nichols, Catherine (2012). "Dying to Be Represented: Museums and Día de los Muertos Collaborations". Collaborative Anthropologies. 5 (1): 28–63. doi:10.1353/cla.2012.0001. ISSN 2152-4009.
  34. ^ Davis, Kenneth G. (2006). "Dead Reckoning or Reckoning with The Dead: Hispanic Catholic Funeral Customs". Liturgy. 21 (1): 21–27. doi:10.1080/04580630500285964. ISSN 0458-063X. S2CID 145419815.
  35. ^ a b c "Pan de muerto: una sabrosa tradición" [Pan de muerto: a tasty tradition]. Vivir Mexico (in Spanish). October 26, 2011.
  36. ^ Licona Valencia, Ernesto (2014). "Un sistema de intercambio híbrido: el mercado/tianguis La Purísima, Tehuacán-Puebla, México". Antípoda. Revista de Antropología y Arqueología (in Spanish) (18): 137–163. doi:10.7440/antipoda18.2014.07. ISSN 1900-5407.
  37. ^ Avila, Jacqueline (2020). "Memorias de oro: Music, Memory, and Mexicanidad in Pixar's Coco (2017)". Americas: A Hemispheric Music Journal. 29 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/ame.2020.0009. ISSN 2768-1858. S2CID 241795474.
  38. ^ Gillis, Bryan (September 2021). "The honor list of 2020 prize-winning young adult books: Cultural knowledge in YA literature". English Journal, High School Edition. 111 (1): 71–76 – via ProQuest.
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