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==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
There was a demand to have gooseberry-type fruits on thornless plants, and the first successful attempt to cross blackcurrant (''R. nigrum'') with European gooseberry (''R. uva-crispa'') was carried out by William Culverwell in Yorkshire, England in 1880.<ref name="Barney2005">{{cite book |last1=Barney |first1=D |last2=Hummer |first2=K |title=Currants, Gooseberries, and Jostaberries: A Guide for Growers, Marketers, and Researchers in North America |date=2005 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781560222972 |pages=7–9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_Fi0hZKVHoC&pg=PA9 |language=en}}</ref> This hybrid was termed ''Ribes × culverwellii'' and was nearly sterile.<ref name="Lim2012">{{cite book |last1=Lim |first1=TK |title=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 4, Fruits |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9789400740532 |pages=56–58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4KuB3iGmbwC&pg=PA56 |language=en}}</ref> Others later carried out direct crosses between blackcurrant and gooseberry, however the [[diploid]] seedlings created were sterile and did not produce much fruit, although some fruit was set without fertilization ([[parthenocarpy]]).<ref name="Barney2005" />
There was a demand to have gooseberry-type fruits on thornless plants, and the first successful attempt to cross blackcurrant (''R. nigrum'') with European gooseberry (''R. uva-crispa'') was carried out by [[William Culverwell]] in Yorkshire, England in 1880.<ref name="Barney2005">{{cite book |last1=Barney |first1=D |last2=Hummer |first2=K |title=Currants, Gooseberries, and Jostaberries: A Guide for Growers, Marketers, and Researchers in North America |date=2005 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781560222972 |pages=7–9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_Fi0hZKVHoC&pg=PA9 |language=en}}</ref> This hybrid was termed ''Ribes × culverwellii'' and was nearly sterile.<ref name="Lim2012">{{cite book |last1=Lim |first1=TK |title=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 4, Fruits |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9789400740532 |pages=56–58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4KuB3iGmbwC&pg=PA56 |language=en}}</ref> Others later carried out direct crosses between blackcurrant and gooseberry, however the [[diploid]] seedlings created were sterile and did not produce much fruit, although some fruit was set without fertilization ([[parthenocarpy]]).<ref name="Barney2005" />


Jostaberry is frequently mistakenly termed ''Ribes'' ×'' culverwelli'' as a result of this early F1 diploid hybrid.<ref name="Lim2012" /> However, Jostaberry is a F2 fertile amphipolyploid hybrid of complex parentage, not a direct cross, and was created later in Germany.<ref name="Lim2012" /> Paul Lorenz started the process in the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute]] in Berlin in 1926. In 13 years, over 1000 F1 hybrids were created. Only eight of these survived World War II, and were eventually moved to the [[Erwin Baur]] Institute, which was founded in 1946.<ref name="Barney2005" /> Rudolph Bauer used [[Colchicine#Botanical use|colchicine]] to double the number of [[chromosome]]s and produce fertile [[polyploid|tetraploid]]s.<ref name=Bauer/><ref name="Barney2005" /> Backcrossing with gooseberry and blackcurrant parents was also involved, creating a new F2 generation. Of 15,000 such crosses, three seedlings were selected based on vigor, disease resistance and fertility.<ref name="Barney2005" />
Jostaberry is frequently mistakenly termed ''Ribes'' ×'' culverwelli'' as a result of this early F1 diploid hybrid.<ref name="Lim2012" /> However, Jostaberry is a F2 fertile amphipolyploid hybrid of complex parentage, not a direct cross, and was created later in Germany.<ref name="Lim2012" /> [[Paul Lorenz]] started the process in the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute]] in Berlin in 1926. In 13 years, over 1000 F1 hybrids were created. Only eight of these survived World War II, and were eventually moved to the [[Erwin Baur Institute]], which was founded in 1946.<ref name="Barney2005" /> [[Rudolph Bauer]] used [[Colchicine#Botanical use|colchicine]] to double the number of [[chromosome]]s and produce fertile [[polyploid|tetraploid]]s.<ref name=Bauer/><ref name="Barney2005" /> Backcrossing with gooseberry and blackcurrant parents was also involved, creating a new F2 generation. Of 15,000 such crosses, three seedlings were selected based on vigor, disease resistance and fertility.<ref name="Barney2005" />


Therefore, jostaberry is descended from two separate first-generation crosses, both of which produced very few fruit.<ref name=Bauer>{{cite journal|title=New results of breeding ''Ribes nidigrolaria'': amphidiploid species hybrids between blackcurrant and gooseberry|first=Anneliese |last=Bauer|date=April 1986|journal=ISHS Acta Horticulturae|issue=183|pages=107–110|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.1986.183.14}}</ref> One of the F1 hybrids used was a cross between the blackcurrant cultivar ''R. nigrum'' ‘Langtraubige Schwarze’ (‘Long Bunch’) with ''R. divaricatum'' (also termed spreading gooseberry, Worcesterberry, coastal black gooseberry or by other names). This F1 hybrid was resistant to American gooseberry mildew. The other F1 hybrid parent was a cross between the blackcurrant cultivar ''R. nigrum'' "Silvergieters Schwarze" with ''R. grossularia'' (syn. ''R. uva-crispa'') ‘Grune Hansa’.<ref name="Barney2005" />
Therefore, jostaberry is descended from two separate first-generation crosses, both of which produced very few fruit.<ref name=Bauer>{{cite journal|title=New results of breeding ''Ribes nidigrolaria'': amphidiploid species hybrids between blackcurrant and gooseberry|first=Anneliese |last=Bauer|date=April 1986|journal=ISHS Acta Horticulturae|issue=183|pages=107–110|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.1986.183.14}}</ref> One of the F1 hybrids used was a cross between the blackcurrant cultivar ''R. nigrum'' ‘Langtraubige Schwarze’ (‘Long Bunch’) with ''R. divaricatum'' (also termed spreading gooseberry, Worcesterberry, coastal black gooseberry or by other names). This F1 hybrid was resistant to American gooseberry mildew. The other F1 hybrid parent was a cross between the blackcurrant cultivar ''R. nigrum'' "Silvergieters Schwarze" with ''R. grossularia'' (syn. ''R. uva-crispa'') ‘Grune Hansa’.<ref name="Barney2005" />

Revision as of 18:26, 26 October 2023

Jostaberry
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Saxifragales
Family: Grossulariaceae
Genus: Ribes
Species:
R. × nidigrolaria
Binomial name
Ribes × nidigrolaria
Rud.Bauer & A.Bauer
Inflorescence

The jostaberry (Ribes × nidigrolaria) is a complex-cross fruit bush in the genus Ribes, involving three original species, the blackcurrant R. nigrum, the North American coastal black gooseberry R. divaricatum, and the European gooseberry R. uva-crispa.[1] It is similar to Ribes × culverwellii, the jochelbeere (sometimes also called Black Negus), which is descended from just two of these species, R. nigrum and R. uva-crispa.[2]

Taxonomy

There was a demand to have gooseberry-type fruits on thornless plants, and the first successful attempt to cross blackcurrant (R. nigrum) with European gooseberry (R. uva-crispa) was carried out by William Culverwell in Yorkshire, England in 1880.[3] This hybrid was termed Ribes × culverwellii and was nearly sterile.[4] Others later carried out direct crosses between blackcurrant and gooseberry, however the diploid seedlings created were sterile and did not produce much fruit, although some fruit was set without fertilization (parthenocarpy).[3]

Jostaberry is frequently mistakenly termed Ribes × culverwelli as a result of this early F1 diploid hybrid.[4] However, Jostaberry is a F2 fertile amphipolyploid hybrid of complex parentage, not a direct cross, and was created later in Germany.[4] Paul Lorenz started the process in the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin in 1926. In 13 years, over 1000 F1 hybrids were created. Only eight of these survived World War II, and were eventually moved to the Erwin Baur Institute, which was founded in 1946.[3] Rudolph Bauer used colchicine to double the number of chromosomes and produce fertile tetraploids.[5][3] Backcrossing with gooseberry and blackcurrant parents was also involved, creating a new F2 generation. Of 15,000 such crosses, three seedlings were selected based on vigor, disease resistance and fertility.[3]

Therefore, jostaberry is descended from two separate first-generation crosses, both of which produced very few fruit.[5] One of the F1 hybrids used was a cross between the blackcurrant cultivar R. nigrum ‘Langtraubige Schwarze’ (‘Long Bunch’) with R. divaricatum (also termed spreading gooseberry, Worcesterberry, coastal black gooseberry or by other names). This F1 hybrid was resistant to American gooseberry mildew. The other F1 hybrid parent was a cross between the blackcurrant cultivar R. nigrum "Silvergieters Schwarze" with R. grossularia (syn. R. uva-crispa) ‘Grune Hansa’.[3]

The name Jostaberry was created by combining the German words for blackcurrant and gooseberry, namely Johannisbeere ("Jo") and Stachelbeere ("Sta"). Following German pronunciation of "J", it may be pronounced "yostaberry" in English.

The first cultivar, ‘Josta’ was made available to the public in 1977. Two later cultivars released were called ‘Jostine’ and ‘Jogranda’.[3] A number of varieties have been developed since then by various developers. Most named cultivars tend to only be available in Germany,[6] and the names of the three most common jostaberry cultivars have also been confused, and all have sometimes been sold as ‘Josta’.[3] Additionally, several jostaberry varieties were developed independently from European breeding efforts at the USDA Agricultural Research Service unit in Corvallis, Oregon. Unlike European jostaberry selections, these varieties are quite thorny. These are called the "ORUS" series and some of them such as "ORUS 8" are still available today.[7]

Description

The nearly black berry, which is smaller than a gooseberry and a bit larger than a blackcurrant, is edible both raw and cooked. It is described as having a taste intermediate between a gooseberry and a blackcurrant, with the gooseberry flavor more dominant in the unripe fruit, and the blackcurrant notes developing as the fruit ripens. The ripe fruit will hang on the bush in good condition through late summer, and is eaten by birds. The somewhat unripe fruit can be used in cooking recipes as a gooseberry. Like blackcurrants, the fruit freezes well, and like many other members of the genus Ribes, it is rich in vitamin C.

Commercial production of jostaberries is limited because they are not well-suited to mechanical harvesting.[5] Compared to most other fruits, harvesting jostaberries is relatively labor-intensive per kilogram. Although harder to pick than blackcurrants, the plant is thornless.

The plant itself grows to a maximum height of about 2 m, flowering in mid-spring, with fruit setting and ripening on a similar timetable to the blackcurrant. The plant displays hybrid vigor, growing and fruiting well and being resistant to a number of common diseases afflicting other Ribes. In particular the plant is resistant to mildew, leaf spot, white pine blister rust, and big bud gall mite. Flowers are hermaphrodite and the plant is self-fertile following insect pollination. Propagation is usually by cuttings, rather than by seeds.

References

  1. ^ "Ribes ×nidigrolaria". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  2. ^ "Ribes ×culverwellii". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Barney, D; Hummer, K (2005). Currants, Gooseberries, and Jostaberries: A Guide for Growers, Marketers, and Researchers in North America. CRC Press. pp. 7–9. ISBN 9781560222972.
  4. ^ a b c Lim, TK (2012). Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 4, Fruits. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 56–58. ISBN 9789400740532.
  5. ^ a b c Bauer, Anneliese (April 1986). "New results of breeding Ribes nidigrolaria: amphidiploid species hybrids between blackcurrant and gooseberry". ISHS Acta Horticulturae (183): 107–110. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.1986.183.14.
  6. ^ Crawford, M (2016). Creating a forest garden: working with nature to grow edible crops. Green Books. ISBN 9781900322621. OCLC 1041938577.
  7. ^ Morgeson, Dennis. "Growing Jostaberries In Kentucky". University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Cooperative Extension for Washington County. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
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