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== Number of trees ==
== Number of trees ==
[[Karl Budde]], in his [[Historical-critical method|critical study]] of 1883, proposed that there was only one tree in the body of the [[Book of Genesis|Genesis narrative]], and that it had been portrayed in two ways: one as the tree in the middle of the Garden, and two as the [[Tree of the knowledge of good and evil|forbidden tree]]. [[Claus Westermann]] gave recognition to Budde's theory in 1976.<ref>{{harvnb|Mettinger|2007|p=7}}</ref>


[[Ellen van Wolde]] noted that among [[Bible scholar]]s "the trees are almost always dealt with separately and not related to each other" and that "attention is almost exclusively directed to the tree of knowledge of good and evil, whereas the tree of life is paid hardly any attention."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Van Wolde |first1=Ellen |title=Words Become Worlds |date=1994 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9004098879 |page=32}}</ref>
[[Ellen van Wolde]] noted that among [[Bible scholar]]s "the trees are almost always dealt with separately and not related to each other" and that "attention is almost exclusively directed to the tree of knowledge of good and evil, whereas the tree of life is paid hardly any attention."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Van Wolde |first1=Ellen |title=Words Become Worlds |date=1994 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9004098879 |page=32}}</ref>
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===Judaism===
===Judaism===
According to Judaism, in the [[Garden of Eden]] there is a tree of life or the "tree of souls"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dRi8v-j7OMC&q=%22Tree+of+Souls%22&pg=PA153 |title=Origins of the Kabbalah |access-date=2014-05-01|isbn=0691020477 |year=1990 |last1=Scholem |first1=Gershom Gerhard |publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref> that blossoms and produces new [[souls]], which fall into the [[Guf]], the ''Treasury of Souls''. The Angel [[Gabriel]] reaches into the treasury and takes out the first soul that comes into his hand. Then [[Lailah]], the Angel of Conception, watches over the embryo until it is born.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/95135842/224/THE-TREASURY-OF-SOULS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030044612/http://www.scribd.com/doc/95135842/224/THE-TREASURY-OF-SOULS |archive-date=2012-10-30 |title=200_ THE TREASURY OF SOULS for Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism |work=Scribd. |url-status=dead |access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref>
According to [[Jewish mythology]], in the [[Garden of Eden]] there is a tree of life or the "tree of souls"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dRi8v-j7OMC&q=%22Tree+of+Souls%22&pg=PA153 |title=Origins of the Kabbalah |access-date=2014-05-01|isbn=0691020477 |year=1990 |last1=Scholem |first1=Gershom Gerhard |publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref> that blossoms and produces new [[souls]], which fall into the [[Guf]], the ''Treasury of Souls''. The Angel [[Gabriel]] reaches into the treasury and takes out the first soul that comes into his hand. Then [[Lailah]], the Angel of Conception, watches over the embryo until it is born.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/95135842/224/THE-TREASURY-OF-SOULS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030044612/http://www.scribd.com/doc/95135842/224/THE-TREASURY-OF-SOULS |archive-date=2012-10-30 |title=200_ THE TREASURY OF SOULS for Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism |work=Scribd. |url-status=dead |access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref>


====Kabbalah====
====Kabbalah====

Revision as of 14:19, 30 October 2023

This article is about the concept in Abrahamic religions. For the general cultural motif, see Tree of life. For other meanings, see Tree of life (disambiguation).
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  • Other aspects

In Judaism and Christianity, the tree of life (Template:Lang-he)[1] is first described in chapter 2, verse 9 of the Book of Genesis as being "in the midst of the Garden of Eden" with the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (עֵץ הַדַּעַת טוֹב וָרָע). After the fall of man, "lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever",[2] cherubim and a flaming sword are placed at the east end of the Garden to guard the way to the tree of life.[3] The tree of life has become the subject of some debate as to whether or not the tree of the knowledge of good and evil is the same tree.[4]

Stained glass window in St Mary the Virgin parish church, Iffley, Oxfordshire, made in 1995

In the Bible outside of Genesis, the term "tree of life" appears in Proverbs (3:18; 11:30; 13:12; 15:4) and Revelation (2:7; 22:2,14,19). It also appears in 2 Esdras (2:12; 8:52) and 4 Maccabees (18:16), which are included among the Jewish apocrypha.

According to the Greek Apocalypse of Moses, the tree of life is also called the Tree of Mercy. Adam believed the oil of the tree of Life would relieve him of his ailments and sent Seth and Eve to the doors of the Garden to beg for some oil of the tree of Life.[5]

Number of trees

Karl Budde, in his critical study of 1883, proposed that there was only one tree in the body of the Genesis narrative, and that it had been portrayed in two ways: one as the tree in the middle of the Garden, and two as the forbidden tree. Claus Westermann gave recognition to Budde's theory in 1976.[6]

Ellen van Wolde noted that among Bible scholars "the trees are almost always dealt with separately and not related to each other" and that "attention is almost exclusively directed to the tree of knowledge of good and evil, whereas the tree of life is paid hardly any attention."[7]

Religious views

Christianity

Eastern Christianity

The tree of life,[8] a print from the Phillip Medhurst Collection of Bible illustrations in the possession of Revd. Philip De Vere at St. George's Court, Kidderminster, England.

The Eastern Orthodox Church has traditionally understood the tree of life in Genesis as a prefiguration of the Cross, which humanity could not partake of until after the incarnation, death and resurrection of Jesus.[9]

Western Christianity

In The City of God (xiii.20–21), Augustine of Hippo offers great allowance for "spiritual" interpretations of the events in the garden, so long as such allegories do not rob the narrative of its historical reality. Enlightenment theologians (culminating perhaps in Brunner and Niebuhr in the twentieth century) sought for figurative interpretations because they had already dismissed the historical possibility of the story.

Others sought very pragmatic understandings of the tree. In the Summa Theologica (Q97), Thomas Aquinas argued that the tree served to maintain Adam's biological processes for an extended earthly animal life. It did not provide immortality as such, for the tree, being finite, could not grant infinite life. Hence after a period of time, the man and woman would need to eat again from the tree or else be "transported to the spiritual life." The common fruit trees of the garden were given to offset the effects of "loss of moisture" (note the doctrine of the humors at work), while the tree of life was intended to offset the inefficiencies of the body. Following Augustine in the City of God (xiv.26), “man was furnished with food against hunger, with drink against thirst, and with the tree of life against the ravages of old age.”

John Calvin (Commentary on Genesis 2:8), following a different thread in Augustine (City of God, xiii.20), understood the tree in sacramental language. Given that humanity cannot exist except within a covenantal relationship with God, and all covenants use symbols to give us "the attestation of his grace", he gives the tree, "not because it could confer on man that life with which he had been previously endued, but in order that it might be a symbol and memorial of the life which he had received from God." God often uses symbols; he doesn't transfer his power into these outward signs, but "by them He stretches out His hand to us, because, without assistance, we cannot ascend to Him." Thus he intends man, as often as he eats the fruit, to remember the source of his life, and acknowledge that he lives not by his own power, but by God's kindness. Calvin denies (contra Aquinas and without mentioning his name) that the tree served as a biological defense against physical aging. This is the standing interpretation in modern Reformed theology as well.

Judaism

According to Jewish mythology, in the Garden of Eden there is a tree of life or the "tree of souls"[10] that blossoms and produces new souls, which fall into the Guf, the Treasury of Souls. The Angel Gabriel reaches into the treasury and takes out the first soul that comes into his hand. Then Lailah, the Angel of Conception, watches over the embryo until it is born.[11]

Kabbalah

Main article: Tree of life (Kabbalah)

The tree of life is represented in several examples of sacred geometry and is central in particular to the Kabbalah, where it is represented as a diagram of ten nodes called sefirot (singular sefirah), or the ten emanations or attributes of God. It portrays how God, the Creator, demonstrates his creative energy throughout the universe, via angels and then to humans. Each of the tree's branches (sefirot) represents a different category of creative force that is overseen by a different Archangel. Believers claim that by focusing on the various energies one by one, people can develop a closer spiritual union with God. Kabbalah is an esoteric method, discipline and school of thought in Jewish mysticism.[12]

The tree of life is mentioned explicitly in the 2006 film The Fountain; it is discussed in connection with the Hebrew Genesis book.

In the 1995 anime Neon Genesis Evangelion, beings known as Angels possess the “fruit of life”, which provides them with infinite energy, enabling regeneration and shapeshifting, among other abilities.

See also

References

  1. ^ Lizorkin-Eyzenberg, Eli (July 7, 2016). "The Power of Hebrew". Israel Study Center. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  2. ^ Genesis 3:22
  3. ^ Genesis 3:24
  4. ^ Mettinger 2007, pp. 5–11; Makowiecki 2020, pp.441-457
  5. ^ "The Apocalypse of Moses". www.pseudepigrapha.com. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  6. ^ Mettinger 2007, p. 7
  7. ^ Van Wolde, Ellen (1994). Words Become Worlds. Leiden: Brill. p. 32. ISBN 9004098879.
  8. ^ Rev. 22:2
  9. ^ Roman, Dr. Alexander, Tree of Life in the Garden of Eden, Ukrainian Orthodoxy, archived from the original on February 27, 2007
  10. ^ Scholem, Gershom Gerhard (1990). Origins of the Kabbalah. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691020477. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  11. ^ "200_ THE TREASURY OF SOULS for Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism". Scribd. Archived from the original on 2012-10-30. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  12. ^ Ginzberg, Louis; Kohler, Kaufmann (1906). "Cabala". Jewish Encyclopedia. Kopelman Foundation. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tree of life (Bible) and Tree of life (Christian).

Jewish and Non-Jewish views

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