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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}{{Short description|Aspect of Sudanese politics}}{{Multiple images
{{History of Sudan}}
| total_width = 400

| image1 = Abdallah Khalil Official.png
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}{{Short description|Aspect of Sudanese politics}}
| image2 = Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub 1965.jpg
| image3 = Jafaar Nimiry in 1974.jpg
| image4 = Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi 1964.jpg
| image5 = Omar al-Bashir 1990.jpg
| image6 = Mark Green and Abdalla Hamdok at USAID HQ (2) (cropped).jpg
| perrow = 3
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Abdallah Khalil|Khalil]] came with a [[1958 Sudanese coup d'état|coup in 1958]] and was deposed after the [[October 1964 Revolution]]
| caption2 = [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|1969 coup]] deposed Prime Minister [[Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub|al-Mahgoub]]
| caption3 = [[Gaafar Nimeiry|Nimeiry]] came with a [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|coup in 1969]] and was deposed after the [[1985 Sudanese coup d'état|coup in 1985]]
| caption6 = [[2021 Sudanese coup d'état|2021 coup]] deposed Prime Minister [[Abdalla Hamdok|Hamdok]]
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| caption5 = [[Omar al-Bashir|al-Bashir]] came with a [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|coup in 1989]] and was deposed after the [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|coup in 2019]]
| caption4 = [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|1989 coup]] deposed Prime Minister [[Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi|al-Mahdi]]
}}
Since gaining [[Sudan independence|independence]] in 1956, Sudan has witnessed a protracted series of [[Coup d'état|coups d'état]], totalling around 21 coup attempts, of which 7 were successful,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=Megan Duzor and Brian |title=By The Numbers: Coups in Africa |url=https://projects.voanews.com/african-coups/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=projects.voanews.com |language=en}}</ref>{{NoteTag|18 coup attempts with 6 successful according to [[Voice of America]],<ref name=":2" /> and 17 attempts with 6 successful according to [[BBC]].<ref name=":3" />}} which places Sudan as the African nation with the most coup attempts<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2019-01-07 |title=Gabon coup: The latest in a series of military takeovers on the continent |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46783600 |access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref> and it ranks second globally, just behind [[Coups d'état in Bolivia|Bolivia]], which has recorded 23 coup attempts since 1950.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=2021-12-01 |title=Analysis {{!}} Map: The world of coups since 1950 |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/07/22/map-the-world-of-coups-since-1950/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In the latest development, the [[2023 Sudan conflict|2023 Sudan Conflict]] began on 15 April 2023, involving clashes between the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] and the paramilitary [[Rapid Support Forces]], both factions of the [[Transitional government of Sudan|military government]], with a focus on [[Battle of Khartoum (2023)|Khartoum]] and the [[Darfur campaign|Darfur]] region.
Since gaining [[Sudan independence|independence]] in 1956, Sudan has witnessed a protracted series of [[Coup d'état|coups d'état]], totalling around 21 coup attempts, of which 7 were successful,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=Megan Duzor and Brian |title=By The Numbers: Coups in Africa |url=https://projects.voanews.com/african-coups/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=projects.voanews.com |language=en}}</ref>{{NoteTag|18 coup attempts with 6 successful according to [[Voice of America]],<ref name=":2" /> and 17 attempts with 6 successful according to [[BBC]].<ref name=":3" />}} which places Sudan as the African nation with the most coup attempts<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2019-01-07 |title=Gabon coup: The latest in a series of military takeovers on the continent |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46783600 |access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref> and it ranks second globally, just behind [[Coups d'état in Bolivia|Bolivia]], which has recorded 23 coup attempts since 1950.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=2021-12-01 |title=Analysis {{!}} Map: The world of coups since 1950 |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/07/22/map-the-world-of-coups-since-1950/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In the latest development, the [[2023 Sudan conflict|2023 Sudan Conflict]] began on 15 April 2023, involving clashes between the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] and the paramilitary [[Rapid Support Forces]], both factions of the [[Transitional government of Sudan|military government]], with a focus on [[Battle of Khartoum (2023)|Khartoum]] and the [[Darfur campaign|Darfur]] region.


== Coups ==
== Coups ==
[[File:Jafaar_Nimiry_in_1974.jpg |thumb|[[Jaafar Nimeiry]] attempted three coups, succeed in [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|one]], survived 4 and toppled in [[1985 Sudanese coup d'état|1985 coup]]]]
* [[1957 Sudanese coup attempt|June 1957]]: One year after [[Sudan independence|Sudan's independence]], a failed coup led by Abdel Rahman Ismail Kabeida sought to seize power from the democratic government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Sayegh |first=Bakri |date=2023-05-09 |title=انقلابات وخيانات وخبيثات الضباط في بعضهم البعض داخل القوات المسلحة – البرهان "حميدتي" مثالآ- |trans-title=Coups, betrayals and maliciousness of officers against each other within the armed forces - Al-Burhan “Hemedti” for example |url=https://www.alrakoba.net/31829475/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%B9/ |website=Alrakoba}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Taweel |first=Amani |date=2021-09-24 |title=الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب |url=https://www.independentarabia.com/node/261911/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8 |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=اندبندنت عربية |language=ar}}</ref> [[Jaafar Nimeiry]], accused of supporting the coup, was arrested and later reassigned in 1959.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA4ZAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Kabeida%22 |title=Who's who in Africa: The Political, Military and Business Leaders of Africa |date=1973 |publisher=African Development |isbn=978-0-9502755-0-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[1957 Sudanese coup attempt|June 1957]]: One year after [[Sudan independence|Sudan's independence]], a failed coup led by Abdel Rahman Ismail Kabeida sought to seize power from the democratic government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Sayegh |first=Bakri |date=2023-05-09 |title=انقلابات وخيانات وخبيثات الضباط في بعضهم البعض داخل القوات المسلحة – البرهان "حميدتي" مثالآ- |trans-title=Coups, betrayals and maliciousness of officers against each other within the armed forces - Al-Burhan “Hemedti” for example |url=https://www.alrakoba.net/31829475/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%B9/ |website=Alrakoba}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Taweel |first=Amani |date=2021-09-24 |title=الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب |url=https://www.independentarabia.com/node/261911/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8 |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=اندبندنت عربية |language=ar}}</ref> [[Jaafar Nimeiry]], accused of supporting the coup, was arrested and later reassigned in 1959.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA4ZAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Kabeida%22 |title=Who's who in Africa: The Political, Military and Business Leaders of Africa |date=1973 |publisher=African Development |isbn=978-0-9502755-0-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[1958 Sudanese coup d'état|17 November 1958]]: A bloodless self-coup, was led by [[Prime minister of Sudan|Prime Minister]] [[Abdallah Khalil]] against the civilian government formed after the [[1958 Sudanese parliamentary election|1958 election]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hailey |first=Foster |date=18 November 1958 |title=SUDAN COUP PUTS ARMY IN CONTROL; Capital Is Quiet as General Takes Power -- Parliament Ousted in Orderly Shift |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/11/18/archives/sudan-coup-puts-army-in-control-capital-is-quiet-as-general-takes.html |accessdate=27 October 2021 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> It involved Khalil's [[National Umma Party]], the [[People's Democratic Party (Sudan)|People's Democratic Party]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Embassy in Canada |url=http://www.sudanembassy.ca/primeMinisters.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111350/http://www.sudanembassy.ca/primeMinisters.htm |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2009-10-12}}</ref> and senior army generals, [[Ibrahim Abboud]] and [[Ahmad Abd al-Wahab]], with the knowledge of the United States and Great Britain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ben Hammou |first1=Salah |year=2023 |title=The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics |journal=Armed Forces & Society |language=en |pages=0095327X2311556 |doi=10.1177/0095327X231155667|s2cid=257268269 }}</ref> Khalil was subsequently retired on a pension.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ben Hammou |first1=Salah |year=2023 |title=The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics |journal=Armed Forces & Society |language=en |pages=0095327X2311556 |doi=10.1177/0095327X231155667|s2cid=257268269 }}</ref>
* [[1958 Sudanese coup d'état|17 November 1958]]: A bloodless self-coup, was led by [[Prime minister of Sudan|Prime Minister]] [[Abdallah Khalil]] against the civilian government formed after the [[1958 Sudanese parliamentary election|1958 election]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hailey |first=Foster |date=18 November 1958 |title=SUDAN COUP PUTS ARMY IN CONTROL; Capital Is Quiet as General Takes Power -- Parliament Ousted in Orderly Shift |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/11/18/archives/sudan-coup-puts-army-in-control-capital-is-quiet-as-general-takes.html |accessdate=27 October 2021 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> It involved Khalil's [[National Umma Party]], the [[People's Democratic Party (Sudan)|People's Democratic Party]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Embassy in Canada |url=http://www.sudanembassy.ca/primeMinisters.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111350/http://www.sudanembassy.ca/primeMinisters.htm |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2009-10-12}}</ref> and senior army generals, [[Ibrahim Abboud]] and [[Ahmad Abd al-Wahab]], with the knowledge of the United States and Great Britain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ben Hammou |first1=Salah |year=2023 |title=The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics |journal=Armed Forces & Society |language=en |pages=0095327X2311556 |doi=10.1177/0095327X231155667|s2cid=257268269 }}</ref> Khalil was subsequently retired on a pension.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ben Hammou |first1=Salah |year=2023 |title=The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics |journal=Armed Forces & Society |language=en |pages=0095327X2311556 |doi=10.1177/0095327X231155667|s2cid=257268269 }}</ref>
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* [[1977 Sudan Juba coup attempt|2 February 1977]]: The [[Juba]] coup, led by 12 ex-[[Anyanya]] Air Force members, aimed to seize [[Juba International Airport|Juba airport]] but failed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Douglas Hamilton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKW87vlxp3IC&q=1977+Sudan+Juba+coup&pg=PA195 |title=The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |year=2011 |isbn=9781847010292}}</ref> High Executive Council members were arrested, and some sources suggest the group tried to free them from Juba prison.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kuyok |first=Kuyok Abol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=622LCgAAQBAJ&q=1977+Sudan+Juba+coup&pg=PT382 |title=South Sudan: The Notable Firsts |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2015 |isbn=9781504943468}}</ref> A pilot, [[Harold Bowman]], was killed during the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nyack Warriors - About Nyack College Athletics |url=http://www.nyack.edu/athletics/archive.php?info=bowman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102082645/http://www.nyack.edu/athletics/archive.php?info=bowman |archive-date=2017-01-02 |access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref>
* [[1977 Sudan Juba coup attempt|2 February 1977]]: The [[Juba]] coup, led by 12 ex-[[Anyanya]] Air Force members, aimed to seize [[Juba International Airport|Juba airport]] but failed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Douglas Hamilton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKW87vlxp3IC&q=1977+Sudan+Juba+coup&pg=PA195 |title=The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |year=2011 |isbn=9781847010292}}</ref> High Executive Council members were arrested, and some sources suggest the group tried to free them from Juba prison.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kuyok |first=Kuyok Abol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=622LCgAAQBAJ&q=1977+Sudan+Juba+coup&pg=PT382 |title=South Sudan: The Notable Firsts |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2015 |isbn=9781504943468}}</ref> A pilot, [[Harold Bowman]], was killed during the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nyack Warriors - About Nyack College Athletics |url=http://www.nyack.edu/athletics/archive.php?info=bowman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102082645/http://www.nyack.edu/athletics/archive.php?info=bowman |archive-date=2017-01-02 |access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref>
* [[1985 Sudanese coup d'état|6 April 1985]]: The coup was staged by a group of military officers and led by the Defense Minister and Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal [[Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab]], against the government of President Gaafar Nimeiry.<ref name="NYT">{{cite web |date=April 7, 1985 |title=SUDAN'S PRESIDENT IS OUSTED IN COUP BY MILITARY CHIEF |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/07/world/sudan-s-president-is-ousted-in-coup-by-military-chief.html |access-date=March 19, 2019 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="LAT">{{cite web |date=April 7, 1985 |title=Sudan's Military Ousts Numeiri: Coup Climaxes Protests; African Ally Was on Way Back From U.S. |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-04-07/news/mn-27513_1_sudanese-capital |access-date=March 19, 2019 |work=The Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="WP">{{cite news |date=April 7, 1985 |title=Sudanese Leader Deposed in Coup |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/04/07/sudanese-leader-deposed-in-coup/5fdf0ca1-1330-4e6c-9202-8dba04b2865a/ |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref>
* [[1985 Sudanese coup d'état|6 April 1985]]: The coup was staged by a group of military officers and led by the Defense Minister and Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal [[Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab]], against the government of President Gaafar Nimeiry.<ref name="NYT">{{cite web |date=April 7, 1985 |title=SUDAN'S PRESIDENT IS OUSTED IN COUP BY MILITARY CHIEF |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/07/world/sudan-s-president-is-ousted-in-coup-by-military-chief.html |access-date=March 19, 2019 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="LAT">{{cite web |date=April 7, 1985 |title=Sudan's Military Ousts Numeiri: Coup Climaxes Protests; African Ally Was on Way Back From U.S. |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-04-07/news/mn-27513_1_sudanese-capital |access-date=March 19, 2019 |work=The Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="WP">{{cite news |date=April 7, 1985 |title=Sudanese Leader Deposed in Coup |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/04/07/sudanese-leader-deposed-in-coup/5fdf0ca1-1330-4e6c-9202-8dba04b2865a/ |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref>

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[[File:Omar_al-Bashir_1990.jpg|thumb|[[Omar al-Bashir|al-Bashir]] came to power after a [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|coup]] and forced out by [[2021 Sudanese coup d'état|one]] after surviving 5 attempts ]]
* [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|30 June 1989]]: The [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] overthrown the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and President [[Ahmed al-Mirghani]]. The coup was led by military officer [[Omar al-Bashir]] who took power in its aftermath; he ruled the country for the next 30 years until he was [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|overthrown]] in 2019.<ref name="NYT2">{{cite web |date=1 July 1989 |title=Military Coup in Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/01/world/military-coup-in-sudan-ousts-civilian-regime.html |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>
* [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|30 June 1989]]: The [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] overthrown the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and President [[Ahmed al-Mirghani]]. The coup was led by military officer [[Omar al-Bashir]] who took power in its aftermath; he ruled the country for the next 30 years until he was [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|overthrown]] in 2019.<ref name="NYT2">{{cite web |date=1 July 1989 |title=Military Coup in Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/01/world/military-coup-in-sudan-ousts-civilian-regime.html |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>
* [[1990 Sudanese coup attempt|23 April 1990]]: Allegedly orchestrated by retired officers and junior loyalists, aimed to overthrow the ruling military junta led by Lieutenant General Omar al-Bashir. Loyalist forces quashed the coup, with reported gunfire at key locations. Approximately 30 officers and retired officers were arrested.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 April 1990 |title=Sudan Reports Blocking a Coup And Arresting Over 30 Officers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/24/world/sudan-reports-blocking-a-coup-and-arresting-over-30-officers.html |accessdate=30 September 2019 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 April 1990 |title=Sudanese military government crushes coup attempt |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/04/23/Sudanese-military-government-crushes-coup-attempt/6126640843200/ |accessdate=30 September 2019 |publisher=UPI}}</ref>
* [[1990 Sudanese coup attempt|23 April 1990]]: Allegedly orchestrated by retired officers and junior loyalists, aimed to overthrow the ruling military junta led by Lieutenant General Omar al-Bashir. Loyalist forces quashed the coup, with reported gunfire at key locations. Approximately 30 officers and retired officers were arrested.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 April 1990 |title=Sudan Reports Blocking a Coup And Arresting Over 30 Officers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/24/world/sudan-reports-blocking-a-coup-and-arresting-over-30-officers.html |accessdate=30 September 2019 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 April 1990 |title=Sudanese military government crushes coup attempt |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/04/23/Sudanese-military-government-crushes-coup-attempt/6126640843200/ |accessdate=30 September 2019 |publisher=UPI}}</ref>

Revision as of 16:28, 3 November 2023

Khalil came with a coup in 1958 and was deposed after the October 1964 Revolution
1969 coup deposed Prime Minister al-Mahgoub
Nimeiry came with a coup in 1969 and was deposed after the coup in 1985
1989 coup deposed Prime Minister al-Mahdi
al-Bashir came with a coup in 1989 and was deposed after the coup in 2019
2021 coup deposed Prime Minister Hamdok

Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has witnessed a protracted series of coups d'état, totalling around 21 coup attempts, of which 7 were successful,[1][note 1] which places Sudan as the African nation with the most coup attempts[2] and it ranks second globally, just behind Bolivia, which has recorded 23 coup attempts since 1950.[3] In the latest development, the 2023 Sudan Conflict began on 15 April 2023, involving clashes between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces, both factions of the military government, with a focus on Khartoum and the Darfur region.

Coups

Notes

  1. ^ 18 coup attempts with 6 successful according to Voice of America,[1] and 17 attempts with 6 successful according to BBC.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b Williamson, Megan Duzor and Brian. "By The Numbers: Coups in Africa". projects.voanews.com. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Gabon coup: The latest in a series of military takeovers on the continent". BBC News. 7 January 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  3. ^ Taylor, Adam (1 December 2021). "Analysis | Map: The world of coups since 1950". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  4. ^ Al-Sayegh, Bakri (9 May 2023). "انقلابات وخيانات وخبيثات الضباط في بعضهم البعض داخل القوات المسلحة – البرهان "حميدتي" مثالآ-" [Coups, betrayals and maliciousness of officers against each other within the armed forces - Al-Burhan “Hemedti” for example]. Alrakoba.
  5. ^ Al-Taweel, Amani (24 September 2021). "الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب". اندبندنت عربية (in Arabic). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  6. ^ Who's who in Africa: The Political, Military and Business Leaders of Africa. African Development. 1973. ISBN 978-0-9502755-0-5.
  7. ^ Hailey, Foster (18 November 1958). "SUDAN COUP PUTS ARMY IN CONTROL; Capital Is Quiet as General Takes Power -- Parliament Ousted in Orderly Shift". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  8. ^ "Sudan Embassy in Canada". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
  9. ^ Ben Hammou, Salah (2023). "The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics". Armed Forces & Society: 0095327X2311556. doi:10.1177/0095327X231155667. S2CID 257268269.
  10. ^ Ben Hammou, Salah (2023). "The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics". Armed Forces & Society: 0095327X2311556. doi:10.1177/0095327X231155667. S2CID 257268269.
  11. ^ العزاوي, قيس جواد (2 March 2023). الجيش والسلطة في التاريخ العثماني (in Arabic). ktab INC.
  12. ^ "الحكومة العسكرية في السودان في الأعوام الثلاثة الماضية (1959 – 1961م) .. بقلم: بيتر كيلنر .. ترجمة: بدر الدين حامد الهاشمي". سودانايل (in Arabic). 13 May 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
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