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[[File:FMIB 33324 Ictiobus Bubalus (Ravinesque).jpeg|thumb|FMIB 33324 Ictiobus Bubalus (Ravinesque)]]
[[File:FMIB 33324 Ictiobus Bubalus (Ravinesque).jpeg|thumb|FMIB 33324 Ictiobus Bubalus (Ravinesque)]]
The '''smallmouth buffalo''' ('''''Ictiobus bubalus''''', from the Greek for "bull-fish" and "buffalo") is a [[Catostomidae|catostomid]] fish species native to the major tributaries and surrounding waters of the [[Mississippi River]] in the [[United States]], as well as some other water systems where it has been introduced. It is a long-lived,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Love|first1=Seth A.|last2=Tripp|first2=Sara J.|last3=Phelps|first3=Quinton E.|date=July 2019|title=Age and Growth of Middle Mississippi River Smallmouth Buffalo|url=https://bioone.org/journals/The-American-Midland-Naturalist/volume-182/issue-1/0003-0031-182.1.118/Age-and-Growth-of-Middle-Mississippi-River-Smallmouth-Buffalo/10.1674/0003-0031-182.1.118.full|journal=The American Midland Naturalist|volume=182|issue=1|pages=118–123|doi=10.1674/0003-0031-182.1.118|s2cid=199636657 |issn=0003-0031}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Long |first=James M. |last2=Snow |first2=Richard A. |last3=Shoup |first3=Daniel E. |last4=Bartnicki |first4=Jory B. |date=2023-06-09 |title=Validation and Comparison of Age Estimates for Smallmouth Buffalo in Oklahoma Based on Otoliths, Pectoral Fin Rays, and Opercula |url=https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nafm.10865 |journal=North American Journal of Fisheries Management |language=en |doi=10.1002/nafm.10865 |issn=0275-5947}}</ref> stocky fish like its relatives the [[bigmouth buffalo]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Lackmann|first1=Alec R.|last2=Andrews|first2=Allen H.|last3=Butler|first3=Malcolm G.|last4=Bielak-Lackmann|first4=Ewelina S.|last5=Clark|first5=Mark E.|date=2019-05-23|title=Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity|journal=Communications Biology|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|page=197 |doi=10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0 |pmc=6533251|pmid=31149641|issn=2399-3642|doi-access=free}}</ref> (''I. cyprinellus'') and the [[black buffalo]]<ref name=":1" /> (''I. niger''), although the smallmouth buffalo's mouth is located ventrally like other [[Catostomidae]] species, while the bigmouth buffalo's mouth is terminal and opens forward, and the smallmouth buffalo's eyes are significantly larger than those of the black buffalo. Despite being members of different scientific families, these three species superficially resemble the [[common carp]] (''Cyprinus carpio''), but an easy and notable difference is that all catostomids lack the characteristic [[Barbel (anatomy)|barbels]] of carp.
The '''smallmouth buffalo''' ('''''Ictiobus bubalus''''', from the Greek for "bull-fish" and "buffalo") is one of the longest-lived fishes, capable of living more than a century.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lackmann |first=Alec R. |last2=Black |first2=Stuart A. |last3=Bielak-Lackmann |first3=Ewelina S. |last4=Lackmann |first4=Jeffrey A. |date=2023-10-20 |title=Centenarian lifespans of three freshwater fish species in Arizona reveal the exceptional longevity of the buffalofishes (Ictiobus) |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-44328-8 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=17401 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-44328-8 |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> They are a [[Catostomidae|catostomid]] fish species native to the major tributaries and surrounding waters of the [[Mississippi River]] in the [[United States]], as well as some other water systems where it has been introduced. It is a long-lived,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Love|first1=Seth A.|last2=Tripp|first2=Sara J.|last3=Phelps|first3=Quinton E.|date=July 2019|title=Age and Growth of Middle Mississippi River Smallmouth Buffalo|url=https://bioone.org/journals/The-American-Midland-Naturalist/volume-182/issue-1/0003-0031-182.1.118/Age-and-Growth-of-Middle-Mississippi-River-Smallmouth-Buffalo/10.1674/0003-0031-182.1.118.full|journal=The American Midland Naturalist|volume=182|issue=1|pages=118–123|doi=10.1674/0003-0031-182.1.118|s2cid=199636657 |issn=0003-0031}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Long |first=James M. |last2=Snow |first2=Richard A. |last3=Shoup |first3=Daniel E. |last4=Bartnicki |first4=Jory B. |date=2023-06-09 |title=Validation and Comparison of Age Estimates for Smallmouth Buffalo in Oklahoma Based on Otoliths, Pectoral Fin Rays, and Opercula |url=https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nafm.10865 |journal=North American Journal of Fisheries Management |language=en |doi=10.1002/nafm.10865 |issn=0275-5947}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> stocky fish like its relatives the [[bigmouth buffalo]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Lackmann|first1=Alec R.|last2=Andrews|first2=Allen H.|last3=Butler|first3=Malcolm G.|last4=Bielak-Lackmann|first4=Ewelina S.|last5=Clark|first5=Mark E.|date=2019-05-23|title=Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity|journal=Communications Biology|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|page=197 |doi=10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0 |pmc=6533251|pmid=31149641|issn=2399-3642|doi-access=free}}</ref> (''I. cyprinellus'') and the [[black buffalo]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> (''I. niger''). The smallmouth buffalo's mouth is located ventrally like other [[Catostomidae]] species, whereas the bigmouth buffalo's mouth is terminal and opens forward. It is thought that smallmouth buffalo eyes are significantly larger than those of the black buffalo. Despite being members of different scientific families, these three species superficially resemble the [[common carp]] (''Cyprinus carpio''), but an easy and notable difference is that all catostomids lack the characteristic [[Barbel (anatomy)|barbels]] of carp.


==Physical characteristics==
==Physical characteristics==
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==Life history==
==Life history==
[[Spawning]] usually takes place in spring and summer, with more specific times depending on the location of the population. [[Fish migration|Migration]] is negligible. Spawning often occurs in shallower sections of streams where the egg can adhere to vegetation and gravel to keep from flowing away. Each female can lay tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of eggs at a time depending on her size, and no parental care is applied and the eggs hatch in one to two weeks. The young hide in aquatic vegetation to avoid predators. The lifespan of a smallmouth buffalo is not well known because of limited study on their [[otolith]]s and a reliance instead on other structures (e.g. scales, fin rays, gill plates) that are inadequate for age analysis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Campana|first=S. E.|date=2001|title=Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00127.x|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|language=en|volume=59|issue=2|pages=197–242|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00127.x|issn=1095-8649}}</ref> However, a 2019 study took an initial look at their otoliths (earstones) from a commercially-harvested population in the middle Mississippi River drainage and found that even with harvest, about half of the sample was 20 years or older, with the oldest being 39 years of age.<ref name=":0" /> A 2020 study on a single female specimen from Oklahoma found she was 62 years old.<ref name=":2" /> In 2023, smallmouth buffalo otoliths were age validated, with longevity more than 60 years in Oklahoma.<ref name=":3" /> The onset of sexual maturity for smallmouth buffalo likely varies by population but is typically 4–5 years for males and around 6 years for females.
[[Spawning]] usually takes place in spring and summer, with more specific times depending on the location of the population. [[Fish migration|Migration]] is negligible. Spawning often occurs in shallower sections of streams where the egg can adhere to vegetation and gravel to keep from flowing away. Each female can lay tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of eggs at a time depending on her size, and no parental care is applied and the eggs hatch in one to two weeks. The young hide in aquatic vegetation to avoid predators. The lifespan of a smallmouth buffalo was historically not well known because of limited study on their [[otolith]]s and a reliance instead on other structures (e.g. scales, fin rays, gill plates) that are inadequate for age analysis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Campana|first=S. E.|date=2001|title=Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00127.x|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|language=en|volume=59|issue=2|pages=197–242|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00127.x|issn=1095-8649}}</ref> However, a 2019 study took an initial look at their otoliths (earstones) from a commercially-harvested population in the middle Mississippi River drainage and found that even with harvest, about half of the sample was 20 years or older, with the oldest being 39 years of age.<ref name=":0" /> A 2020 study on a single female specimen from Oklahoma found it was 62 years old.<ref name=":2" /> In 2023, smallmouth buffalo otoliths were age validated, with longevity more than 60 years in Oklahoma.<ref name=":3" /> In Arizona, smallmouth buffalo as old as 90–100 years of age were discovered.<ref name=":4" /> The onset of sexual maturity for smallmouth buffalo likely varies by latitude and population but is typically 4–5 years for males and around 6 years for females.


==Relationship with humans==
==Relationship with humans==
Although historically and derogatorily considered by many to be a [[rough fish]], smallmouth buffalo are native to North American ecosystems, are the most common commercially sold freshwater fish in the United States, are sought after by traditional anglers,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fishing for Buffalo|url=https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/fishing-for-buffalo|access-date=2020-06-14|website=University of Minnesota Press|language=en}}</ref> and they have rapidly become [[Game fish|sportfish]] as modernized night [[bowfishing]] has become increasingly popular since 2010 - a sport that targets this species among others.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scarnecchia |first=Dennis L. |last2=Schooley |first2=Jason D. |date=2020-10-26 |title=Bowfishing in the United States: History, Status, Ecological Impact, and a Need for Management |url=https://bioone.org/journals/transactions-of-the-kansas-academy-of-science/volume-123/issue-3-4/062.123.0301/Bowfishing-in-the-United-States--History-Status-Ecological-Impact/10.1660/062.123.0301.full |journal=Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science |volume=123 |issue=3-4 |doi=10.1660/062.123.0301 |issn=0022-8443}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Montague |first=Graham F. |last2=Schooley |first2=Jason D. |last3=Scarnecchia |first3=Dennis L. |last4=Snow |first4=Richard A. |date=2023-05-05 |title=Bowfishing shoot‐and‐release: high short‐term mortality of nongame fishes and its management implications |url=https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nafm.10904 |journal=North American Journal of Fisheries Management |language=en |doi=10.1002/nafm.10904 |issn=0275-5947}}</ref> Management of this species is in urgent need of reassessment as essentially no agency is tracking the ecological impact of modernized [[bowfishing]], and there are virtually no limits on harvest. The species is highly valued by some as a human food source and the fish meal is common in animal feed. They are relatively quick and easy to raise in commercial farm ponds. Anglers seeking to hook a smallmouth buffalo have found success with doughballs and corn on hooks.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
Although historically and derogatorily considered by many to be a [[rough fish]], smallmouth buffalo are native to North American ecosystems, are the most common commercially sold freshwater fish in the United States, are sought after by traditional anglers on rod-and-line,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fishing for Buffalo|url=https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/fishing-for-buffalo|access-date=2020-06-14|website=University of Minnesota Press|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> and they have rapidly become [[Game fish|sportfish]] as modernized night [[bowfishing]] has become increasingly popular since 2010 - a sport that targets this species among others.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scarnecchia |first=Dennis L. |last2=Schooley |first2=Jason D. |date=2020-10-26 |title=Bowfishing in the United States: History, Status, Ecological Impact, and a Need for Management |url=https://bioone.org/journals/transactions-of-the-kansas-academy-of-science/volume-123/issue-3-4/062.123.0301/Bowfishing-in-the-United-States--History-Status-Ecological-Impact/10.1660/062.123.0301.full |journal=Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science |volume=123 |issue=3-4 |doi=10.1660/062.123.0301 |issn=0022-8443}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Montague |first=Graham F. |last2=Schooley |first2=Jason D. |last3=Scarnecchia |first3=Dennis L. |last4=Snow |first4=Richard A. |date=2023-05-05 |title=Bowfishing shoot‐and‐release: high short‐term mortality of nongame fishes and its management implications |url=https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nafm.10904 |journal=North American Journal of Fisheries Management |language=en |doi=10.1002/nafm.10904 |issn=0275-5947}}</ref> Management of this species is in urgent need of reassessment as essentially no agency is tracking the ecological impact of modernized [[bowfishing]], and there are virtually no limits on harvest. The species is highly valued by some as a human food source and the fish meal is common in animal feed. They are relatively quick and easy to raise in commercial farm ponds. Anglers seeking to hook a smallmouth buffalo have found success with doughballs and corn on hooks.<ref name=":4" />


An {{convert|82|lb|3|oz|kg|abbr=on}} fish taken from [[Athens Lake]], Texas on May 6, 1993 by angler Randy Collins stands as the [[International Game Fish Association]] (IGFA) all-tackle world record for the species, while a
An {{convert|82|lb|3|oz|kg|abbr=on}} fish taken from [[Athens Lake]], Texas on May 6, 1993 by angler Randy Collins stands as the [[International Game Fish Association]] (IGFA) all-tackle world record for the species, while a

Revision as of 17:08, 4 November 2023

Smallmouth buffalo
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cypriniformes
Family: Catostomidae
Genus: Ictiobus
Species:
I. bubalus
Binomial name
Ictiobus bubalus
(Rafinesque, 1818)
The distribution of I. bubalus in the United States
Synonyms
  • Catostomus bubalus Rafinesque, 1818
FMIB 33324 Ictiobus Bubalus (Ravinesque)

The smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus, from the Greek for "bull-fish" and "buffalo") is one of the longest-lived fishes, capable of living more than a century.[2] They are a catostomid fish species native to the major tributaries and surrounding waters of the Mississippi River in the United States, as well as some other water systems where it has been introduced. It is a long-lived,[3][4][5][2] stocky fish like its relatives the bigmouth buffalo[6] (I. cyprinellus) and the black buffalo[6][2] (I. niger). The smallmouth buffalo's mouth is located ventrally like other Catostomidae species, whereas the bigmouth buffalo's mouth is terminal and opens forward. It is thought that smallmouth buffalo eyes are significantly larger than those of the black buffalo. Despite being members of different scientific families, these three species superficially resemble the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), but an easy and notable difference is that all catostomids lack the characteristic barbels of carp.

Physical characteristics

The coloration of smallmouth buffalo ranges from shades of gray to brown and coppery green dorsally and pale yellow to white ventrally. Fin colors match the portion of the body where they attach and are generally darker towards the tips. They are characteristically stocky, having a hump that rises up from the operculum. Pectoral fins protrude ventrally like the anal fins, the caudal fin has even lobes, and the dorsal fin protrudes from the top of the hump to a blunt point, then shortens and runs the remaining length of the body to the base of the tail. Typical adults reach a length around 40–60 cm (16–24 in), with some specimens reaching as much as 30.1 kg (66.4 pounds) and 101.5 cm (40.0 in).[4]

Habitat

The smallmouth buffalo is a hardy fish that frequents clear, moderate to fast-moving streams, but has been occasionally known in some lakes and ponds. If prefers waters with dense aquatic vegetation and a silty bottom. It has a high tolerance for hard water and can survive in waters with pH ranges of 6.5–8.5.

Diet

The smallmouth buffalo's diet is primarily that of a detritivore, using its ventral sucker mouth to pick up vegetation and other organic matter from the bottom of its habitat, often scraping algae off of rocks. It is also quite the invertivore, consuming zooplankton, insect larvae, mollusk larvae, and small crustaceans.

Life history

Spawning usually takes place in spring and summer, with more specific times depending on the location of the population. Migration is negligible. Spawning often occurs in shallower sections of streams where the egg can adhere to vegetation and gravel to keep from flowing away. Each female can lay tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of eggs at a time depending on her size, and no parental care is applied and the eggs hatch in one to two weeks. The young hide in aquatic vegetation to avoid predators. The lifespan of a smallmouth buffalo was historically not well known because of limited study on their otoliths and a reliance instead on other structures (e.g. scales, fin rays, gill plates) that are inadequate for age analysis.[7] However, a 2019 study took an initial look at their otoliths (earstones) from a commercially-harvested population in the middle Mississippi River drainage and found that even with harvest, about half of the sample was 20 years or older, with the oldest being 39 years of age.[3] A 2020 study on a single female specimen from Oklahoma found it was 62 years old.[4] In 2023, smallmouth buffalo otoliths were age validated, with longevity more than 60 years in Oklahoma.[5] In Arizona, smallmouth buffalo as old as 90–100 years of age were discovered.[2] The onset of sexual maturity for smallmouth buffalo likely varies by latitude and population but is typically 4–5 years for males and around 6 years for females.

Relationship with humans

Although historically and derogatorily considered by many to be a rough fish, smallmouth buffalo are native to North American ecosystems, are the most common commercially sold freshwater fish in the United States, are sought after by traditional anglers on rod-and-line,[8][2] and they have rapidly become sportfish as modernized night bowfishing has become increasingly popular since 2010 - a sport that targets this species among others.[6][9][10] Management of this species is in urgent need of reassessment as essentially no agency is tracking the ecological impact of modernized bowfishing, and there are virtually no limits on harvest. The species is highly valued by some as a human food source and the fish meal is common in animal feed. They are relatively quick and easy to raise in commercial farm ponds. Anglers seeking to hook a smallmouth buffalo have found success with doughballs and corn on hooks.[2]

An 82 lb 3 oz (37.3 kg) fish taken from Athens Lake, Texas on May 6, 1993 by angler Randy Collins stands as the International Game Fish Association (IGFA) all-tackle world record for the species, while a 63 cm (2.07 ft) specimen caught on May 16, 2022 in Livingston Lake, Texas by James Schmid is the current IGFA all-tackle length record.[11] The North Carolina state record for smallmouth buffalo is an 88 lb (40 kg) fish caught in Lake Wylie on November 14, 1993 by Tony Crawford,[12] who had previously set the state record with a 61.02 lb (27.68 kg) fish caught at the same lake on December 1, 1991, both through use of packbait.[12][13] Smallmouth buffalo are not native to North Carolina, but it is not known when they were introduced there.[13]

References

[14] [15] [16]

  1. ^ NatureServe.; Soto Galera, E. (2019). "Ictiobus bubalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T191239A130113487. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T191239A130113487.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Lackmann, Alec R.; Black, Stuart A.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Lackmann, Jeffrey A. (2023-10-20). "Centenarian lifespans of three freshwater fish species in Arizona reveal the exceptional longevity of the buffalofishes (Ictiobus)". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 17401. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-44328-8. ISSN 2045-2322.
  3. ^ a b Love, Seth A.; Tripp, Sara J.; Phelps, Quinton E. (July 2019). "Age and Growth of Middle Mississippi River Smallmouth Buffalo". The American Midland Naturalist. 182 (1): 118–123. doi:10.1674/0003-0031-182.1.118. ISSN 0003-0031. S2CID 199636657.
  4. ^ a b c Snow, Richard (2020). "Examination of the Current Oklahoma State Record Smallmouth Buffalo". Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. 100: 16–21.
  5. ^ a b Long, James M.; Snow, Richard A.; Shoup, Daniel E.; Bartnicki, Jory B. (2023-06-09). "Validation and Comparison of Age Estimates for Smallmouth Buffalo in Oklahoma Based on Otoliths, Pectoral Fin Rays, and Opercula". North American Journal of Fisheries Management. doi:10.1002/nafm.10865. ISSN 0275-5947.
  6. ^ a b c Lackmann, Alec R.; Andrews, Allen H.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Clark, Mark E. (2019-05-23). "Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity". Communications Biology. 2 (1): 197. doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 6533251. PMID 31149641.
  7. ^ Campana, S. E. (2001). "Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods". Journal of Fish Biology. 59 (2): 197–242. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00127.x. ISSN 1095-8649.
  8. ^ "Fishing for Buffalo". University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
  9. ^ Scarnecchia, Dennis L.; Schooley, Jason D. (2020-10-26). "Bowfishing in the United States: History, Status, Ecological Impact, and a Need for Management". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 123 (3–4). doi:10.1660/062.123.0301. ISSN 0022-8443.
  10. ^ Montague, Graham F.; Schooley, Jason D.; Scarnecchia, Dennis L.; Snow, Richard A. (2023-05-05). "Bowfishing shoot‐and‐release: high short‐term mortality of nongame fishes and its management implications". North American Journal of Fisheries Management. doi:10.1002/nafm.10904. ISSN 0275-5947.
  11. ^ "Buffalo, smallmouth (Ictiobus bubalus)". International Game Fish Association. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  12. ^ a b "N.C. Freshwater Fishing State Records". North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  13. ^ a b Venters, Vic (March 1992). "Angler Targets Little Known Species: New Smallmouth Buffalo State Record Caught". Wildlife in North Carolina. N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission. p. 31. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  14. ^ "Ohio Boating Accident Data Archive". Dnr.state.oh.us. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
  15. ^ "Smallmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus)". Tpwd.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
  16. ^ "Smallmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus) - FactSheet". Nas.er.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
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