Battle of Akora Khattak: Difference between revisions

Battle of Akora
	Part of the Afghan–Sikh Wars
Date	21 December 1826
Location	Akora
Result	Mujahideen Victory
Belligerents
Sikh Empire	Syed Ahmad Barelvi
Commanders and leaders
Budh Singh Sandhanwalia; Atar Singh Sandhanwalia	Syed Ahmad Barelvi; Khadi Khan; Baqar Ali †; Allahbakhsh Khan †
Strength
4000	1500
Casualties and losses
500–700	82

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The Battle of Akora Khattak was fought between the Sikh Empire and Mujahideen, mainly Afghans, under Syed Ahmad Barelvi.^[1]^[7] Local Yusufzai and Khattak Pashtuns, led by Khadi Khan, supported Sayyid, and the attack was successful, resulting in significant casualties for the opposition.^[8]

Battle

Akora, located 18 miles from Attock across the Indus, held strategic importance. The area was inhabited by Khattak Afghans led by Najaf Khan, who retreated into the hills when the Sikhs conquered Peshawar. At this time, Budh Singh Sandhanwalia was stationed in Akora with 4,000 troops.^[4] Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi gathered his Pashtun soldiers for a nocturnal assault. His forces comprised Kandharis, Yusafzais, and Khattaks. In the early morning of December 21, 1826, when the Sikhs were sleeping in the bitter cold, Allahbakhsh Khan led the Ghazis in their attack. The Sikhs suffered heavy casualties in the initial assault. Budh Singh quickly organized his men and counterattacked the Ghazis, who retreated into the hills. However, Budh Singh failed to capitalize on his victory. Sayyid's forces lost 36 Hindustanis and 46 Kandahari Pashtuns, including Patna's Maulvi Baqar Ali and their leader Allahbakhsh Khan, while the Sikhs lost between 500 and 700 well-equipped soldiers.^[6]^[9]

Aftermath

Following the successful guerrilla attack, the Yusufzai and Khattak tribesmen, having suffered very few casualties, returned to the hills. Subsequently, these tribesmen launched numerous guerrilla attacks against the Sikhs.^[4] The Sayyid's army attacked the Sikhs at Saidu Sharif, which ultimately led to the Battle of Saidu.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Altaf Qadir 2014, p. 62.
^ "The Encyclopaedia of Islam". Brill. August 27, 1960 – via Google Books.
^ Sir Jadunath Sarkar Commemoration Volumes: Essays presented to Sir Jadunath Sarkar. Department of History, Panjab University. 1958.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hari Ram Gupta 1978, p. 161.
^ Politics of Worship in the Contemporary Middle East: Sainthood in Fragile States. BRILL. 15 April 2013. ISBN 9789004249226.
^ ^a ^b Mohamed Taher 1998, p. 196.
^ Singh, Rishi (2014-12-31). State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 978-93-5150-504-4.
^ Rashid, Haroon (2002). History of the Pathans: The Sarabani Pathans. Haroon Rashid. p. 267.
^ McQueen, Sir John W. (1994). Unseen Faces and Untold Cases, Heroes and Villains of Sikh Rule. Bahri Publications. p. 96.

Sources

Altaf Qadir (2014). Sayyid Ahmad Barailvi: His Movement and Legacy from the Pukhtun Perspective. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5150-486-3.
Mohamed Taher (1998). Muslim Political Thought in India. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-7488-943-0.
Hari Ram Gupta (1978). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Lion of Lahore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 978-81-215-0515-4.[1]

[FOOTNOTEAltaf_Qadir201462-1] Altaf Qadir 2014, p. 62.

[2] "The Encyclopaedia of Islam". Brill. August 27, 1960 – via Google Books.

[3] Sir Jadunath Sarkar Commemoration Volumes: Essays presented to Sir Jadunath Sarkar. Department of History, Panjab University. 1958.

[FOOTNOTEHari_Ram_Gupta1978161-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hari Ram Gupta 1978, p. 161.

[5] Politics of Worship in the Contemporary Middle East: Sainthood in Fragile States. BRILL. 15 April 2013. ISBN 9789004249226.

[FOOTNOTEMohamed_Taher1998196-6] Mohamed Taher 1998, p. 196.

[7] Singh, Rishi (2014-12-31). State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 978-93-5150-504-4.

[8] Rashid, Haroon (2002). History of the Pathans: The Sarabani Pathans. Haroon Rashid. p. 267.

[9] McQueen, Sir John W. (1994). Unseen Faces and Untold Cases, Heroes and Villains of Sikh Rule. Bahri Publications. p. 96.

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@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 | units1            =
 | units2            =
+| strength1         = 4000{{sfn|Hari Ram Gupta|1978|p=161}}
-| strength1         = 4000{{sfn|Hari Ram Gupta|1978|p=161}}<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Budh+Singh+Sandhanwalia+akora | isbn=9780969596424 | title=The Sikh Reference Book | year=1997 | publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark }}</ref>
 | strength2         = 1500{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=62}}
-| casualties1       = 500–700{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=62}}{{sfn|Hari Ram Gupta|1978|p=161}}<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGYTAAAAIAAJ&q=Battle%20of%20akora | title=The Voice of Islam | year=1952 | publisher=Jamiyat-ul-Falah. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vAkAQAAIAAJ&q=Battle%20of%20akora%20700 | isbn=9788174889430 | title=Muslim Political Thought in India | year=1998 | publisher=Anmol Publications }}</ref>
+| casualties1       = 500–700{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=62}}{{sfn|Hari Ram Gupta|1978|p=161}}{{sfn|Mohamed Taher|1998|p=196}}
-| casualties2       = 36 Hindustanis and 46 Kandahari Pashtuns{{sfn|Hari Ram Gupta|1978|p=161}}
+| casualties2       = 82{{sfn|Hari Ram Gupta|1978|p=161}}
 | notes             =
-| result            = [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi#Jihad movement and Islamic State|Mujahideen]] Victory{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=62}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVgkAQAAIAAJ&q=battle+of+akora+khattak+defeated|title=Islamic Studies|date=August 27, 1996|publisher=Islamic Research Institute|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXcRAQAAMAAJ&q=battle+of+akora+khattak+1826|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|date=August 27, 1960|publisher=Brill|via=Google Books}}</ref>
+| result            = [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi#Jihad movement and Islamic State|Mujahideen]] Victory{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=62}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXcRAQAAMAAJ&q=battle+of+akora+khattak+1826|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|date=August 27, 1960|publisher=Brill|via=Google Books}}</ref>
 }}
 {{pp-sock|small=yes}}
-The '''Battle of Akora''' '''Khattak''' was fought between the [[Sikh Empire]] and [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi#Jihad movement and Islamic State|Mujahideen]], mainly [[Afghans]], under [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi]].{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=62}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rishi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPCICwAAQBAJ&dq=Battle+of+akora+1826&pg=PT111 |title=State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab |date=2014-12-31 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-504-4 |language=en}}</ref> Local [[Yusufzai]] and [[Khattak]] Pashtuns, led by Khadi Khan, supported Sayyid, and the attack was successful, resulting in significant casualties for the opposition.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-0IAQAAIAAJ |title=Perspective |date=1970 |publisher=Pakistan Publications. |pages=6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rashid |first=Haroon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOFtAAAAMAAJ |title=History of the Pathans: The Sarabani Pathans |date=2002 |publisher=Haroon Rashid |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref>
+The '''Battle of Akora''' '''Khattak''' was fought between the [[Sikh Empire]] and [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi#Jihad movement and Islamic State|Mujahideen]], mainly [[Afghans]], under [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi]].{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=62}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rishi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPCICwAAQBAJ&dq=Battle+of+akora+1826&pg=PT111 |title=State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab |date=2014-12-31 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-504-4 |language=en}}</ref> Local [[Yusufzai]] and [[Khattak]] Pashtuns, led by Khadi Khan, supported Sayyid, and the attack was successful, resulting in significant casualties for the opposition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rashid |first=Haroon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOFtAAAAMAAJ |title=History of the Pathans: The Sarabani Pathans |date=2002 |publisher=Haroon Rashid |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref>
 == Battle ==
-[[Akora Khattak|Akora]], located 18 miles from [[Attock]] across the [[Indus River|Indus]], held strategic importance. The area was inhabited by [[Khattak|Khattak Afghans]] led by Najaf Khan, who retreated into the hills when the [[Sikhs]] conquered [[Peshawar]]. At this time, Budh Singh Sandhanwalia was stationed in Akora with 4,000 troops.{{sfn|Hari Ram Gupta|1978|p=161}} Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi gathered his Pashtun soldiers for a nocturnal assault. His forces comprised Kandharis, Yusafzais, and Khattaks. In the early morning of December 21, 1826, when the Sikhs were sleeping in the bitter cold, Allahbakhsh Khan led the Ghazis in their attack. The Sikhs suffered heavy casualties in the initial assault. Budh Singh quickly organized his men and counterattacked the Ghazis, who retreated into the hills. However, Budh Singh failed to capitalize on his victory. Sayyid's forces lost 46 Pashtuns, including [[Patna|Patna's]] Maulvi Baqar Ali and their leader Allahbakhsh Khan, while the Sikhs lost between 500 and 700 well-equipped soldiers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taher |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vAkAQAAIAAJ |title=Muslim Political Thought in India |date=1998 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7488-943-0 |pages=196 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58oXAAAAIAAJ |title=Islamic Studies |date=1968 |publisher=Islamic Research Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McQueen |first=Sir John W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2VuAAAAMAAJ |title=Unseen Faces and Untold Cases, Heroes and Villains of Sikh Rule |date=1994 |publisher=Bahri Publications |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref>
+[[Akora Khattak|Akora]], located 18 miles from [[Attock]] across the [[Indus River|Indus]], held strategic importance. The area was inhabited by [[Khattak|Khattak Afghans]] led by Najaf Khan, who retreated into the hills when the [[Sikhs]] conquered [[Peshawar]]. At this time, Budh Singh Sandhanwalia was stationed in Akora with 4,000 troops.{{sfn|Hari Ram Gupta|1978|p=161}} Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi gathered his Pashtun soldiers for a nocturnal assault. His forces comprised Kandharis, Yusafzais, and Khattaks. In the early morning of December 21, 1826, when the Sikhs were sleeping in the bitter cold, Allahbakhsh Khan led the Ghazis in their attack. The Sikhs suffered heavy casualties in the initial assault. Budh Singh quickly organized his men and counterattacked the Ghazis, who retreated into the hills. However, Budh Singh failed to capitalize on his victory. Sayyid's forces lost 36 Hindustanis and 46 Kandahari Pashtuns, including [[Patna|Patna's]] Maulvi Baqar Ali and their leader Allahbakhsh Khan, while the Sikhs lost between 500 and 700 well-equipped soldiers.{{sfn|Mohamed Taher|1998|p=196}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=McQueen |first=Sir John W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2VuAAAAMAAJ |title=Unseen Faces and Untold Cases, Heroes and Villains of Sikh Rule |date=1994 |publisher=Bahri Publications |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref>
 == Aftermath ==
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 {{ref begin}}
 * {{Cite book |author=Altaf Qadir|url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=hRlBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62&dq=&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSmMP266qCAxUMRvEDHdWBCnsQ6AF6BAgPEAM |title=Sayyid Ahmad Barailvi: His Movement and Legacy from the Pukhtun Perspective |date=2014 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5150-486-3 |language=en}}
+* {{Cite book |author=Mohamed Taher|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vAkAQAAIAAJ |title=Muslim Political Thought in India |date=1998 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7488-943-0 |pages= |language=en}}
 * {{Cite book |author=Hari Ram Gupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1huAAAAMAAJ |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Lion of Lahore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839 |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0515-4 |pages= |language=en}}[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.VTheSikhLionOfLahoremaharajaRanjitSingh/page/n173/mode/2up?view=theater&q=Akora]