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=== Concept extension Free Beer ===
=== Concept extension Free Beer ===
The developers of the beer stated that they wanted to raise awareness of the "dogmatic notions of [[copyright]] and [[intellectual property]] that are dominating our culture".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/asithappens/features/2005/open_source_beer_20050721.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423230451/http://www.cbc.ca/asithappens/features/2005/open_source_beer_20050721.html |title=Danish offer a recipe for open source beer|work=CBC Radio – As It Happens – Features |date=2005-07-21 |archive-date=2008-04-23 |access-date=2015-06-26 |author=Adrian Harewood |publisher=[[CBC Radio One]]}}</ref> Admitting that the group had limited experience with beer production. After the first brewing of the open-source beer concept, Superflex continued to develop the concept under the name ''Free Beer''. A new, colorful Free Beer label design was created associations with the ''"60's [artistic] liberation"'' and underlined the freedom aspect of the concept.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rasmuskoch.com/project/detail/0240_045/jInSD69996/ |title=Free Beer |first=Rasmus |last=Koch |quote=''FREE BEER refers to information freedom, not economic freedom. [...] Designing a visual program for an idea that reflects upon open source and information freedom can not be a solution with rigid design guidelines. Other models of interpretation had to be exercised. The resulting solution builds on a vivid and colorful reference to 60's liberation. Practically speaking this means "free the colours". No one color has the ability to rule or over set another. Only one spectral rule governs: NEVER USE ONE COLOR TWICE.'' |publisher=Rasmus Koch Studio |date=2007-01-01 |access-date=2015-08-24}}</ref> The name Free Beer is a play on [[Richard Stallman|Richard Stallman's]] famous remark that free software is "free as in speech, not free as in beer."<ref>[http://www.fsf.org/licensing/essays/free-sw.html The Free Software Definition - Free Software Foundation] on FSF.org</ref>
The developers of the beer stated that they wanted to raise awareness of the "dogmatic notions of [[copyright]] and [[intellectual property]] that are dominating our culture".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/asithappens/features/2005/open_source_beer_20050721.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423230451/http://www.cbc.ca/asithappens/features/2005/open_source_beer_20050721.html |title=Danish offer a recipe for open source beer|work=CBC Radio – As It Happens – Features |date=2005-07-21 |archive-date=2008-04-23 |access-date=2015-06-26 |author=Adrian Harewood |publisher=[[CBC Radio One]]}}</ref> The group admitted to having limited experience with beer production. After the first batch of the open-source beer concept was brewed, Superflex continued to develop the concept under the name ''Free Beer''. A new, colorful Free Beer label design was created inspired by ''"60's [artistic] liberation"'' and to further underline the concept of freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rasmuskoch.com/project/detail/0240_045/jInSD69996/ |title=Free Beer |first=Rasmus |last=Koch |quote=''FREE BEER refers to information freedom, not economic freedom. [...] Designing a visual program for an idea that reflects upon open source and information freedom can not be a solution with rigid design guidelines. Other models of interpretation had to be exercised. The resulting solution builds on a vivid and colorful reference to 60's liberation. Practically speaking this means "free the colours". No one color has the ability to rule or over set another. Only one spectral rule governs: NEVER USE ONE COLOR TWICE.'' |publisher=Rasmus Koch Studio |date=2007-01-01 |access-date=2015-08-24}}</ref> The name Free Beer is a play on [[Richard Stallman|Richard Stallman's]] remark that free software is "free as in speech, not free as in beer."<ref>[http://www.fsf.org/licensing/essays/free-sw.html The Free Software Definition - Free Software Foundation] on FSF.org</ref>


=== Recipe development ===
=== Recipe development ===

Revision as of 06:32, 21 November 2023

This article is about an open source beer. For other uses, see Free beer.
Free Beer
Label of Free Beer 3.2.
TypeBeer
ManufacturerIndependent
Country of origin Denmark
Introduced2004
Related productsOpenCola (drink)
Websitefreebeer.org Edit this on Wikidata
Free Beer "St Austell" (version 3.2) (2007).
Superflex Workshop: "Free Beer Factory" event at the Taipei Biennial 2010 in Taipeh, Taiwan[1]
Free Beer sale on the Isummit 2008 Sapporo, Japan illustrates "Free as in Freedom, not free as in free beer": recipe and label under CC BY-SA ("Free as in freedom") but not gratis ("free as free beer") as the beer is sold for 500 Yen.[2]
Anti-copyright activity with a "Free Beer version 3.2 St. Austell" mascot: "Copyright is preventing access to knowledge" (2007)

Free Beer, originally known as Vores Øl (English: Our Beer), is a Danish brand of beer advertised as the world's first open-source beer.[3] It was founded in 2004 by students at the IT University of Copenhagen and the artist collective "Superflex" to illustrate Foss movement concepts applied outside of the digital world.[4]

In contrast to the standard business practice of trade secrets, the Free Beer brand advocates for the free sharing of recipes, comparing it to the Foss movement's open sharing of software and source code.[5] Free Beer operates by sharing its recipe and trademark elements under the Creative Commons CC BY-SA license with breweries and individuals.[6]

History

Vores Øl

In December 2004, a group of learners from the IT University of Copenhagen, along with Superflex, brewed a batch of beer in the university's cafeteria. The group named the beer Vores Øl (Danish for 'Our Beer'), inspired by a 1994 Carlsberg beer advertisement slogan. A website was created to promote the project, and the beers' recipe and label design were published under an open-source Creative Commons license, specifically the CC BY-SA 2.5 license. Since cooking recipes are not copyrightable, the share-alike/licensing approach used here was legally questionable and has not been tested in any court of law.

Concept extension Free Beer

The developers of the beer stated that they wanted to raise awareness of the "dogmatic notions of copyright and intellectual property that are dominating our culture".[7] The group admitted to having limited experience with beer production. After the first batch of the open-source beer concept was brewed, Superflex continued to develop the concept under the name Free Beer. A new, colorful Free Beer label design was created inspired by "60's [artistic] liberation" and to further underline the concept of freedom.[8] The name Free Beer is a play on Richard Stallman's remark that free software is "free as in speech, not free as in beer."[9]

Recipe development

The first Vores Øl recipe drew criticism from the homebrewing community for its lack of necessary details.[10] Concerns were expressed that the recipe had not outlined how much water to use in the mash, what type of yeast to use, the style of beer being produced (other than being dark and heavy), whether or not to add any hops for aroma, what the fermentation temperature should be, or how the beer was supposed to taste.[11]

Due to the availability of the recipe, and the worldwide brewing of Free Beer, the recipe was changed several times. Major Free Beer recipe iterations (v3.0 and 4.0) were developed in collaboration with a local Danish brewery, Skands in Brøndby.[12][13] Previous recipe shortcomings were corrected. For example, the amount of sugar was decreased by 90% to improve the quality of the beer.

In 2022, Vitalii from Berryland Cidery in Ukraine, Mikkeller, and the Warpigs teamed up to create a beer to help them rebuild their cidery following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Version Codename Date Brewery/Comments
"FREE BEER / FREE UKRAINE" August 9, 2022 Mikkeller and Warpigs in Copenhagen and Berryland Cidery in Ukraine[14]
8.0 May 31, 2022 Brewery 304 in Seoul[15]
6.0 "The Atlantic Brew" October 30, 2017 Summerskills brewery in Devonport, Plymouth[16]
4.1 August 25, 2010 Brewery in Huntington Beach, California
4.1 "Artspace" October 2008 Steam Brewing Company in Newton, Auckland, New Zealand[17]
4.0 "SKANDS" September 2008 brewed at Skands Microbrewery in Brøndby, Danemark
3.5 "Hops & Barley" March 2008 By the Hops & Barley microbrewery Berlin, Germany[18]
3.4 "Germania" November 2007 Brewer: Arnaldo Ribero, Germania brewery in São Paulo, Brasil[19]
3.3 "Linghzi" November 2007 brewed in collaboration with Everything Mushroom, Knoxville, Tennessee
3.2 "St Austell" July 2007 brewed at St Austell Brewery in Cornwall, England.
3.0 "Skands" June 2006 brewed at Skands Microbrewery in Brøndby, Danemark[20] (and more[21])
2.1 "Apollo" August 2006 brewed at the Apollo Microbrewery in Copenhagen[22]
2.0 "Apollo" 2005 brewed at the Apollo Microbrewery in Copenhagen.
1.5 "Samvirke" ? suited for home-brewing
1.1 FREE BEER May 20, 2005 first time served under the name Free Beer on the Volksbühne Berlin[23][24]
1.0 "Vores Øl" December 2004[25] brewed by students at the IT university in Copenhagen together with Superflex

Derived beers

Under its free license, others are encouraged to tweak the recipe and redistribute it. Commercial and amateur brewers can reuse the recipe. Known derivatives include:

Reception and impact

Since its first batch, Free Beer has been reported on by international print and online media[30][31][32] and discussed in specialist books regarding copyright.[33] The project has received attention from figures in the free software movement, including Cory Doctorow[34] and Lawrence Lessig.[2][35] In 2005, Superflex published an interview with Richard Stallman discussing the project.[36]

The beer was sold at several technology conferences and meetings, for instance the "Isummit 2008" and the RMLL 2011, 2012, and 2014.[28][37] The FSCONS 2008 also resulted in a CC BY-SA licensed Ebook featuring Free Beer artwork and title.[38][39] Free Beer was also shown in the context of several art exhibitions and museums, such as the Art Basel Miami Beach 2006, the Van Abbemuseum, Netherlands 2007 and the Taipei Biennial 2010 (sponsored by TTL[40]).[1]

  • Original Free Beer 1.0 label "Vores øl" (2004)
    Original Free Beer 1.0 label "Vores øl" (2004)
  • "Free Beer" bottles based on various recipe and label variants created by breweries since 2005
    "Free Beer" bottles based on various recipe and label variants created by breweries since 2005

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Program Archived 2015-07-03 at the Wayback Machine on taipeibiennial.org "Workshop: "FREE BEER factory", Superflex Sep.7, Tue.1500–1700, Venue: GOOGLE OFFICE, TFAM, Superflex inaugurates their work for TB10 with a free workshop. Learn to brew your own beer."
  2. ^ a b Lessig, Lawrence (2008-08-04). "How much RMS has won". lessig.org. Retrieved 2015-07-08. Just returning from the iCommons Summit in Sapporo, Japan. The Free Beer project made a showing, with a locally brewed version. But this ad caught my eye: "Free Beer" for "500 yen." We're now at the stage where (at least some) the RMS conception of "free" is clear enough so that even "free beer" is "free as in free speech" such that a price running with the free beer seems (again, to a select set no doubt) perfectly natural.
  3. ^ Danish students launch open source and shareware beer 30-12-2004 on copcap.com (archived)
  4. ^ Drobnick, Jim (2018). "Bottles of Art, Works of Alcohol". Gastronomica. 18 (4): 54–70. doi:10.1525/gfc.2018.18.4.54. ISSN 1529-3262. JSTOR 26586442.
  5. ^ WIRED Staff. "Free, as in Beer". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
  6. ^ "Superflex uses art to figure out a changing world: Danish art collective illustrates social issues in accessible ways". koreajoongangdaily.joins.com. 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
  7. ^ Adrian Harewood (2005-07-21). "Danish offer a recipe for open source beer". CBC Radio – As It Happens – Features. CBC Radio One. Archived from the original on 2008-04-23. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
  8. ^ Koch, Rasmus (2007-01-01). "Free Beer". Rasmus Koch Studio. Retrieved 2015-08-24. FREE BEER refers to information freedom, not economic freedom. [...] Designing a visual program for an idea that reflects upon open source and information freedom can not be a solution with rigid design guidelines. Other models of interpretation had to be exercised. The resulting solution builds on a vivid and colorful reference to 60's liberation. Practically speaking this means "free the colours". No one color has the ability to rule or over set another. Only one spectral rule governs: NEVER USE ONE COLOR TWICE.
  9. ^ The Free Software Definition - Free Software Foundation on FSF.org
  10. ^ Free Beer That's Free as in Speech on Slashdot
  11. ^ If this recipe were code, it wouldn't compile. You'd have to guess at the yeast type and boil times for the hops. by Vellmont on slashdot.com
  12. ^ Photos of FREE BEER 3.0 at final production stage on freebeer.org "Master brewer Birthe Skands describes 3.0 as a "traditional, top fermented beer with a very high drinkability factor" (Friday, June 9, 2006)
  13. ^ FREE BEER VERSION 4.0 on freebeer.org (Thursday, October 8, 2009)
  14. ^ FREE BEER / FREE UKRAINE on freebeer.org (May 2023)
  15. ^ Free Beer version 8.0 – Brewery 304 on freebeer.org (May 2023)
  16. ^ FREE BEER 6.0 – The Atlantic Brew on freebeer.org (October 2017)
  17. ^ If Value, Then Copy Archived 2016-01-25 at the Wayback Machine at artspace.org.nz
  18. ^ FREE BEER macht sich schön für die re:publica by Nicole (09 March 2008)
  19. ^ Free Beer on emporiobiergarten.com.br
  20. ^ "Bryggeriet Skands".
  21. ^ 2006 Status version 3.0 Archived 2015-06-22 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Free Beer version 2.1 on the Apollo brewery in Copenhagen Archived 2015-06-22 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ Superflex on arthurmag.com (May 2005)
  24. ^ Wer will schon eine würdelose alte Frau? by Jens Balzer in Berliner Zeitung (in German, 24.05.2005)
  25. ^ voresoel.dk oldest web entry (archived)
  26. ^ ""Free Beer" et "Le baiser de la princesse", les bières open source !". free-tools.fr (in French). 2008-05-03. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  27. ^ baiserdelaprincesse.com (in French)
  28. ^ a b ""RMLL has free beer as in speech" blog article". Archived from the original on 2011-10-16. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
  29. ^ Affichage Libre beer recipe (in French)
  30. ^ 'Free' Danish beer makes a splash on BBC News
  31. ^ "Free Beer for Geeks" on Wired News by David Cohn
  32. ^ Kopenhagen: Studenten brauen Open-Source-Bier in Spiegel Online (in German)
  33. ^ Macmillan, Fiona (2007). New Directions in Copyright Law, Volume 6. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 69–70. ISBN 9781782543718. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
  34. ^ Danish hackers launch Free Beer 3.0, with guarana by Cory Doctorow on boingboing.net (Jun 9, 2006)
  35. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (September 2006). "Free, as in beer". Wired. Retrieved 2009-03-18. In June, a Copenhagen artists' collective called Superflex released version 3.0 of a new beer called – you guessed it – Free Beer. "Free beer?" you ask. "Think free", Superflex members helpfully explained at the launch, "as in free software."
  36. ^ Richard Stallman on free beer on superflex.net „HM: Now, in the same email, you also suggest that we call the beer a free software beer instead of an open source beer- RMS: Yes, I founded the free software movement [...] HM: – so if you could pretend that you were reviewing the idea of a free beer? RMS: I love the idea as long as I don't have to drink it" (2005)
  37. ^ Bière Libre Archived 2015-06-26 at the Wayback Machine on RMLL 2012 (in French)
  38. ^ FREE BEER book out now. Archived 2015-06-29 at the Wayback Machine Thursday, November 26, 2009
  39. ^ Free Beer on fscons.org (2009)
  40. ^ 2010 Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corp. 5000 Bottles of "Free Beer Taiwan" in Taipei Biennial 2010
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Free beer.
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
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