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''Lobelia inflata'' has a long use as a [[herbal medicine|medicinal plant]] as an [[entheogen]]ic, [[emetic]], and skin or [[respiration (physiology)|respiratory]] aid.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web |title=Lobelia |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/lobelia.html |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=20 January 2021 |date=21 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=umich>[http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=+lobelia University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of ''Lobelia inflata'']</ref> [[Native Americans of the United States|Native Americans]] used it for respiratory and muscle disorders, as a [[purgative]], and as a ceremonial medicine.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=umich/> The leaves were chewed and smoked.<ref name=Audubon/> The plant was used as a traditional medicinal plant by the [[Cherokee people|Cherokee]], [[Iroquois people|Iroquois]], [[Penobscot people|Penobscot]], and other indigenous peoples.<ref name=umich/> The foliage was burned by the Cherokee as a natural [[insecticide]], to smoke out [[gnat]]s.<ref name=umich/>
''Lobelia inflata'' has a long use as a [[herbal medicine|medicinal plant]] as an [[entheogen]]ic, [[emetic]], and skin or [[respiration (physiology)|respiratory]] aid.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web |title=Lobelia |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/lobelia.html |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=20 January 2021 |date=21 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=umich>[http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=+lobelia University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of ''Lobelia inflata'']</ref> [[Native Americans of the United States|Native Americans]] used it for respiratory and muscle disorders, as a [[purgative]], and as a ceremonial medicine.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=umich/> The leaves were chewed and smoked.<ref name=Audubon/> The plant was used as a traditional medicinal plant by the [[Cherokee people|Cherokee]], [[Iroquois people|Iroquois]], [[Penobscot people|Penobscot]], and other indigenous peoples.<ref name=umich/> The foliage was burned by the Cherokee as a natural [[insecticide]], to smoke out [[gnat]]s.<ref name=umich/>


Although it may be used medicinally,<ref name="EBSCO">{{cite web | url = http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=2e7354b6-ae71-4dab-90df-c7026eb1c66f&chunkiid=111703 | title = Lobelia | publisher = EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board |date=January 2006 | access-date = 2007-09-12}}</ref> consuming lobelia causes [[adverse effect]]s, which may include sweating, [[nausea]], vomiting, [[diarrhea]], tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions, [[hypothermia]], [[coma]], or possibly death.<ref name=drugs/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/lobelia | title = Lobelia | publisher = University of Maryland Medical Center | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170629040357/https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/lobelia | archive-date = 2017-06-29 | quote = It can cause serious side effects, such as profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions, hypothermia, coma, and possibly even death.}}</ref> The root is toxic and can be fatal if eaten.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=Audubon>{{cite book |last1=Niering |first1=William A. |author-link1=William Niering| last2=Olmstead |first2=Nancy C. |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region |year=1985 |orig-year=1979|publisher=Knopf |isbn=0-394-50432-1 |page=441}}</ref>
Although it may be used medicinally,<ref name="EBSCO">{{cite web | url = http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=2e7354b6-ae71-4dab-90df-c7026eb1c66f&chunkiid=111703 | title = Lobelia | publisher = EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board |date=January 2006 | access-date = 2007-09-12}}</ref> consuming lobelia causes [[adverse effect]]s, which may include sweating, [[nausea]], vomiting, [[diarrhea]], tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions, [[hypothermia]], [[coma]], or possibly death.<ref name=drugs/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/lobelia | title = Lobelia | publisher = University of Maryland Medical Center | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170629040357/https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/lobelia | archive-date = 2017-06-29 | quote = It may cause serious side effects, such as profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions and hypothermia.}}</ref> The root is toxic and can be fatal if eaten.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=Audubon>{{cite book |last1=Niering |first1=William A. |author-link1=William Niering| last2=Olmstead |first2=Nancy C. |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region |year=1985 |orig-year=1979|publisher=Knopf |isbn=0-394-50432-1 |page=441}}</ref>


==Chemical constituents==
==Chemical constituents==

Revision as of 14:08, 23 November 2023

Indian tobacco
Lobelia inflata[1]

Secure  (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Campanulaceae
Genus: Lobelia
Species:
L. inflata
Binomial name
Lobelia inflata

Lobelia inflata, also known as Indian tobacco or puke weed, is a species of Lobelia native to eastern North America, from southeastern Canada (Nova Scotia to southeast Ontario) south through the eastern United States to Alabama and west to Kansas.[3]

Description

Lobelia inflata. Flower

Lobelia inflata is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant growing to 15–100 cm (5.9–39.4 in) tall, with stems covered in tiny hairs. Its leaves are usually about 8 cm (3.1 in) long, and are ovate and toothed. They are alternately arranged. It has violet colored flowers that are tinted yellow on the inside, and usually appear in mid-summer and continue to bloom into fall.[4] The seedcases are small, brown, dehiscent, and papery.[5]

Propagation

Propagation is usually accomplished by cuttings or seed. Seeds are sown in containers in mid spring or mid fall. The seeds take about 2 weeks to germinate.

Traditional uses and adverse effects

Lobelia inflata has a long use as a medicinal plant as an entheogenic, emetic, and skin or respiratory aid.[6][7] Native Americans used it for respiratory and muscle disorders, as a purgative, and as a ceremonial medicine.[6][7] The leaves were chewed and smoked.[8] The plant was used as a traditional medicinal plant by the Cherokee, Iroquois, Penobscot, and other indigenous peoples.[7] The foliage was burned by the Cherokee as a natural insecticide, to smoke out gnats.[7]

Although it may be used medicinally,[9] consuming lobelia causes adverse effects, which may include sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions, hypothermia, coma, or possibly death.[6][10] The root is toxic and can be fatal if eaten.[6][8]

Chemical constituents

Lobelia inflata contains multiple alkaloid compounds, including lobeline, norlobelanine, lobelanidine, and radicamine, among other compounds, such as flavonoids, terpenes, alkynes, and coumarins.[6][11][12] Lobeline concentration is highest in the seeds.[6]

References

  1. ^ Franz Eugen Köhler, 1897, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
  2. ^ NatureServe (30 June 2023). "Lobelia inflata". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  3. ^ "Lobelia inflata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
  4. ^ Caldecott, T. Western Materia Medica: Lobelia inflata (pdf file)[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ "Some Call Them Weeds". 2016-01-02.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Lobelia". Drugs.com. 21 April 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Lobelia inflata
  8. ^ a b Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 441. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
  9. ^ "Lobelia". EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board. January 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
  10. ^ "Lobelia". University of Maryland Medical Center. Archived from the original on 2017-06-29. It may cause serious side effects, such as profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions and hypothermia.
  11. ^ Kursinszki, László; Szőke, Éva (2015). "HPLC-ESI-MS/MS of brain neurotransmitter modulator lobeline and related piperidine alkaloids in Lobelia inflataL". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 50 (5): 727–33. Bibcode:2015JMSp...50..727K. doi:10.1002/jms.3581. PMID 26259655.
  12. ^ "Taxon: Lobelia inflata L." National Plant Germplasm System.
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