The arts: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
m robot Adding: nov:Artes |
←Blanked the page |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{for|a Unix sound server|aRts}} |
|||
'''The arts''' is a broad subdivision of [[culture]], composed of many expressive disciplines. In modern usage, it is a term broader than "''[[art]]''", which usually means the [[visual arts]] (comprising both [[fine art]], [[decorative art]], and [[crafts]]). '''The arts''' encompasses [[visual arts]], [[performing arts]], [[language arts]], and [[culinary arts]]. Many artistic disciplines involve aspects of the various arts, so the definitions of these terms overlap to some degree. |
|||
==History== |
|||
[[Image:Quatrain on Heavenly Mountain.jpg|thumbnail|"Quatrain on Heavenly Mountain" by [[Emperor Gaozong of Song China|Emperor Gaozong]]]] |
|||
The great traditions in [[art]] have a foundation in the art of one of six ancient civilizations: |
|||
*[[Ancient Egypt]], |
|||
*[[Ancient Greece|Greece]], |
|||
*[[Ancient Rome|Rome]], |
|||
*[[China]], |
|||
*[[Indus Valley Civilization|India]], or |
|||
*[[Mesopotamia]] land between two rivers |
|||
Ancient Greek art saw a veneration of the human physical form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty and anatomically correct proportions. [[Roman Empire|Ancient Roman]] art depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristic distinguishing features (i.e. [[Zeus]]' thunderbolt). |
|||
In [[Byzantine art|Byzantine]] and [[Gothic art|Gothic]] art of the [[Middle Ages]], the dominance of the church insisted on the expression of biblical and not material truths. |
|||
Eastern art has generally worked in a style akin to Western medieval art, namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour (meaning the plain colour of an object, such as basic red for a red robe, rather than the modulations of that colour brought about by light, shade and reflection). A characteristic of this style is that the local colour is often defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent is the cartoon). This is evident in, for example, the art of India, Tibet and Japan. |
|||
[[Image:Pittura-Painting3.JPG|thumb|right|An artist's palette]] |
|||
Religious [[Islam]]ic art forbids iconography, and expresses religious ideas through geometry instead. |
|||
The physical and rational certainties depicted by the 19th-century Enlightenment were shattered not only by new discoveries of relativity by [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] [http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1035752,00.html] and of unseen psychology by [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]], [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook36.html] but also by unprecedented technological development. |
|||
Increasing [[globalization|global]] interaction during this time saw an equivalent influence of other cultures into Western art. |
|||
== The various arts == |
|||
A precise definition of '''the arts''' can be contentious, but the following areas of activity usually are included: |
|||
{{col-begin}} |
|||
{{col-3}} |
|||
* [[Architecture]] |
|||
* [[Art]] & [[Visual arts]] |
|||
* [[Crafts]] |
|||
* [[Dance]] |
|||
* [[Decorative art]] |
|||
* [[Design]] |
|||
{{col-3}} |
|||
* [[Drawing]] |
|||
* [[Film]] |
|||
* [[Language]] |
|||
* [[Literature]] |
|||
* [[Music]] |
|||
* [[Opera]] |
|||
{{col-3}} |
|||
* [[Painting]] |
|||
* [[Photography]] |
|||
* [[Poetry]] |
|||
* [[Sculpture]] |
|||
* [[Theatre]] & [[Performing arts]] |
|||
* [[Ikebana]] |
|||
{{col-end}} |
|||
Historically, the arts included the ''[[Artes Liberales]]'' ([[liberal arts]]) taught in [[Middle ages|medieval]] universities as part of the [[Trivium]] (grammar, logic,and rhetoric) and the [[Quadrivium]] ([[grammar]], [[rhetoric]], [[logic]], [[arithmetic]], [[geometry]], [[music]], and [[astronomy]].) |
|||
In modern [[academia]], the arts are usually grouped with or a subset of the [[Humanities]]. Some subjects in the Humanities are [[history]], [[linguistics]], [[literature]], [[philosophy]], [[women's studies]]. |
|||
Newspapers such as the ''[[New York Times]]'' and ''[[The Times]]'' of [[London]] typically include a section on the arts. |
|||
===Drawing=== |
|||
{{main|drawing}} |
|||
[[Drawing]] is a means of making an [[image]], using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are [[graphite]] [[pencil]]s, [[pen and ink]], [[ink]]ed [[brush]]es, wax [[color pencil]]s, [[crayon]]s, [[charcoal]]s, [[pastel]]s, and [[marker pen|marker]]s. Digital tools which simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are: line drawing, [[hatching]], crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, [[stippling]], and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a ''draftsman'' or ''draughtsman''. |
|||
===Architecture=== |
|||
[[Image:Ac.parthenon5.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Parthenon]] on top of the [[Acropolis]], [[Athens]], [[Greece]]]] |
|||
[[Image:Table of architecture, Cyclopaedia, 1728, volume 1.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Table of architecture, ''[[Cyclopaedia]]'', 1728]] |
|||
{{main|architecture}} |
|||
'''Architecture''' (from [[Latin language|Latin]], ''architectura'' and ultimately from [[Greek language|Greek]], ''αρχιτεκτων'', "a master builder", from ''αρχι-'' "chief, leader" and ''τεκτων'', "builder, carpenter"){{ref|etymology}} is the [[art]] and [[science]] of [[design|designing]] [[building]]s and [[structure]]s. |
|||
A wider definition would include within its scope the design of the total built environment, from the macrolevel of [[town planning]], [[urban design]], and [[landscape architecture]] to the microlevel of creating [[furniture]]. Architectural design usually must address both feasibility and [[cost]] for the [[Construction|builder]], as well as function and [[aesthetics]] for the [[wiktionary:user|user]]. |
|||
In modern usage, architecture is the [[art]] and [[discipline]] of creating an actual, or inferring an implied or apparent plan of any complex object or [[system]]. The term can be used to connote the ''implied architecture'' of abstract things such as [[music]] or [[mathematics]], the ''apparent architecture'' of natural things, such as [[geology|geological]] formations or the [[structural biology|structure of biological cells]], or explicitly ''planned architectures'' of human-made things such as [[software]], [[computers]], [[Enterprise architecture|enterprise]]s, and [[database]]s, in addition to buildings. In every usage, an architecture may be seen as a ''subjective [[Map (mathematics)|mapping]]'' from a human perspective (that of the ''user'' in the case of abstract or physical artifacts) to the [[Element (mathematics)|elements]] or [[wikt:component|components]] of some kind of [[structure]] or system, which preserves the relationships among the elements or components. |
|||
Planned architecture often [[manipulation|manipulates]] [[space]], [[volume]], [[texture]], [[light]], [[shadow]], or abstract elements in order to achieve pleasing [[aesthetics]]. This distinguishes it from [[applied science]] or [[engineering]], which usually concentrate more on the functional and feasibility aspects of the design of constructions or structures. |
|||
In the field of building architecture, the skills demanded of an architect range from the more complex, such as for a [[hospital]] or a [[stadium]], to the apparently simpler, such as planning [[residential]] houses. Many architectural works may be seen also as cultural and political [[symbol]]s, and/or works of art. The role of the architect, though changing, has been central to the successful (and sometimes less than successful) design and implementation of pleasingly built environments in which people live. |
|||
===Painting=== |
|||
[[Image:Mona Lisa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Mona Lisa]] is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the [[Western world]].]] |
|||
{{main|painting}} |
|||
'''Painting''' taken literally is the practice of applying [[pigment]] suspended in a carrier (or [[Paint#Components|medium]]) and a binding agent (a [[adhesive|glue]]) to a [[surface]] (support) such as [[paper]], [[canvas]] or a wall. However, when used in an artistic sense it means the use of this activity in combination with [[drawing]], [[composition (visual arts)|composition]] and other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to [[Sistine Chapel|The Sistine Chapel]] to the human body itself. |
|||
[[Colour]] is the essence of painting as [[sound]] is of [[music]]. Colour is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but elsewhere white may be. Some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including [[Goethe]], [[Kandinsky]], [[Newton]], have written their own [[colour theory]]. Moreover the use of language is only a generalisation for a colour equivalent. The word "[[red]]", for example, can cover a wide range of variations on the pure red of the spectrum. There is not a formalised register of different colours in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as [[C]] or [[C#]] in music, although the [[Pantone]] system is widely used in the printing and design industry for this purpose. |
|||
Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, for example, [[collage]]. This began with [[Cubism]] and is not painting in strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as [[sand]], [[cement]], [[straw]] or [[wood]] for their [[texture]]. Examples of this are the works of [[Jean Dubuffet]] or [[Anselm Kiefer]]. |
|||
Modern and contemporary art has moved away from the historic value of craft in favour of [[concept]]; this has led some to say that painting, as a serious art form, is dead, although this has not deterred the majority of artists from continuing to practise it either as whole or part of their work. |
|||
===Literature=== |
|||
[[Image:First Folio.jpg|thumb|right|Shakespeare wrote some of the greatest works in English literature.]] |
|||
{{main|language|literature}} |
|||
'''Literature''' is literally "acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] (from the [[Latin]] ''littera'' meaning "an individual written character ([[letter]])"). The term has generally come to identify a collection of [[writing]]s, which in Western culture are mainly [[prose]], both [[fiction]] and [[non-fiction]], [[drama]] and [[poetry]]. In much, if not all of the world, texts can be [[oral literature|oral]] as well, and include such [[genre]]s as [[Epic poetry|epic]], [[legend]], [[Mythology|myth]], [[ballad]], other forms of oral poetry, and the [[folktale]]. |
|||
===Performing arts=== |
|||
The '''performing arts''' differ from the [[plastic arts]] insofar as the former uses the artist's own body, face, presence as a medium, and the latter uses materials such as clay, metal or paint which can be molded or transformed to create some [[work of art|art object]]. |
|||
Performing arts include [[acrobatics]], [[busking]], [[comedy]], [[dance]], [[magic (illusion)|magic]], [[music]], [[opera]], [[film]], [[juggling]], [[martial arts]], [[marching arts]], such as [[brass band]]s, and [[theatre]]. |
|||
Artists who participate in these arts in front of an audience are called performers, including [[actor]]s, [[comedian]]s, [[dancer]]s, [[musician]]s, and [[singer]]s. Performing arts are also supported by workers in related fields, such as [[songwriting]] and [[stagecraft]]. |
|||
Performers often adapt their [[physical appearance|appearance]], such as with [[costume]]s and [[cosmetics|stage makeup]], etc. |
|||
There is also a specialized form of [[fine art]] in which the artists ''perform'' their work live to an audience. This is called [[Performance art]]. Most performance art also involves some form of plastic art, perhaps in the creation of [[Theatrical property|prop]]s. Dance was often referred to as a ''plastic art'' during the [[Modern dance]] era. |
|||
====Music==== |
|||
[[Music]] as an academic discipline mainly focuses on two career paths, music [[performance]] (focused on the [[orchestra]] and the [[concert hall]]) and [[music education]] (training music teachers). Students learn to play [[musical instrument|instruments]], but also study [[music theory]], [[musicology]], [[history of music]] and [[musical composition|composition]]. In the liberal arts tradition, music is also used to broaden skills of non-musicians by teaching skills such as concentration and listening. |
|||
====Theater==== |
|||
{{main|Theatre}} |
|||
'''Theatre''' or '''theater''' (Greek "theatron", ''θέατρον'') is the branch of the [[performing arts]] concerned with [[acting]] out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle — indeed any one or more elements of the other performing arts. In addition to the standard narrative dialogue style, theatre takes such forms as [[opera]], [[ballet]], [[mime artist|mime]], [[kabuki]], [[classical Indian dance]], [[Chinese opera]], [[Mummers Play|mummers' plays]], and [[pantomime]]. |
|||
====Dance==== |
|||
[[Dance]] (from [[Old French]] ''dancier'', perhaps from [[Old Frankish language|Frankish]]) generally refers to [[human]] [[Motion (physics)|movement]] either used as a form of [[expression]] or presented in a [[social]], [[spirituality|spiritual]] or [[performance]] setting. |
|||
'''''Dance''''' is also used to describe methods of [[non-verbal communication]] (see [[body language]]) between humans or [[animal]]s ([[Bee learning and communication#Dance language|bee dance]], mating dance), [[Motion (physics)|motion]] in inanimate objects (''the [[leaves]] danced in the [[wind]]''), and certain [[dance (music)|musical form]]s or [[music|genre]]s. |
|||
[[Choreography]] is the art of making dances, and the person who does this is called a choreographer. |
|||
Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on [[Society|social]], [[Culture|cultural]], [[aesthetic]], [[artistic]] and [[moral]] constraints and range from functional movement (such as [[Folk dance]]) to codified, [[virtuoso]] techniques such as [[ballet]]. In [[sport]]s, [[gymnastics]], [[figure skating]] and [[synchronized swimming]] are ''dance'' disciplines while [[Martial arts]] '[[Kata (martial arts)|kata]]' are often compared to dances. |
|||
== See also == |
|||
* [[Creative Arts]] |
|||
=== Lists === |
|||
* [[List of academic disciplines#Humanities and Arts|List of academic disciplines of the Humanities and arts]] |
|||
* [[List of basic art topics]] |
|||
** [[List of basic performing arts topics]] |
|||
***[[List of basic dance topics]] |
|||
***[[List of basic film topics]] |
|||
***[[List of basic music topics]] |
|||
***[[List of basic opera topics]] |
|||
***[[List of basic theater topics]] |
|||
** [[List of basic visual arts topics]] |
|||
*** [[List of basic architecture topics]] |
|||
*** [[List of basic craft topics]] |
|||
*** [[List of basic drawing topics]] |
|||
*** [[List of basic film topics]] |
|||
*** [[List of basic painting topics]] |
|||
*** [[List of basic photography topics]] |
|||
*** [[List of basic sculpture topics]] |
|||
=== Related topics === |
|||
* [[Art]] |
|||
* [[Art history]] |
|||
* [[Arts by region]] |
|||
* [[Fine art]] |
|||
* [[Humanities]] |
|||
* [[Social sciences]] |
|||
{{portal|Arts}} |
|||
== External links == |
|||
{{sisterlinks|Arts}} |
|||
* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-56 Dictionary of the history of ideas — Classification of the arts] |
|||
* [http://dmoz.org/Arts/ Open Directory — Arts] |
|||
* [http://www.nea.gov/ National Endowment for the Arts — USA] |
|||
* [http://www.artscouncil.org.uk/ Arts Council — England] |
|||
* [http://www.intute.ac.uk/artsandhumanities/ Intute: Arts and Humanities] (UK) |
|||
* [http://www.artsusa.org/ Americans for the Arts] |
|||
* [http://www.artsjournal.com/ ArtsJournal — Daily Arts News] |
|||
* [http://www.nytimes.com/pages/arts/ Arts — New York Times] |
|||
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/section/0,,585,00.html Arts — The Times] |
|||
*[http://www.latinoarts.org/ Association of Hispanic Arts (AHA)] |
|||
* [http://www.all-art.org History of Art: From Paleolithic Age to Contemporary Art] |
|||
* [http://www.observacionesfilosoficas.net/ Revista Observaciones Filosoficas] |
|||
* [http://www.psikeba.com.ar/arte.htm Contemporary Art — Psikeba] |
|||
* [http://www.observacionesfilosoficas.net/estetica.htm Arts and Aisthesis — Revista Observaciones Filosoficas] |
|||
{{List resources footer}} |
|||
[[Category:Basic topic lists|Arts]] |
|||
[[Category:Arts| ]] |
|||
[[Category:Arts-related lists| ]] |
|||
[[ceb:Arte]] |
|||
[[nov:Artes]] |
|||
[[th:ศิลปกรรม]] |
|||