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| caption1 = [[Prime Minister of Sudan|Prime Minister]] [[Abdallah Khalil|Khalil]] orchestrated a [[1958 Sudanese coup d'état|self-coup in 1958]] with General [[Ibrahim Abboud|Abboud]]
| caption1 = [[Prime Minister of Sudan|Prime Minister]] [[Abdallah Khalil|Khalil]] orchestrated a [[1958 Sudanese coup d'état|self-coup in 1958]] with General [[Ibrahim Abboud|Abboud]]
| caption2 = After a [[October 1964 Revolution|short period of democracy]], the [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|1969 coup]] deposed Prime Minister [[Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub|al-Mahgoub]]
| caption2 = After a [[October 1964 Revolution|short period of democracy]], the [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|1969 coup]] deposed PM [[Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub|al-Mahgoub]]
| caption3 = [[Gaafar Nimeiry|Nimeiry]]’s [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|third coup attempt succeeded]] but toppled with the [[1985 Sudanese coup d'état|coup in 1985]]
| caption3 = [[Gaafar Nimeiry|Nimeiry]]’s [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|2nd coup attempt succeeded]] but toppled with the [[1985 Sudanese coup d'état|coup in 1985]]
| caption6 = As [[Sudanese transition to democracy|Sudan was transitioning to democracy]], Prime Minister [[Abdalla Hamdok|Hamdok]] was deposed after the [[2021 Sudanese coup d'état|2021 coup]]
| caption6 = As [[Sudanese transition to democracy|Sudan was transitioning to democracy]], PM [[Abdalla Hamdok|Hamdok]] was deposed after the [[2021 Sudanese coup d'état|2021 coup]]
| caption5 = [[Omar al-Bashir|al-Bashir]]’s dictatorship after the [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|1989 coup]] lasted until the [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|2019 coup]]
| caption5 = [[Omar al-Bashir|al-Bashir]]’s dictatorship after the [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|1989 coup]] lasted until the [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|2019 coup]]
| caption4 = After a short period of democracy, the [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|1989 coup]] deposed Prime Minister [[Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi|al-Mahdi]]
| caption4 = After a short period of democracy, the [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|1989 coup]] deposed PM [[Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi|al-Mahdi]]
}}
}}
Since gaining [[Sudan independence|independence]] in 1956, Sudan has witnessed a protracted series of [[Coup d'état|coups d'état]], totalling around 21 coup attempts, of which 7 were successful,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=Megan Duzor and Brian |title=By The Numbers: Coups in Africa |url=https://projects.voanews.com/african-coups/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=projects.voanews.com |language=en}}</ref>{{NoteTag|18 coup attempts with 6 successful according to [[Voice of America]],<ref name=":2" /> and 17 attempts with 6 successful according to [[BBC]],<ref name=":3" /> and both do not count the [[1971 Sudanese coup]] as a successful.}} which places Sudan as the African nation with the most coup attempts<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2019-01-07 |title=Gabon coup: The latest in a series of military takeovers on the continent |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46783600 |access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref> and it ranks second globally, just behind [[Coups d'état in Bolivia|Bolivia]], which has recorded 23 coup attempts since 1950.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=2021-12-01 |title=Analysis {{!}} Map: The world of coups since 1950 |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/07/22/map-the-world-of-coups-since-1950/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In the latest development, the [[2023 Sudan conflict|2023 Sudan Conflict]] began on 15 April 2023, involving clashes between the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] and the paramilitary [[Rapid Support Forces]], both factions of the [[Transitional government of Sudan|military government]], with a focus on [[Battle of Khartoum (2023)|Khartoum]] and the [[Darfur campaign|Darfur]] region.
Since gaining [[Sudan independence|independence]] in 1956, Sudan has witnessed a protracted series of [[Coup d'état|coups d'état]], totalling around 19 coup attempts, of which 7 were successful,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=Megan Duzor and Brian |title=By The Numbers: Coups in Africa |url=https://projects.voanews.com/african-coups/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=projects.voanews.com |language=en}}</ref>{{NoteTag|18 coup attempts with 6 successful according to [[Voice of America]],<ref name=":2" /> and 17 attempts with 6 successful according to [[BBC]],<ref name=":3" /> and both do not count the [[1971 Sudanese coup]] as a successful.}} which places Sudan as the African nation with the most coup attempts<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2019-01-07 |title=Gabon coup: The latest in a series of military takeovers on the continent |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46783600 |access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref> and it ranks second globally, just behind [[Coups d'état in Bolivia|Bolivia]], which has recorded 23 coup attempts since 1950.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=2021-12-01 |title=Analysis {{!}} Map: The world of coups since 1950 |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/07/22/map-the-world-of-coups-since-1950/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In the latest development, the [[2023 Sudan conflict|2023 Sudan Conflict]] began on 15 April 2023, involving clashes between the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] and the paramilitary [[Rapid Support Forces]], both factions of the [[Transitional government of Sudan|military government]], with a focus on [[Battle of Khartoum (2023)|Khartoum]] and the [[Darfur campaign|Darfur]] region.


== Coups ==
== Coups ==
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* [[1958 Sudanese coup d'état|17 November 1958]]: A bloodless self-coup, was led by [[Prime minister of Sudan|Prime Minister]] [[Abdallah Khalil]] against the civilian government formed after the [[1958 Sudanese parliamentary election|1958 election]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hailey |first=Foster |date=18 November 1958 |title=SUDAN COUP PUTS ARMY IN CONTROL; Capital Is Quiet as General Takes Power -- Parliament Ousted in Orderly Shift |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/11/18/archives/sudan-coup-puts-army-in-control-capital-is-quiet-as-general-takes.html |accessdate=27 October 2021 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> It involved Khalil's [[National Umma Party]], the [[People's Democratic Party (Sudan)|People's Democratic Party]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Embassy in Canada |url=http://www.sudanembassy.ca/primeMinisters.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111350/http://www.sudanembassy.ca/primeMinisters.htm |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2009-10-12}}</ref> and senior army generals, [[Ibrahim Abboud]] and [[Ahmad Abd al-Wahab]], with the knowledge of the United States and Great Britain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ben Hammou |first1=Salah |year=2023 |title=The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics |journal=Armed Forces & Society |language=en |pages=0095327X2311556 |doi=10.1177/0095327X231155667|s2cid=257268269 }}</ref> Khalil was subsequently retired on a pension.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ben Hammou |first1=Salah |year=2023 |title=The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics |journal=Armed Forces & Society |language=en |pages=0095327X2311556 |doi=10.1177/0095327X231155667|s2cid=257268269 }}</ref>
* [[1958 Sudanese coup d'état|17 November 1958]]: A bloodless self-coup, was led by [[Prime minister of Sudan|Prime Minister]] [[Abdallah Khalil]] against the civilian government formed after the [[1958 Sudanese parliamentary election|1958 election]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hailey |first=Foster |date=18 November 1958 |title=SUDAN COUP PUTS ARMY IN CONTROL; Capital Is Quiet as General Takes Power -- Parliament Ousted in Orderly Shift |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/11/18/archives/sudan-coup-puts-army-in-control-capital-is-quiet-as-general-takes.html |accessdate=27 October 2021 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> It involved Khalil's [[National Umma Party]], the [[People's Democratic Party (Sudan)|People's Democratic Party]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Embassy in Canada |url=http://www.sudanembassy.ca/primeMinisters.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111350/http://www.sudanembassy.ca/primeMinisters.htm |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2009-10-12}}</ref> and senior army generals, [[Ibrahim Abboud]] and [[Ahmad Abd al-Wahab]], with the knowledge of the United States and Great Britain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ben Hammou |first1=Salah |year=2023 |title=The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics |journal=Armed Forces & Society |language=en |pages=0095327X2311556 |doi=10.1177/0095327X231155667|s2cid=257268269 }}</ref> Khalil was subsequently retired on a pension.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ben Hammou |first1=Salah |year=2023 |title=The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics |journal=Armed Forces & Society |language=en |pages=0095327X2311556 |doi=10.1177/0095327X231155667|s2cid=257268269 }}</ref>
* [[1959 Sudanese coup attempt|9 November 1959]]: Sudan witnessed a failed coup against General Ibrahim Abboud's regime.<ref>{{Cite book |last=العزاوي |first=قيس جواد |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2SxEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF&pg=PT39 |title=الجيش والسلطة في التاريخ العثماني |date=2023-03-02 |publisher=ktab INC. |language=ar}}</ref> The conspirators, including Al-Rashid Al-Taher Bakr, faced trials, with some receiving death sentences, marking Sudan's first post-independence military executions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=الحكومة العسكرية في السودان في الأعوام الثلاثة الماضية (1959 – 1961م) .. بقلم: بيتر كيلنر .. ترجمة: بدر الدين حامد الهاشمي |url=https://sudanile.com/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%a7/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=سودانايل |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kilner |first=Peter |date=1962 |title=Military Government in Sudan: The Past Three Years |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40393412 |journal=The World Today |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=259–268 |issn=0043-9134 |jstor=40393412}}</ref> Abd al-Rahman Kabeida, involved in the 1957 coup attempt, was imprisoned until his release after the [[October 1964 Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Sayegh |first=Bakri |date=2023-05-09 |title=انقلابات وخيانات وخبيثات الضباط في بعضهم البعض داخل القوات المسلحة – البرهان "حميدتي" مثالآ- |trans-title=Coups, betrayals and maliciousness of officers against each other within the armed forces - Al-Burhan “Hemedti” for example |url=https://www.alrakoba.net/31829475/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%B9/ |website=Alrakoba}}</ref>
* [[1959 Sudanese coup attempt|9 November 1959]]: Sudan witnessed a failed coup against General Ibrahim Abboud's regime.<ref>{{Cite book |last=العزاوي |first=قيس جواد |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2SxEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF&pg=PT39 |title=الجيش والسلطة في التاريخ العثماني |date=2023-03-02 |publisher=ktab INC. |language=ar}}</ref> The conspirators, including Al-Rashid Al-Taher Bakr, faced trials, with some receiving death sentences, marking Sudan's first post-independence military executions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=الحكومة العسكرية في السودان في الأعوام الثلاثة الماضية (1959 – 1961م) .. بقلم: بيتر كيلنر .. ترجمة: بدر الدين حامد الهاشمي |url=https://sudanile.com/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%a7/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=سودانايل |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kilner |first=Peter |date=1962 |title=Military Government in Sudan: The Past Three Years |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40393412 |journal=The World Today |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=259–268 |issn=0043-9134 |jstor=40393412}}</ref> Abd al-Rahman Kabeida, involved in the 1957 coup attempt, was imprisoned until his release after the [[October 1964 Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Sayegh |first=Bakri |date=2023-05-09 |title=انقلابات وخيانات وخبيثات الضباط في بعضهم البعض داخل القوات المسلحة – البرهان "حميدتي" مثالآ- |trans-title=Coups, betrayals and maliciousness of officers against each other within the armed forces - Al-Burhan “Hemedti” for example |url=https://www.alrakoba.net/31829475/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%B9/ |website=Alrakoba}}</ref>
* 28 December 1966: Lieutenant Hussein Osman with other young [[Sudanese Communist Party|Communist]] officers tried to seize the [[Republican Palace, Khartoum|presidential palace]] and the central post office, but failed. Among the 400 people arrested after the coup attempt failed was Colonel [[Gaafar Nimeiry]], then commanding the Eastern Command. He was released on 9 January 1967 and transferred to command the infantry school.<ref>O'Ballance, Secret War in the Sudan, F&F, 1973, 93.</ref>
* [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|25 May 1969]]: Colonel [[Gaafar Nimeiry|Jaafar Nimeiry]] successfully overthrow the government of President [[Ismail al-Azhari]]. The coup signalled the end of Sudan's second democratic era, and saw the beginning of Nimeiry's [[Democratic Republic of the Sudan|16 year rule]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=69. Republic of the Sudan (1956-present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/70-republic-of-sudan-1956-present/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of the Sudan |page=41}}</ref>
* [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|25 May 1969]]: Colonel [[Gaafar Nimeiry|Jaafar Nimeiry]] successfully overthrow the government of President [[Ismail al-Azhari]]. The coup signalled the end of Sudan's second democratic era, and saw the beginning of Nimeiry's [[Democratic Republic of the Sudan|16 year rule]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=69. Republic of the Sudan (1956-present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/70-republic-of-sudan-1956-present/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of the Sudan |page=41}}</ref>
* [[1971 Sudanese coup d'état|19 July 1971]]: Major [[Hashem al Atta]], briefly ousted President Jaafar Nimeiry but lacked support. Nimeiry's loyalists counter-couped, reinstating him. Nimeiry then strengthened his rule, diminishing the influence of former [[National Revolutionary Command Council (Sudan)|Revolutionary Command Council]] members by 1975.<ref name="Korn 87">{{cite book |last=Korn |first=David A. |title=Assassination in Khartoum |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1993 |page=87}}</ref><ref name="Korn 88">{{cite book |last=Korn |first=David A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDcwB0LusBEC&q=Hashem+al-Atta&pg=PA87 |title=Assassination in Khartoum |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1993 |isbn=0253332028 |page=88}}</ref>
* [[1971 Sudanese coup d'état|19 July 1971]]: Major [[Hashem al Atta]], briefly ousted President Jaafar Nimeiry but lacked support. Nimeiry's loyalists counter-couped, reinstating him. Nimeiry then strengthened his rule, diminishing the influence of former [[National Revolutionary Command Council (Sudan)|Revolutionary Command Council]] members by 1975.<ref name="Korn 87">{{cite book |last=Korn |first=David A. |title=Assassination in Khartoum |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1993 |page=87}}</ref><ref name="Korn 88">{{cite book |last=Korn |first=David A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDcwB0LusBEC&q=Hashem+al-Atta&pg=PA87 |title=Assassination in Khartoum |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1993 |isbn=0253332028 |page=88}}</ref>

Revision as of 09:20, 2 December 2023

Prime Minister Khalil orchestrated a self-coup in 1958 with General Abboud
After a short period of democracy, the 1969 coup deposed PM al-Mahgoub
Nimeiry’s 2nd coup attempt succeeded but toppled with the coup in 1985
After a short period of democracy, the 1989 coup deposed PM al-Mahdi
al-Bashir’s dictatorship after the 1989 coup lasted until the 2019 coup
As Sudan was transitioning to democracy, PM Hamdok was deposed after the 2021 coup

Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has witnessed a protracted series of coups d'état, totalling around 19 coup attempts, of which 7 were successful,[1][note 1] which places Sudan as the African nation with the most coup attempts[2] and it ranks second globally, just behind Bolivia, which has recorded 23 coup attempts since 1950.[3] In the latest development, the 2023 Sudan Conflict began on 15 April 2023, involving clashes between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces, both factions of the military government, with a focus on Khartoum and the Darfur region.

Coups

Notes

  1. ^ 18 coup attempts with 6 successful according to Voice of America,[1] and 17 attempts with 6 successful according to BBC,[2] and both do not count the 1971 Sudanese coup as a successful.

References

  1. ^ a b Williamson, Megan Duzor and Brian. "By The Numbers: Coups in Africa". projects.voanews.com. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Gabon coup: The latest in a series of military takeovers on the continent". BBC News. 7 January 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  3. ^ Taylor, Adam (1 December 2021). "Analysis | Map: The world of coups since 1950". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  4. ^ Al-Sayegh, Bakri (9 May 2023). "انقلابات وخيانات وخبيثات الضباط في بعضهم البعض داخل القوات المسلحة – البرهان "حميدتي" مثالآ-" [Coups, betrayals and maliciousness of officers against each other within the armed forces - Al-Burhan “Hemedti” for example]. Alrakoba.
  5. ^ Al-Taweel, Amani (24 September 2021). "الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب". اندبندنت عربية (in Arabic). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  6. ^ Who's who in Africa: The Political, Military and Business Leaders of Africa. African Development. 1973. ISBN 978-0-9502755-0-5.
  7. ^ Hailey, Foster (18 November 1958). "SUDAN COUP PUTS ARMY IN CONTROL; Capital Is Quiet as General Takes Power -- Parliament Ousted in Orderly Shift". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  8. ^ "Sudan Embassy in Canada". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
  9. ^ Ben Hammou, Salah (2023). "The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics". Armed Forces & Society: 0095327X2311556. doi:10.1177/0095327X231155667. S2CID 257268269.
  10. ^ Ben Hammou, Salah (2023). "The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics". Armed Forces & Society: 0095327X2311556. doi:10.1177/0095327X231155667. S2CID 257268269.
  11. ^ العزاوي, قيس جواد (2 March 2023). الجيش والسلطة في التاريخ العثماني (in Arabic). ktab INC.
  12. ^ "الحكومة العسكرية في السودان في الأعوام الثلاثة الماضية (1959 – 1961م) .. بقلم: بيتر كيلنر .. ترجمة: بدر الدين حامد الهاشمي". سودانايل (in Arabic). 13 May 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  13. ^ Kilner, Peter (1962). "Military Government in Sudan: The Past Three Years". The World Today. 18 (6): 259–268. ISSN 0043-9134. JSTOR 40393412.
  14. ^ Al-Sayegh, Bakri (9 May 2023). "انقلابات وخيانات وخبيثات الضباط في بعضهم البعض داخل القوات المسلحة – البرهان "حميدتي" مثالآ-" [Coups, betrayals and maliciousness of officers against each other within the armed forces - Al-Burhan “Hemedti” for example]. Alrakoba.
  15. ^ "69. Republic of the Sudan (1956-present)". uca.edu. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  16. ^ Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. p. 41.
  17. ^ Korn, David A. (1993). Assassination in Khartoum. Indiana University Press. p. 87.
  18. ^ Korn, David A. (1993). Assassination in Khartoum. Indiana University Press. p. 88. ISBN 0253332028.
  19. ^ "Sudan Rebels Stage Coup But Loyal Troops Crush It". The New York Times. 6 September 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  20. ^ Al-Shaqlini, Abdullah (27 July 2018). "نظرة جهاز الأمن لحركة 2 يوليو 1976 .. بقلم: عبدالله الشقليني" [The Security Apparatus' View of the July 2, 1976 Movement]. سودانايل (in Arabic). Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  21. ^ Johnson, Douglas Hamilton (2011). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 9781847010292.
  22. ^ Kuyok, Kuyok Abol (2015). South Sudan: The Notable Firsts. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781504943468.
  23. ^ "SUDAN'S PRESIDENT IS OUSTED IN COUP BY MILITARY CHIEF". The New York Times. 7 April 1985. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  24. ^ "Sudan's Military Ousts Numeiri: Coup Climaxes Protests; African Ally Was on Way Back From U.S." The Los Angeles Times. 7 April 1985. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  25. ^ "Sudanese Leader Deposed in Coup". The Washington Post. 7 April 1985. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  26. ^ "Military Coup in Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime". The New York Times. 1 July 1989. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  27. ^ "Sudan Reports Blocking a Coup And Arresting Over 30 Officers". The New York Times. 24 April 1990. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  28. ^ "Sudanese military government crushes coup attempt". UPI. 23 April 1990. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  29. ^ "هذه قصة الانقلابات في السودان خلال ستة عقود". الرابطة الدولية للخبراء والمحللين السياسيين. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  30. ^ Khalil, Rima (21 December 2021). "سجل حافل بالانقلابات في السودان: 12 انقلاباً في 64 عاماً". Alaraby (in Arabic). Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  31. ^ "هذه قصة الانقلابات في السودان خلال 6 عقود". Aljazeera (in Arabic). 24 September 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  32. ^ "توتر جديد في السودان... تاريخ طويل من الانقلابات العسكرية". سبوتنيك عربي (in Arabic). 15 April 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  33. ^ Altaweel, Amani (24 September 2021). "الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب". اندبندنت عربية (in Arabic). Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  34. ^ "History of successful and coup attempts wey fail for Sudan since independence". BBC News Pidgin. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  35. ^ "Tight security in Khartoum as gov't claims coup attempt". The New Humanitarian. 27 September 2004.
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